Health sciences review (Oxford, England)最新文献

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with healthcare offers a viable way to treat difficult issues like children's speech-sound disorder (SSD).AAC, or augmentative alternative communication, has shown great promise in helping people with SSD, and AI-driven methods hold even more promise for improving diagnosis and therapy. This review paper explores the synergy of AI, ML, and AAC in pediatric speech and language impairments. It also highlights current developments and potential future directions. Healthcare providers can improve communication outcomes for kids with speech impairments, increase early detection, and provide personalised therapy by utilizing AI and ML techniques. In addition to encouraging parental involvement, the combination of AI and AAC technologies spurs advancements in speech therapy applications. AI has the potential to transform healthcare and improve the quality of life for people with speech and language problems as it develops and works in tandem with medical knowledge.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a significant public health challenge in low-resource settings owing to limited healthcare access and quality. However, telemedicine can potentially improve healthcare delivery by overcoming geographical barriers. This comprehensive review aimed to provide an overview of the current trends in utilizing telemedicine for MDR-TB control in low-resource settings. A systematic literature search were conducted in PubMed and CINAHL electronic databases and Google Scholar search engine to identify relevant articles on telemedicine and MDR-TB control in low-resource settings. The selected articles were analyzed and synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of telemedicine's current trends and applications in MDR-TB control. The review results shows that telemedicine allows remote screening and diagnosis, facilitating early detection and timely treatment, provides access to experts through teleconsultation, which ensures optimal treatment outcomes, fosters training and education of healthcare providers, and supports follow-up care through teleconsultation and remote monitoring. Furthermore, telemedicine integration with data collection methods could improve MDR-TB surveillance and intervention. Findings from this review show the potential of telemedicine to improve MDR-TB control and patient health in low-resource settings. This makes it a promising prevention and management option. However, successful implementation requires overcoming limitations such as connectivity, infrastructure, and cultural barriers. Telemedicine can considerably improve MDR-TB control and reduce disease burden in underserved populations by utilizing possibilities and addressing the challenges.

Vitiligo is a prevalent chronic autoimmune skin disorder. However, the data about its prevalence and risk factors in the Middle East (ME) and Africa is scarce. Thus, we decided to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence and risk factors of vitiligo in the ME and African regions. On the 25th of June 2023 a systematic search of the following database: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences and Cochrane was conducted. All articles were included if they were observational studies that reported the prevalence or risk factors of any type of Vitiligo in one or more ME or African countries with no restriction to the type of vitiligo, age group, or gender. The total number of the included participants was 226,115 from 38 studies. The overall prevalence of vitiligo was 3 % (95 %CI: 2 %-4 %) while the prevalence among males and females were 1 % (95 %CI: 1 %-2 %) and 1 % (95 %CI: 1 %-2 %), respectively. The prevalence among pediatrics was 2 % (95 %CI: 1 %-2 %) while it was 10 % (95 %CI: 7 %-13 %) among adults. The models showed that the prevalence of vitiligo in Africa was 3 % (95 %CI: 1 %-4 %) while the pooled prevalence of vitiligo in Arabian countries was 2 % (95 %CI: 1 %-3 %). Sub-group analysis according to the year of publication showed that the pooled prevalence before 2010 was 3 % (95 %CI: 2 %-4 %). On the other hand, the pooled prevalence after 2010 was 2 % (95 %CI: 1 %-4 %). Clinicians should pay attention to the high prevalence of vitiligo and the characteristics of vitiligo patients. Also, governmental efforts should be taken to increase the awareness about vitiligo in the ME and African countries to increase early diagnosis and management of the disease resulting in better outcomes.

Noise is ubiquitous in daily life and can cause both auditory and non-auditory health problems. Noise effects involve both direct and indirect pathways through which noise affects human health. A direct pathway encompasses the interactions between the central auditory system and other regions of the brain. The indirect pathway involves the cognitive and emotional response to a noise-exposure.

This review begins by summarizing both auditory and non-auditory health effects of occupational and environmental noise exposures. It then guides the reader to adequate mitigation strategies and preventive measures to reduce the consequences of noise nuisance.

In order to provide nursing staff with optimal exercise interventions for preventing lymphedema in patients with breast cancer, the AGREE II score, the systematic review tool, the literature evaluation criteria and the evidence grading system of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Center for Evidence-Based Health Care were used to evaluate the included Based on the guidelines, systematic reviews, and expert consensus, 6 people independently evaluated the quality of the literature, and combined with the judgment of personnel with relevant evidence-based nursing knowledge, the qualified literature was evaluated and the evidence grade was assessed. The included research documents are 2 relevant evidence summaries; 1 guideline; 1 expert consensus; 16 systematic reviews, ranging from exercise contraindications, pre-exercise assessment and testing, exercise intensity, exercise safety, exercise programs, precautions, Eight aspects of health education were summarized and analyzed. This article summarizes the exercise intervention measures and management experience for preventing lymphedema in breast cancer patients, providing a basis for nursing staff to guide breast cancer patients to implement exercise intervention measures, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of lymphedema.

This meta-analysis compares the efficacy of the standard Del Nido cardioplegia with other agents during intra-cardiac tetralogy of Fallot repair. Meta-analysis was performed on studies comparing standard Del Nido cardioplegia with other types of cardioplegia. Outcomes were pooled using inverse variance and random effects analysis models to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR). The SMD for ICU length of stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, and time taken for the heart to return to normal rhythm were -0.06 (P = 0.67), -0.21 (P = 0.06), and 0.23 (P = 0.48), respectively. The OR for the incidence of postoperative arrhythmias was 0.65 (P = 0.32). The standardized mean differences for twenty-four-hour post-operative IL-6, TNF-α, and cTnI levels were 0.29 (P = 0.16), -0.27 (P = 0.01), and -0.60 (P = 0.01), respectively. Del Nido cardioplegia is protective on the myocardium, with lower levels of inflammatory cytokines 24 h post-operation and a significantly reduced incidence of post-operative arrhythmias.

Lysophospholipids are a class of simple phospholipids that shows their biological effects through various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is one of the most studied lysophospholipid having wide role in various pathophysiological and cellular events, via signalling through five distinct GPCR subtypes, S1P receptors 1–5 (S1PR1-S1PR5).The importance of S1P pathway in drug targets have gained attention significantly after the approval of three S1PR modulators, fngolimod, siponimod and ozanimod, as medicines for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). S1P, a signal transmitter, is converted to S1P by phosphorylation of Sphingosine kinase (SK1 or SK2) enzymes. S1P acts as an extracellular and intracellular ligand for receptors, S1PR1–5. The SK1/S1P axis and the connected S1PR1–5 plays important roles in many cellular events involving cell signalling, the cell survival/apoptosis, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses, maintaining vascular integrity etc. Further sphingolipids, glycosphingolipids and ceramides acts as receptor/co-receptor for viral entry & downstream signalling, formation of lipid raft-mediated microdomain, viral induced apoptosis. S1P receptor modulator fingolimod shows antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus. Currently, the clinical trials of ozanimod (a sphingosine receptor modulator), and opaganib (a SK2inhibitor) are being conducted for treatment of COVID-19. In this review we explored the different roles of sphingolipids, S1P, S1PR, SK in viral infections including a special focus on SARS-CoV2. It is worth to target SK/S1P pathway to develop antiviral drugs, by repurposing existing inhibitors/modulators, and designing new specific inhibitors of SK1, SK2, and SP receptors.