Health sciences review (Oxford, England)最新文献

This study aims to provide an integrative literature review of what characterizes the antecedents, experiences, and outcomes of nursing students’ and nurses’ workplace hazing experiences. The review combines theoretical and empirical studies of workplace hazing, nursing students, and newly graduated nurses’ transition experiences. An electronic database search was performed in CINAHL, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PUBMED, Scopus, and Web of Science. Fifty-five papers collecting data from 8,131 respondents (1,733 nursing students and 80 newly graduated nurses) published from 1968 to 2023 and reporting on research occurring in a non-virtual workplace setting, were synthesized and analyzed using thematic coding. The study found that nursing students and new nurses are typically exposed to segregation and person- and work-based workplace hazing by their experienced colleagues during the transition, adversely affecting their physical, emotional, and psychological well-being and relational quality expectations. Applying the workplace hazing perspective to the nursing literature on newcomers’ transition experiences contributes to a nuanced understanding of the phenomenon and its underlying motivation and illuminates its ambiguous moral character. Furthermore, despite prioritizing the group's welfare above that of the newcomer, hazing's adverse individual outcomes might ultimately damage the workgroup and organization and contribute to a further nursing shortage.

Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is classified into nodular sclerosis (NS), mixed cellularity (MC), lymphocyte rich (LR), and lymphocyte depleted (LD) histologic subtypes. Epidemiologic studies demonstrate remarkable diversity of subtype distribution among geographical regions and socioeconomic conditions. However, previous research has not examined the statistical correlation between subtypes’ proportion of cases among countries and socioeconomic factors, reported through a standardized parameter as the Human Development Index (HDI). Our aim was to analyze cHL histologic subtypes' frequency patterns among geographic regions and establish a correlation with countries' socioeconomic conditions.

We conducted a systematic review in national registries, population-based reports and multicenter studies addressing histologic subtype frequency in different countries from 1980 to 2021. We evaluated 26,174 cHL patients from 27 countries among five geographic regions. For each cHL subtype, we calculated the Pearson correlation coefficient, determination coefficient and created scatter plots.

North and Central America and Europe were the regions with the highest overall proportion of NS cases, while East and South Asia and Africa had the highest proportion of MC and LD cases. A significant positive correlation was confirmed between NS proportion of cases among countries and a higher HDI (R²=0.33, r = 0.57, p<0.001). Conversely, a negative correlation was found between MC and LD subtype proportion of cases and a higher HDI (R²=0.35, r=-0.59, p<0.001 for MC and R²=0.08, r=-0.29, p>0.05 for LD). LR subtype distribution showed no correlation with HDI (R² <0.00001, r = 0.002, and p>0.05).

Early Epstein-Barr virus infection, host-related factors (as an altered immune response, nutritional status), human immunodeficiency virus infection, among other factors could explain these differences. Understanding cHL distribution patterns and their underlying causes, could allow to create public health interventions to improve social determinants of health in developing countries.

Colon cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Given its widespread prevalence, the identification of new anticancer drugs is crucial. Medicinal plants have provided many natural products that have proven to be successful anticancer drugs in clinical use and have shown significant efficacy. Over the last decade, researchers have gathered significant information regarding the contribution of gut microbiota to the development and progression of colon cancer. Manipulating the gut microbiota to reverse microbial dysbiosis is an innovative strategy for addressing human diseases and intestinal disorders. Recent scientific findings have shown that this approach has a significant positive impact on the prevention and treatment of colon cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental concepts related to intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis, as well as the interactions between microbiota and phytochemicals that can affect the bioavailability and bioactivity of these compounds. The primary components of the gut, including carbohydrates, enzymes, lipids, vitamins, and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and terpenoids, can activate gut dysbiosis. While these strategies show promising outcomes by rectifying microbiota proportion, modifying innate immune systems, emphasizing gut barrier operation, inhibiting pathogen colonization, and exhibiting selective cytotoxicity against colon cancer cells, further research is necessary to fully understand their mechanisms of action. This review also highlights the relationship between medicinal plants, gut microbiota, and colon cancer, which may lead to the development and clinical translation of potential microbiota-based strategies for cancer prevention.

The severe acute respiratory illness caused by the recent global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), a new strain, is a serious health crisis. Since new virus strains are continuously developing, the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic, also known as COVID-19, is a major concern around the world. Human mortality and economic loss have been significantly impacted by the varying degrees of severity of COVID-19 symptoms, which can range from no symptoms at all to the lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Scientists around the world have taken a "war footing" in their search for a method to detect, treat, and immunise against the extremely dangerous COVID-19 virus so that society can return to its pre-pandemic state. Since its first publication, the number of laboratory-based and point-of-care (POC) techniques for detecting and monitoring the outbreak status of COVID-19 viral infection has increased. A rapidly growing and increasingly used approach for detecting COVID-19 is the RT-PCR-based viral nucleic acid test (NAT). Due to the urgent situation caused by the spread of COVID-19, the rapid development of effective, safe immunisations is urgently required. Rapid implementation of mass immunisation measures is the greatest challenge against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The extremely contagious COVID-19 virus originated during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, and the development of diagnostics and possible vaccine candidates has been greatly aided by new biotechnologies and the interdisciplinary approaches they permit. Phase III clinical trials have shown promise for several potential vaccinations against COVID-19, and these vaccines have been granted emergency use authorisation (EUA) for distribution. However, it is critical to find most promising vaccine candidates to protect against the harmful strains that are anticipated to arise in the future and the most effective ways to give them. This review article will aid in the development of diagnostic tests and immunisations for COVID-19, which may contribute to the global eradication of virus

Water pollution has become a worldwide concern because the demand for fresh water is increasing exponentially, while its availability is under threat. There is a societal need to treat wastewater to save our freshwater bodies from becoming polluted. Although several techniques are acquirable in the market to purify polluted water, such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, membrane process, etc., they are expensive. This review delves into recent developments in heavy metal ions detection via nanosensors and natural remediation technologies for wastewater treatment. Current trends of plant utilization in NPs synthesis for heavy metal ions sensing and natural remediation processes are focused on and addressed ahead. A hypothetical model using first nanosensor to detect heavy metal ions and later natural remediation techniques for wastewater treatment has been put forward. The proposed model facilitated by further research inputs may pave the way for potential and efficient wastewater treatment. This review begins with an introduction to heavy metal pollution, nanotechnology, its role in water treatment and green synthesis of nanoparticles. Then, it covers the detection of toxic metal ions using green synthesized nanosensors. Followed by recent advancements in natural remediation technologies such as waste stabilization ponds, floating rafts, phytoremediation, phytofilters and dendroremediation.

Treatment of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAb) infections has become a significant challenge for physicians due to its resistance to common antibiotics. Colistin, previously banned, has been reintroduced despite debates about its effectiveness and safety. We aimed to synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of Colistin in the CRAb infection management, based on current literature. We conducted a comprehensive search to identify relevant studies on the effectiveness of Colistin in treating CRAb infection in major databases such as Medline through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus. We did not limit the search by age of participants, sex, region, or year of publication, but we only included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-experimental studies, cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies published in English, which had at least one comparison control group. Two independent authors screened articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in selected articles using the RoBANS tool. Our search retrieved 7907 articles, of which five were included after the sequential screening. All five studies were retrospective case-control studies from five different countries, with a total of 776 participants. Two studies showed a lower mortality rate in the intervention (Colistin) group as the primary outcome, whereas two studies showed the opposite mortality trend. One study reported a higher rate of infection remission in the intervention group, but the result was not statistically significant. Our systematic review could not find any robust evidence to support the effectiveness of Colistin over commonly used antibiotics. Due to the large discrepancy among the primary outcomes of the included studies, we recommend further randomized controlled trials with a larger number of participants to determine the suitability of Colistin for treating CRAb infections.

Polycystic ovarian disease is a highly prevalent hormonal, metabolic, and reproductive condition (PCOD). The overall health load of PCOD is delicate in individual females with the situation who are in the generative phase due to their increased risk and frequency of prediabetes, diabetes, and additional comorbidities such as obstructive endometrial cancer and mental health disorders, and sleep apnea. However, less information is available that how PCOD affects older women's long-term health. In this review, we wanted to provide a rationalized overview of the longstanding health effects of PCOD and their clinical implications in premenopause and post-menopause. The phenotype of PCOD improves with age, and very little information that is currently available indicates that the cardiometabolic profile of PCOD-positive women does not worsen after menopause. Therefore, based on their possibility during reproductive years, the risk of cardiovascular disorder in older women with PCOD seems to be lower than previously expected and no different from that of older women without PCOD. Due to confusing variables and a paucity of long-term cohort studies, it is challenging to assess the real danger in aged women with PCOD for other comorbidities such as obesity, mood disorders, and endometrial cancer.

This review is on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has a halogenic effect and is addictive. Up to now, LSD has been used for pleasure-inducing or spiritual purposes. Since it is soluble in water, it can be administered in different forms. The final decision about whether it is addictive or not is undecided. The use of LSD is extensive and is also used for treating psychiatric disorders such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and addiction. In this review, firstly, general information on LSD was explained. Then, its physicochemical properties (solubility, melting point, stability), pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, mechanism of action, studies with healthy subjects (subjective effects, autonomic and endocrine effects, psychiatric effects), and preventive studies against addiction effects were discussed. Finally, there are recommendations for the use of LSD.

Background

Recently, mepolizumab and benralizumab have been approved for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.

Objective

Thus, the main objective of the current study was to find out the exact efficacy and safety profile of mepolizumab and benralizumab in severe eosinophilic asthma.

Methods

The relevant randomized controlled trials were searched in PubMed and clinical trials websites from inception to January 2022. All the analysis were done using RevMan5.

Results

There is a significant reduction of asthma exacerbation in the mepolizumab and benralizumab group. However, there is no significant differences were observed in the FEV1 change. Overall adverse drug reactions (ADRs) such as headache and injection site reactions are found non-significant in the mepolizumab and benralizumab group, however, bronchitis, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), sinusitis, and serious adverse event (SAEs) were found to be significantly less. The subgroup analysis has also shown a similar kind of efficacy in the mepolizumab and benralizumab group however, safety analysis results have shown better safer profile of benralizumab as compared to mepolizumab. The sensitivity analysis results have shown non-alteration in the conclusion of the study regarding efficacy parameters however, overall adverse events, sinusitis, and nasopharyngitis results are altered after the exclusion of outliers.

Conclusion

Mepolizumab and benralizumab appear to be safe and effective in treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma. However, more data is required to draw a valid conclusion, particularly with mepolizumab.