Pub Date : 2020-05-13DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.103017
J. P. Franco, J. Ribeiro
The novelty of this paper is the analysis in a medium containing sulfide ion due to the generation of this ion in petroleum industries, in the refining stage (the sulfide ion is also present on the produced water). The performance of 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid inhibitor (HEDP) was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements in a dissolution of AISI 304 stainless steel immersed in a solution containing chloride and sulfide ions. The protection of the stainless was increased with the addition of divalent cations (Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+). Potentiodynamic polarization studies have shown that the inhibitor alone has anodic protection, but the addition of Ca2+ (10 mg·L-1) favors the cathodic protection, and the addition of Zn2+ (20 mg·L-1) and Mg2+ (10 mg·L-1) mixed-type is observed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed at three distinct potentials: -0.3 [V vs. SCE], Ecorr [V vs. SCE], and 0.1 [V vs. SCE]. This revealed that calcium is responsible for favoring the formation of the film and the other elements (zinc and magnesium) favor the stabilization of the protective film. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the addition of cations provided the adsorption of HEDP on the metal surface. Weight loss results showed that the presence of zinc in a solution containing HEDP favored greater inhibitor efficiency (Zn2+ ηm = 85.2% and for Mg2+ ηm = 70.4%).
本文的新颖之处在于在含硫离子的介质中进行分析，这是由于石油工业在炼制阶段产生的这种离子(硫离子也存在于采出水中)。采用动电位极化、电化学阻抗谱和失重测量等方法研究了1-羟乙基二膦酸抑制剂(HEDP)在aisi304不锈钢中溶解的性能。加入二价阳离子(Ca2+、Zn2+和Mg2+)后，对不锈钢的保护作用增强。动电位极化研究表明，该缓蚀剂单独具有阳极保护作用，但Ca2+ (10 mg·L-1)的加入有利于阴极保护作用，Zn2+ (20 mg·L-1)和Mg2+ (10 mg·L-1)的加入有利于阴极保护作用。电化学阻抗谱在三个不同的电位下进行:-0.3 [V vs. SCE]， Ecorr [V vs. SCE]和0.1 [V vs. SCE]。这表明钙有利于保护膜的形成，而其他元素(锌和镁)有利于保护膜的稳定。扫描电镜分析表明，阳离子的加入提供了HEDP在金属表面的吸附。失重结果表明，在含有HEDP的溶液中加入锌有利于提高抑制剂的效率(Zn2+ ηm = 85.2%， Mg2+ ηm = 70.4%)。
{"title":"1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic Acid (HEDP) as a Corrosion Inhibitor of AISI 304 Stainless Steel in a Medium Containing Chloride and Sulfide Ions in the Presence of Different Metallic Cations","authors":"J. P. Franco, J. Ribeiro","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.103017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.103017","url":null,"abstract":"The \u0000novelty of this paper is the analysis in a medium containing sulfide ion due to \u0000the generation of this ion in petroleum industries, in the refining stage (the \u0000sulfide ion is also present on the produced water). The performance of \u00001-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid inhibitor (HEDP) was investigated by \u0000potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and \u0000weight loss measurements in a dissolution of AISI 304 stainless steel immersed \u0000in a solution containing chloride and sulfide ions. The protection of the \u0000stainless was increased with the addition of divalent cations (Ca2+, \u0000Zn2+, and Mg2+). Potentiodynamic polarization studies \u0000have shown that the inhibitor alone has anodic protection, but the addition of \u0000Ca2+ (10 mg·L-1) favors the cathodic protection, and the \u0000addition of Zn2+ (20 mg·L-1) and Mg2+ (10 mg·L-1) \u0000mixed-type is observed. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed at \u0000three distinct potentials: -0.3 [V vs. SCE], Ecorr [V vs. SCE], and 0.1 [V vs. SCE]. This revealed that calcium is \u0000responsible for favoring the formation of the film and the other elements (zinc \u0000and magnesium) favor the stabilization of the protective film. Scanning \u0000electron microscopy analysis revealed that the addition of cations provided the \u0000adsorption of HEDP on the metal surface. Weight loss results showed that the \u0000presence of zinc in a solution containing HEDP favored greater inhibitor \u0000efficiency (Zn2+ ηm = 85.2% and for Mg2+ ηm = 70.4%).","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90070307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-13DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.103015
I. Irgibaeva, N. Barashkov, T. Sakhno, A. Mantel, S. Mendigaliyeva, I. Barashkova, Y. Sakhno
Iron nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering median diameter around 10 nm have been prepared by thermal decomposition under a nitrogen atmosphere from diironnonacarbonyl (DINC) dissolved in n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF). The effect of temperature changes in the range of 170°C - 200°C and changes in concentration of DINC in BMIMBF in the range of 0.1% - 0.9% on the properties of obtained iron nanoparticles has been investigated. The stable dispersion of iron nanoparticle in ethanol has been prepared after separation of nanoparticles from ionic liquid by centrifugation following by their re-dispersion in ethanol. The possibility of quantitative analysis of iron content in ethanol dispersion by deposition of ferromagnetic nanoparticles on the surface of plastic-protected neodymium magnet, dissolution of iron in hydrochloric acid and addition of ammonium thiocyanate solution following by spectrophotometric determination of iron cations at wavelength of 490 nm has been investigated. The feasibility of using the same approach in case of addition of ethanol dispersion of iron nanoparticles to the liquid animal feeds for evaluation of efficiency of their mixing has been discussed.
{"title":"Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles by Thermal Decomposition of Diironnonacarbonyl in Ionic Liquid and Their Potential Use as Nanotracers for Mixer Studies in Liquids Feeds","authors":"I. Irgibaeva, N. Barashkov, T. Sakhno, A. Mantel, S. Mendigaliyeva, I. Barashkova, Y. Sakhno","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.103015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.103015","url":null,"abstract":"Iron nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering median diameter around 10 nm have been prepared by thermal decomposition under a nitrogen atmosphere from diironnonacarbonyl (DINC) dissolved in n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIMBF). The effect of temperature changes in the range of 170°C - 200°C and changes in concentration of DINC in BMIMBF in the range of 0.1% - 0.9% on the properties of obtained iron nanoparticles has been investigated. The stable dispersion of iron nanoparticle in ethanol has been prepared after separation of nanoparticles from ionic liquid by centrifugation following by their re-dispersion in ethanol. The possibility of quantitative analysis of iron content in ethanol dispersion by deposition of ferromagnetic nanoparticles on the surface of plastic-protected neodymium magnet, dissolution of iron in hydrochloric acid and addition of ammonium thiocyanate solution following by spectrophotometric determination of iron cations at wavelength of 490 nm has been investigated. The feasibility of using the same approach in case of addition of ethanol dispersion of iron nanoparticles to the liquid animal feeds for evaluation of efficiency of their mixing has been discussed.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"201-209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88919882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CO methanation over the 20% nickel catalyst prepared by impregnation-precipitation method on different supports of commercial γ-Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and nano-γ-Al2O3* was investigated. The nano-γ-Al2O3* support was pulverized using a ball milling method. Catalyst characterization was done using the methods of BET, XRD, SEM, ICP-OES methods. Carbon monoxide methanation process was carried out at the temperature of 350°C in pressure of 3 bar of H2:CO syngas with the molar ratio of 3:1 and with the GHSV of 3000 h-1 in a fixed bed reactor. The initial temperature of methane formation increased according to the order of Ni/γ-Al2O3* 2 γ-TiO2 γ-Al2O3. The Ni/γ-Al2O3*, which was prepared on the surface of nano milled γ-Al2O3 support, produced methane from the lowest temperature of 178°C to 350°C in CO methanation. The Ni/γ-Al2O3* catalyst gave the highest amount of methane (0.1224 mmol/g-cat) for 1 h methanation among other catalysts. XRD and SEM analysis proved that NiO particles in the Ni/γ-Al2O3* were finely distributed, and their sizes were smaller compared to those in the traditional one. The pulverization of γ-Al2O3 improved the dispersion of catalytic active nickel species inside porosity of the support leading to the improvement of its catalytic performance for CO methanation.
{"title":"Methanation of Syngas over Ni-Based Catalysts with Different Supports","authors":"Buyan-Ulzii Battulga, Munkhdelger Chuluunsukh, Enkhsaruul Byambajav","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.102008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.102008","url":null,"abstract":"CO methanation over the 20% nickel catalyst prepared by impregnation-precipitation method on different supports of commercial γ-Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2 and nano-γ-Al2O3* was investigated. The nano-γ-Al2O3* support was pulverized using a ball milling method. Catalyst characterization was done using the methods of BET, XRD, SEM, ICP-OES methods. Carbon monoxide methanation process was carried out at the temperature of 350°C in pressure of 3 bar of H2:CO syngas with the molar ratio of 3:1 and with the GHSV of 3000 h-1 in a fixed bed reactor. The initial temperature of methane formation increased according to the order of Ni/γ-Al2O3* 2 γ-TiO2 γ-Al2O3. The Ni/γ-Al2O3*, which was prepared on the surface of nano milled γ-Al2O3 support, produced methane from the lowest temperature of 178°C to 350°C in CO methanation. The Ni/γ-Al2O3* catalyst gave the highest amount of methane (0.1224 mmol/g-cat) for 1 h methanation among other catalysts. XRD and SEM analysis proved that NiO particles in the Ni/γ-Al2O3* were finely distributed, and their sizes were smaller compared to those in the traditional one. The pulverization of γ-Al2O3 improved the dispersion of catalytic active nickel species inside porosity of the support leading to the improvement of its catalytic performance for CO methanation.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"64 1","pages":"113-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78837995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-26DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.102007
Yuh-Jing Chiou, Maohua Chen, Yiwen Chang, Hong‐Ming Lin, A. Borodziński
In order to enhance the Pd based anodic catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs), the research work includes increasing catalyst activity and preventing CO poison. In this study, various zirconium oxides-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared as the supports of Pd catalysts for DFAFCs by adjusting the preparation parameters: metal adding, sintering temperature and atmospheres. The prepared pure zirconia has both monoclinic and tetragonal phases. The addition of MWCNTs depresses the growth of monoclinic phase. A small amount of Pd adding allows both monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia structures to appear again. Pd nanoparticles of 20 wt% synthesized on MWCNTs and tetragonal ZrO2/MWCNTs have similar particle size, while Pd/[Pd:ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] have more nanoparticles aggregation. The electrochemical surface area can be improved by adding zirconia which implies those zirconia modified Pd catalysts better electrocatalytic performance. By analyzing the maximum current density and the corresponding potential, Pd/AO-MWCNTs are inferred to undergo the formic acid direct oxidation initially. The Pd catalysts modified by tetragonal ZrO2 have higher current density. Those having both tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 modified Pd catalysts have lower potential of formic acid oxidation. All the Pd based catalysts with zirconia modification possess better CO resist ability and electrocatalytic activity. Pd/[ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] and Pd/[Pd:ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] which catalyze formic acid in direct oxidation path are the two best catalysts.
{"title":"Zirconia Modified Pd Electrocatalysts for DFAFCs","authors":"Yuh-Jing Chiou, Maohua Chen, Yiwen Chang, Hong‐Ming Lin, A. Borodziński","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.102007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.102007","url":null,"abstract":"In order to enhance the Pd based anodic catalysts for direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs), the research work includes increasing catalyst activity and preventing CO poison. In this study, various zirconium oxides-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were prepared as the supports of Pd catalysts for DFAFCs by adjusting the preparation parameters: metal adding, sintering temperature and atmospheres. The prepared pure zirconia has both monoclinic and tetragonal phases. The addition of MWCNTs depresses the growth of monoclinic phase. A small amount of Pd adding allows both monoclinic and tetragonal zirconia structures to appear again. Pd nanoparticles of 20 wt% synthesized on MWCNTs and tetragonal ZrO2/MWCNTs have similar particle size, while Pd/[Pd:ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] have more nanoparticles aggregation. The electrochemical surface area can be improved by adding zirconia which implies those zirconia modified Pd catalysts better electrocatalytic performance. By analyzing the maximum current density and the corresponding potential, Pd/AO-MWCNTs are inferred to undergo the formic acid direct oxidation initially. The Pd catalysts modified by tetragonal ZrO2 have higher current density. Those having both tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 modified Pd catalysts have lower potential of formic acid oxidation. All the Pd based catalysts with zirconia modification possess better CO resist ability and electrocatalytic activity. \u0000Pd/[ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] and \u0000Pd/[Pd:ZrO2/AO-MWCNTs-300Air-900Ar] which catalyze formic acid in direct oxidation path are the two best catalysts.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"87 1","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78274111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.103011
M. Sadeghi, C. Bazin
The processing of iron ore to recover the valuable iron oxide minerals is commonly carried out using spiral concentrators that separate valuable minerals from non-valuable ones on the basis of the specific gravity of minerals. This paper shows that the analysis of the operation of spirals should not only focus on the minerals (as it is usually the case), but should also consider the particle size of these minerals. Indeed, the sampling of two industrial iron ore circuits and the data processing of the resulting measurements show that unexpectedly about 10% of the coarse heavy iron oxide minerals are not recovered by the spirals of the two circuits. Tests conducted by an independent research center confirm this plant observation. The pilot plant tests also show that the wash water flowrate addition may adversely affect the recovery of coarse heavy mineral particles. A mathematical model for the spiral was implemented into a simulator for an iron ore gravity concentration circuit. The simulator shows a potential 0.7% increase of iron recovery by simply changing the strategy used to distribute the wash water between the rougher and the cleaner/recleaner spirals of the circuit. The simulator also shows that the introduction of a hydraulic classifier into the gravity concentration circuit yields a marginal improvement to the performances of the circuit.
{"title":"The Use of Process Analysis and Simulation to Identify Paths to Improve the Operation of an Iron Ore Gravity Concentration Circuit","authors":"M. Sadeghi, C. Bazin","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.103011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.103011","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of iron ore to recover the valuable iron oxide minerals is commonly carried out using spiral concentrators that separate valuable minerals from non-valuable ones on the basis of the specific gravity of minerals. This paper shows that the analysis of the operation of spirals should not only focus on the minerals (as it is usually the case), but should also consider the particle size of these minerals. Indeed, the sampling of two industrial iron ore circuits and the data processing of the resulting measurements show that unexpectedly about 10% of the coarse heavy iron oxide minerals are not recovered by the spirals of the two circuits. Tests conducted by an independent research center confirm this plant observation. The pilot plant tests also show that the wash water flowrate addition may adversely affect the recovery of coarse heavy mineral particles. A mathematical model for the spiral was implemented into a simulator for an iron ore gravity concentration circuit. The simulator shows a potential 0.7% increase of iron recovery by simply changing the strategy used to distribute the wash water between the rougher and the cleaner/recleaner spirals of the circuit. The simulator also shows that the introduction of a hydraulic classifier into the gravity concentration circuit yields a marginal improvement to the performances of the circuit.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82261996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.101002
Samuel Wadzani Gadzama, O. Sunmonu, U. S. Isiaku, A. Danladi
Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) is one of the natural fibres that have high potential in the industry. Natural fibres have become the main alternative source for reinforced polymer composites. The objective of this study is to observe the effect of chemical treatments using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution, Zinc chloride, Acetic Anhydride and Nitric acid on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. The tensile test was conducted by using the ASTM D638-10 to obtain the tensile strength (TS) and Young’s modulus (YM), Flexural properties were conducted to determine the flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) of the reinforced composites using the ASTM D256-10 method, and impact test was conducted to determine the impact strength (IS) of the reinforced composites using the Izod ASTM D790-17 method. From the results obtained, the composites with surface modified PALF fillers show enhanced mechanical properties over the untreated PALF fillers in this order; for TS untreated composite C3H6O3 3. For YM untreated composite 3 C3H6O3 3 3H6O3. For FM, untreated reinforced PALF/PP composites C3H6O3 3. For IS, the untreated reinforced PALF/PP composites 3 C3H6O3. SEM analysis was carried out on the PALF before the compounding to analyze the effect of the surface modification agents.
{"title":"Effects of Surface Modifications on the Mechanical Properties of Reinforced Pineapple Leaf Fibre Polypropylene Composites","authors":"Samuel Wadzani Gadzama, O. Sunmonu, U. S. Isiaku, A. Danladi","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.101002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.101002","url":null,"abstract":"Pineapple Leaf Fibre (PALF) is one of the natural fibres that have high potential in the industry. Natural fibres have become the main alternative source for reinforced polymer composites. The objective of this study is to observe the effect of chemical treatments using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) solution, Zinc chloride, Acetic Anhydride and Nitric acid on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. The tensile test was conducted by using the ASTM D638-10 to obtain the tensile strength (TS) and Young’s modulus (YM), Flexural properties were conducted to determine the flexural strength (FS) and flexural modulus (FM) of the reinforced composites using the ASTM D256-10 method, and impact test was conducted to determine the impact strength (IS) of the reinforced composites using the Izod ASTM D790-17 method. From the results obtained, the composites with surface modified PALF fillers show enhanced mechanical properties over the untreated PALF fillers in this order; for TS untreated composite C3H6O3 3. For YM untreated composite 3 C3H6O3 3 3H6O3. For FM, untreated reinforced PALF/PP composites C3H6O3 3. For IS, the untreated reinforced PALF/PP composites 3 C3H6O3. SEM analysis was carried out on the PALF before the compounding to analyze the effect of the surface modification agents.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73183603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.103013
K. Miermans, E. Dijkman, P. Krystek
The ability to track & trace materials is a key feature in the entire chain, and it ensures circularity principles. Examples from plastic recycling show the enormous added value that analytical technology can have for the circular economy. During polymer production and recycling processes, pigments can be added for different purposes; e.g. as colouring agent of the polymeric product but also as tracer for tracking process development and control in the final recycle products versus possible by-products. An analytical method for tracking the pigment Solvent Blue 15 in input materials, in intermediates as well as in recyclates was developed by tracing and quantifying an indicator metal which is copper (Cu). Therefore, suitable digestion procedures and a quantification method by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) were developed and used for measuring the polymeric digests. The method was tested on relevant samples from chemical recycling processes. The background concentrations in base/raw material are in the range of 0.05 - 0.1 mg∙kg−1 Cu. The processing concentrations are in the range of 4.2 to 28 mg∙kg−1 Cu, while the pigment starting material (polyethylene, PE) has a concentration of around 50 mg∙kg−1 Cu.
{"title":"Analytical Case Study on a Dedicated Pigment in Recycling Processes of Polyethylene","authors":"K. Miermans, E. Dijkman, P. Krystek","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.103013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.103013","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to track & trace materials is a key feature in the entire chain, and it ensures circularity principles. Examples from plastic recycling show the enormous added value that analytical technology can have for the circular economy. During polymer production and recycling processes, pigments can be added for different purposes; e.g. as colouring agent of the polymeric product but also as tracer for tracking process development and control in the final recycle products versus possible by-products. An analytical method for tracking the pigment Solvent Blue 15 in input materials, in intermediates as well as in recyclates was developed by tracing and quantifying an indicator metal which is copper (Cu). Therefore, suitable digestion procedures and a quantification method by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) were developed and used for measuring the polymeric digests. The method was tested on relevant samples from chemical recycling processes. The background concentrations in base/raw material are in the range of 0.05 - 0.1 mg∙kg−1 Cu. The processing concentrations are in the range of 4.2 to 28 mg∙kg−1 Cu, while the pigment starting material (polyethylene, PE) has a concentration of around 50 mg∙kg−1 Cu.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"181-189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79782454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(20)x0003-2
{"title":"Advances in Polymer Reaction Engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/s0065-2377(20)x0003-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2377(20)x0003-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73185782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.101003
T. Sakhno, N. Barashkov, I. Irgibaeva, S. Mendigaliyeva, Dulat Bostan
In recent years, one of the priority areas of research in chemistry has become the processes carried out in an environment of liquid organic salts, the so-called ionic liquids (ILs), which are assessed as environmentally friendly or “green” alternatives to conventional organic solvents. ILs are non-volatile, highly polar solvents that dissolve many organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. Since they have no detectable vapor pressure, ILs are considered as potential substitutes for volatile organic compounds traditionally used as solvents. So-called deep eutectic solvents (DES) is a group of ILs that are liquid mixtures of a number of organic and (or) inorganic components taken in a certain ratio (eutectic or close to eutectic). DES deserve a special attention due to their negligible saturated vapor pressure, availability, low cost, as well as ability to dissolve at relatively high concentration of metal salts, metal oxides and various polymers. Particularly DES based on a mixture of choline chloride with urea (DES-1) or a mixture of choline chloride and adduct of urea with hydrogen peroxide (DES-2) give eutectics that are liquid at ambient temperature and have unusual solvent properties, including an ability to dissolve an animal hair in the presence of low concentration of sodium sulfide or ammonium thioglycolate. It was found that depending on the ratio between DES-1 and DES-2 in the mixture of two Deep Eutectic Solvents and the nature of sulfur-containing additive, the solubility of rabbit hair under used conditions, varies from 51% to 79%.
{"title":"Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Use for Dissolving Animal Hair","authors":"T. Sakhno, N. Barashkov, I. Irgibaeva, S. Mendigaliyeva, Dulat Bostan","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.101003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.101003","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, one of the priority areas of research in chemistry has become the processes carried out in an environment of liquid organic salts, the so-called ionic liquids (ILs), which are assessed as environmentally friendly or “green” alternatives to conventional organic solvents. ILs are non-volatile, highly polar solvents that dissolve many organic, inorganic, and organometallic compounds. Since they have no detectable vapor pressure, ILs are considered as potential substitutes for volatile organic compounds traditionally used as solvents. So-called deep eutectic solvents (DES) is a group of ILs that are liquid mixtures of a number of organic and (or) inorganic components taken in a certain ratio (eutectic or close to eutectic). DES deserve a special attention due to their negligible saturated vapor pressure, availability, low cost, as well as ability to dissolve at relatively high concentration of metal salts, metal oxides and various polymers. Particularly DES based on a mixture of choline chloride with urea (DES-1) or a mixture of choline chloride and adduct of urea with hydrogen peroxide (DES-2) give eutectics that are liquid at ambient temperature and have unusual solvent properties, including an ability to dissolve an animal hair in the presence of low concentration of sodium sulfide or ammonium thioglycolate. It was found that depending on the ratio between DES-1 and DES-2 in the mixture of two Deep Eutectic Solvents and the nature of sulfur-containing additive, the solubility of rabbit hair under used conditions, varies from 51% to 79%.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79298095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.4236/aces.2020.101005
Imen Blibech, M. Ksantini, M. Shete
Bactrocera oleae is the most economically damaging insect of olive in the Mediterranean. As a reliable alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides, botanical pesticides from plant extracts are also considered natural control methods safe for the environment and human health. In practical applications up to date, studies demonstrating toxically effects of biological control agents on the insect have been carried out in organic farming systems based on some industrial microbial formulations. But much less attention has been given to botanical insecticides against B. oleae. Thus, a certified botanical insecticide issue from various plants and approved per Indian and International organic standards was tested against larvae and pupae of the olive pest Bactrocera oleae in the east of Tunisia under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted with 3 normal treatments and 1 control. Two techniques were used for larvae and pupae: direct contact using concentration from 0.5; 0.750; 1 and 1.5 mg/l and fumigation treatment using 2 mg/l conducted in rectangular boxes (25°C - 27°C, 75% - 85% RH and 14:10 LD photo period). For larval stages, LC50 and LC90 values for Ultra-Act were 0.45 and 1.22 mg/L in direct contact and 1.5 - 2 mg/l with fumigation, respectively. For pupal stage, the ID25 and ID50 values were estimated to be 0.71 mg and 1.26 mg respectively corresponding to the inhibition of emergence of 25% and 50% of B. oleae adults from pupa. Our results indicate that sprayed Ultra-Act product has the potential to control the three olive fly instar larvae. Pupal emergency was decreased significantly with fumigation treatment. In conclusion, Ultra-Act is a promising botanical insecticide against B. oleae that could be used as a successful alternative for chemicals in integrated control methods of this pest in Tunisia.
{"title":"Insecticidal Activity of an Indian Botanical Insecticide ULTRA ACT® against the Olive Pest Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Tunisia","authors":"Imen Blibech, M. Ksantini, M. Shete","doi":"10.4236/aces.2020.101005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2020.101005","url":null,"abstract":"Bactrocera oleae is the most economically damaging insect of olive in the Mediterranean. As a reliable alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides, botanical pesticides from plant extracts are also considered natural control methods safe for the environment and human health. In practical applications up to date, studies demonstrating toxically effects of biological control agents on the insect have been carried out in organic farming systems based on some industrial microbial formulations. But much less attention has been given to botanical insecticides against B. oleae. Thus, a certified botanical insecticide issue from various plants and approved per Indian and International organic standards was tested against larvae and pupae of the olive pest Bactrocera oleae in the east of Tunisia under laboratory conditions. The experiments were conducted with 3 normal treatments and 1 control. Two techniques were used for larvae and pupae: direct contact using concentration from 0.5; 0.750; 1 and 1.5 mg/l and fumigation treatment using 2 mg/l conducted in rectangular boxes (25°C - 27°C, 75% - 85% RH and 14:10 LD photo period). For larval stages, LC50 and LC90 values for Ultra-Act were 0.45 and 1.22 mg/L in direct contact and 1.5 - 2 mg/l with fumigation, respectively. For pupal stage, the ID25 and ID50 values were estimated to be 0.71 mg and 1.26 mg respectively corresponding to the inhibition of emergence of 25% and 50% of B. oleae adults from pupa. Our results indicate that sprayed Ultra-Act product has the potential to control the three olive fly instar larvae. Pupal emergency was decreased significantly with fumigation treatment. In conclusion, Ultra-Act is a promising botanical insecticide against B. oleae that could be used as a successful alternative for chemicals in integrated control methods of this pest in Tunisia.","PeriodicalId":7332,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83317893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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