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MGFNet: An MLP-dominated gated fusion network for semantic segmentation of high-resolution multi-modal remote sensing images MGFNet:用于高分辨率多模态遥感图像语义分割的 MLP 主导门控融合网络
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104241
Kan Wei , JinKun Dai , Danfeng Hong , Yuanxin Ye
The heterogeneity and complexity of multimodal data in high-resolution remote sensing images significantly challenges existing cross-modal networks in fusing the complementary information of high-resolution optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for precise semantic segmentation. To address this issue, this paper proposes a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) dominated gate fusion network (MGFNet). MGFNet consists of three modules: a multi-path feature extraction network, an MLP-gate fusion (MGF) module, and a decoder. Initially, MGFNet independently extracts features from high-resolution optical and SAR images while preserving spatial information. Then, the well-designed MGF module combines the multi-modal features through channel attention and gated fusion stages, utilizing MLP as a gate to exploit complementary information and filter redundant data. Additionally, we introduce a novel high-resolution multimodal remote sensing dataset, YESeg-OPT-SAR, with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. To evaluate MGFNet, we compare it with several state-of-the-art (SOTA) models using YESeg-OPT-SAR and Pohang datasets, both of which are high-resolution multi-modal datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that MGFNet achieves higher evaluation metrics compared to other models, indicating its effectiveness in multi-modal feature fusion for segmentation. The source code and data are available at https://github.com/yeyuanxin110/YESeg-OPT-SAR.
高分辨率遥感图像中多模态数据的异质性和复杂性极大地挑战了现有跨模态网络融合高分辨率光学和合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的互补信息以进行精确语义分割的能力。为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种多层感知器(MLP)主导的门融合网络(MGFNet)。MGFNet 由三个模块组成:多路径特征提取网络、MLP-门融合(MGF)模块和解码器。首先,MGFNet 从高分辨率光学和合成孔径雷达图像中独立提取特征,同时保留空间信息。然后,精心设计的 MGF 模块通过通道注意和门控融合阶段将多模态特征结合起来,利用 MLP 作为门来利用互补信息并过滤冗余数据。为了对 MGFNet 进行评估,我们使用 YESeg-OPT-SAR 和 Pohang 数据集(这两个数据集都是高分辨率多模态数据集)将其与几种最先进的(SOTA)模型进行了比较。实验结果表明,与其他模型相比,MGFNet 获得了更高的评价指标,这表明它在多模态特征融合分割方面非常有效。源代码和数据可在 https://github.com/yeyuanxin110/YESeg-OPT-SAR 上获取。
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of long time-series fine-grained asset wealth in Africa using publicly available remote sensing imagery 利用可公开获得的遥感图像估算非洲长时间序列细粒度资产财富
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104269
Mengjie Wang, Xi Li
Traditional methods for measuring asset wealth face limitations due to data scarcity, making it challenging to apply them on a large scale and over long periods with fine granularity. Publicly available satellite images, such as nighttime light imagery, have become an important alternative data source for estimating asset wealth. This study thoroughly exploited the spatial neighborhood information of nighttime light, combined with other remote sensing features and the cross-national, temporally comparable International Wealth Index (IWI), to construct long-term asset wealth estimation models for African countries with and without sample data. Based on these models, it generates asset wealth estimates for African settlements at a 500 m spatial resolution from 2012 to 2022. The R2 values for the models of countries with and without sample data are 0.85 and 0.76, respectively, with mean absolute errors of 6.08 and 8.35, and root means square errors of 8.52 and 10.81, respectively. Additionally, the accuracy of the temporal variation estimates surpasses previous related studies, achieving an R2 of 0.60. From 2012 to 2022, the overall IWI increased from 28.80 to 30.80, representing an increase of 0.11 standard deviations. In addition to countries with household survey data, the proposed method can also accurately estimate asset wealth for countries without survey data and effectively track asset wealth changes over time.
由于数据稀缺,传统的资产财富测量方法面临局限性,因此在大规模、长时间、细粒度地应用这些方法具有挑战性。可公开获取的卫星图像(如夜间灯光图像)已成为估算资产财富的重要替代数据源。本研究充分利用夜间光线的空间邻域信息,结合其他遥感特征和跨国、时间可比的国际财富指数(IWI),为有样本数据和无样本数据的非洲国家构建长期资产财富估算模型。在这些模型的基础上,以 500 米的空间分辨率生成了 2012 年至 2022 年非洲住区的资产财富估算值。有样本数据和无样本数据国家模型的 R2 值分别为 0.85 和 0.76,平均绝对误差分别为 6.08 和 8.35,均方根误差分别为 8.52 和 10.81。此外,时间变化估计的准确性也超过了之前的相关研究,R2 达到 0.60。从 2012 年到 2022 年,总体 IWI 从 28.80 上升到 30.80,增加了 0.11 个标准差。除有住户调查数据的国家外,拟议方法还能准确估算无调查数据国家的资产财富,并有效跟踪资产财富随时间的变化。
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引用次数: 0
ICESat-2 data denoising and forest canopy height estimation using Machine Learning 利用机器学习对 ICESat-2 数据进行去噪和林冠高度估算
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104263
Dan Kong, Yong Pang
Supervised classification methods can distinguish between noise and signal in ice, cloud, and land elevation satellite-2 (ICESat-2) data across various feature perspectives and autonomously optimize parameters. Nevertheless, model generalization remains a significant limitation for practical applications. This study focuses on developing a universal denoising model for ICESat-2 using machine learning algorithms and analyzing its spatial transferability under various forest and terrain conditions. A photon-denoising feature parameter system is developed based on the analysis of the three-dimensional distribution of photons in forested regions. This system reduces the parameters dependent on absolute physical quantities and increases those that are less influenced by terrain and forest features to enhance the model’s transferability. Subsequently, automated machine learning algorithms (AutoML) are used for model selection and parameter optimization across six non-parametric regression models. We evaluate the accuracies of the local, global, and transfer models in estimating canopy height across four representative forested areas in China. Results show that the algorithm can effectively distinguish between signal and noise photons. The estimated canopy heights from signal photons are highly consistent with heights obtained using airborne laser scanning (ALS), exhibiting a Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89, root mean square errors (RMSE) of 3.75 m, relative root mean square error (rRMSE) of 0.27, relative bias (rBias) of −0.11 and mean Bias of −1.45 m. Notably, the accuracy of canopy height estimation by the global model has increased by an average of 21 % compared to ICESat-2 land-vegetation along-track products (ATL08). Furthermore, the model exhibits significant spatial transfer capabilities, with the accuracies of the transfer model exceeding those of ATL08 by margins ranging from 4 % to 41 %. This study marks a significant advancement in photon-denoising methodologies, providing a robust and transferable solution for large-scale environmental data analysis.
有监督的分类方法可以从不同的特征角度区分冰、云和陆地高程卫星-2(ICESat-2)数据中的噪声和信号,并自主优化参数。然而,在实际应用中,模型的通用性仍然是一个重要的限制因素。本研究的重点是利用机器学习算法为 ICESat-2 开发通用去噪模型,并分析其在各种森林和地形条件下的空间可移植性。基于对森林地区光子三维分布的分析,开发了一个光子去噪特征参数系统。该系统减少了依赖于绝对物理量的参数,增加了受地形和森林特征影响较小的参数,以提高模型的可移植性。随后,自动机器学习算法(AutoML)被用于六个非参数回归模型的模型选择和参数优化。我们评估了局部模型、全局模型和转移模型在估算中国四个代表性林区冠层高度时的准确性。结果表明,该算法能有效区分信号光子和噪声光子。信号光子估算的树冠高度与机载激光扫描(ALS)获得的高度高度高度一致,皮尔逊相关系数(r)为 0.89,均方根误差(RMSE)为 3.75 米,相对均方根误差(rRMSE)为 0.值得注意的是,与 ICESat-2 土地植被沿轨迹产品(ATL08)相比,全球模式的冠层高度估计精度平均提高了 21%。此外,该模型还显示出显著的空间转移能力,转移模型的准确度超过了 ATL08 的准确度,幅度从 4% 到 41% 不等。这项研究标志着光子去噪方法的重大进步,为大规模环境数据分析提供了一种稳健、可转移的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
A multi-domain dual-stream network for hyperspectral unmixing 用于高光谱混合的多域双流网络
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104247
Jiwei Hu , Tianhao Wang , Qiwen Jin , Chengli Peng , Quan Liu
Hyperspectral unmixing is of vital importance within the realm of hyperspectral analysis, which is aimed to decide the fractional proportion (abundances) of fundamental spectral signatures (endmembers) at a subpixel level. Unsupervised unmixing techniques that employ autoencoder (AE) network have gained significant attention for its exceptional feature extraction capabilities. However, traditional AE-based methods lean towards focusing excessively on the information of spectral dimension in the data, resulting in limited ability to extract endmembers with meaningful physical interpretations, and achieve uncompetitive performance. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-domain dual-stream network, called MdsNet, which enhances performance by incorporating high-rank spatial information to guide the unmixing process. This approach allows us to uncover pure endmember data that is hidden within the original hyperspectral image (HSI). We first apply superpixel segmentation and smoothing operations as preprocessing steps to transform the HSI into a coarse domain. Then, MdsNet efficiently handles multi-domain data and employs attention generated from the approximate domain to learn meaningful information about the endmembers’ physical characteristic. Experimental results and ablation studies conducted on Synthetic and real datasets (Samson, Japser, Urban) outperform state-of-the-art techniques by more than 10% in terms of root mean squared error and spectral angle distance, illustrating the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed method. The source code is available at https://github.com/qiwenjjin/JAG-MdsNet.
高光谱非混合技术在高光谱分析领域至关重要,其目的是在亚像素级别确定基本光谱特征(内成员)的分数比例(丰度)。采用自动编码器(AE)网络的无监督非混合技术因其卓越的特征提取能力而备受关注。然而,传统的基于自动编码器的方法过分关注数据中的光谱维度信息,导致提取有意义的物理解释的内涵的能力有限,性能也不具竞争力。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的多域双流网络,称为 MdsNet,它通过结合高阶空间信息来指导解混合过程,从而提高了性能。通过这种方法,我们可以发现隐藏在原始高光谱图像(HSI)中的纯内含数据。我们首先应用超像素分割和平滑操作作为预处理步骤,将高光谱图像转换为粗域。然后,MdsNet 高效地处理多域数据,并利用近似域产生的注意力来学习有关内成员物理特征的有意义信息。在合成数据集和真实数据集(Samson、Japser、Urban)上进行的实验结果和消融研究在均方根误差和频谱角距离方面优于最先进技术 10%以上,这说明了我们提出的方法的有效性和优越性。源代码见 https://github.com/qiwenjjin/JAG-MdsNet。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating medium-term regional monthly economic activity reductions during the COVID-19 pandemic using nighttime light data 利用夜间光线数据估算 COVID-19 大流行期间中期地区月度经济活动减少情况
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104223
Ma. Flordeliza P. Del Castillo , Toshio Fujimi , Hirokazu Tatano
Economic impact estimates of the initial lockdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic showed a significant reduction in economic activities globally. However, the succeeding impacts and their spatiotemporal distribution within countries remain unknown. Studies showed that nighttime light data (NTL) has effectively revealed the spatiotemporal dimensions of the economic effects of COVID-19. Thus, this study used NTL data to determine the medium-term regional monthly economic impacts of the pandemic in the Philippines in terms of the Economic Activity Reduction (EAR) index. We generated a spatial error model, regressing pre-pandemic NTL on mean temperature, maximum rainfall, and built-up area. This model explained 81.6% of the pre-pandemic NTL and was used to estimate the counterfactual NTL. We subtracted the actual from the counterfactual to compute the EAR. Then, the EAR was regressed on regional factors to determine which ones influence the impacts. Results showed uneven distribution of EAR across space and time. The EAR was generally higher in urban regions than in rural ones. Overall, more regions in the south had higher EAR. Temporally, the EAR showed a dynamic pattern, increasing in less urban regions and decreasing in highly urbanized regions. Regional analysis showed that urbanization level, population density, and poverty incidence had a significant positive relationship with the EAR. Beyond the immediate impacts, NTL effectively revealed spatiotemporal dimensions of the economic effects of a long-term global hazard.
对 COVID-19 大流行导致的最初封锁的经济影响估计显示,全球经济活动大幅减少。然而,后续影响及其在各国内部的时空分布仍是未知数。研究表明,夜光数据(NTL)能有效揭示 COVID-19 经济影响的时空维度。因此,本研究利用 NTL 数据,以经济活动减少指数(EAR)来确定菲律宾大流行病的中期区域月度经济影响。我们建立了一个空间误差模型,将大流行前的 NTL 与平均气温、最大降雨量和建筑面积进行回归。该模型解释了 81.6% 的大流行前非典疫情,并用于估算反事实非典疫情。我们从反事实中减去实际情况,计算出 EAR。然后,将 EAR 与区域因素进行回归,以确定哪些因素会对影响产生影响。结果显示,EAR 在空间和时间上的分布不均衡。城市地区的 EAR 普遍高于农村地区。总体而言,南方更多地区的 EAR 较高。从时间上看,EAR 呈现出一种动态模式,在城市化程度较低的地区上升,而在城市化程度较高的地区下降。地区分析表明,城市化水平、人口密度和贫困发生率与净资产收益率有显著的正相关关系。除了直接影响之外,NTL 还有效地揭示了长期全球灾害对经济影响的时空维度。
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引用次数: 0
IPS Monitor – A habitat suitability monitoring tool for invasive alien plant species in Germany IPS Monitor - 德国外来入侵植物物种栖息地适宜性监测工具
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104252
Fabian Sittaro , Michael Vohland
Invasive alien plant species (IPS) are one of the major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem services. As the dynamics of biological invasions by non-native plant species are expected to intensify with climate change, there is an increasing need to provide accessible information on the distribution of IPS to improve environmental management programmes. Monitoring the probability of occurrence of IPS is therefore essential to limit their spread, as control measures are most effective in the early stages of invasion. This article presents IPS Monitor, a tool developed to monitor habitat suitability for IPS in Germany under current and projected climate conditions. Developed from previous research on IPS impacts and habitat modelling, the tool facilitates the visualisation of habitat suitability for 45 IPS through digital web maps and fact sheets. IPS Monitor acts as a bridge between scientific research and its application, aiming to support decision-making by conservationists, policy-makers and other stakeholders. It provides a scientific basis for developing targeted strategies against the spread of IPS and enables integrated management approaches by providing access to synthesised research and predictive modelling.
外来入侵植物物种(IPS)是生物多样性和生态系统服务的主要威胁之一。由于非本地植物物种的生物入侵动态预计会随着气候变化而加剧,因此越来越需要提供有关 IPS 分布情况的可用信息,以改进环境管理计划。因此,监测 IPS 的发生概率对于限制其蔓延至关重要,因为在入侵的早期阶段采取控制措施最为有效。本文介绍了 "IPS 监测器"(IPS Monitor),这是一种在当前和预测气候条件下监测德国 IPS 栖息地适宜性的工具。该工具是在之前对 IPS 影响和栖息地建模研究的基础上开发的,通过数字网络图和情况说明书,可将 45 种 IPS 的栖息地适宜性可视化。IPS 监测器是科学研究与应用之间的桥梁,旨在为保护主义者、政策制定者和其他利益相关者的决策提供支持。它为制定防止 IPS 传播的有针对性的战略提供了科学依据,并通过提供综合研究和预测建模来实现综合管理方法。
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引用次数: 0
Recovering NDVI over lake surfaces: Initial insights from CYGNSS data enhanced by ERA-5 inputs 恢复湖面的 NDVI:通过ERA-5输入增强的CYGNSS数据得出的初步见解
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104253
Yinqing Zhen, Qingyun Yan
The escalating water pollution in many lakes has led to more frequent occurrences of algal bloom disasters in recent decades. The severity of these disasters can be assessed through remote sensing techniques, specifically using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for measurement. However, NDVI observations using optical sensors are often affected by cloud and fog in areas with numerous water bodies, such as Taihu Lake. Sensors operating in the microwave band can effectively mitigate this issue, particularly the emerging Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R), which offers high temporal resolution and cost-effectiveness. In this paper, we propose a new method to recover lake-surface NDVI on cloudy days, utilizing GNSS-R observables and auxiliary meteorological data in conjunction with a machine learning regression algorithm called Bagging Tree. We also examine the effective range of GNSS-R data within this application scenario. Meanwhile, the Weighted Linear Regression-Laplacian Prior Regulation Method (WLR-LPRM) image gap-filling algorithm is used as a benchmark to evaluate recovery accuracy. The regression coefficient of NDVI retrieved using the proposed method is 0.95, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.021 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.010. Compared to the previous work on GNSS-R algal bloom detection with overall accuracy of 0.82, this work shows significant improvement in both accuracy and utility. The recovery of lake surface NDVI provides detailed insights into algal blooms, including quantifiable metrics such as the amount and spatial distribution, which are crucial for effective monitoring and management. Additionally, the recovered image textures exhibit high clarity and closely resemble the reference NDVI images. Experimental evaluation using simulated and actual cloud blocks indicates the model’s robustness to recover NDVI under varying cloud cover conditions. In summary, this study demonstrates the capability of GNSS-R aided by supplementary data for recovering missing NDVI values on lake surfaces when optical observations are absent for the first time.
近几十年来,许多湖泊的水污染不断加剧,导致藻华灾害频发。这些灾害的严重程度可以通过遥感技术进行评估,特别是使用归一化植被指数(NDVI)进行测量。然而,在太湖等水体众多的地区,使用光学传感器进行的归一化差异植被指数观测往往会受到云雾的影响。工作在微波波段的传感器可以有效缓解这一问题,特别是新兴的全球导航卫星系统反射测量法(GNSS-R),它具有高时间分辨率和成本效益。在本文中,我们提出了一种在阴天恢复湖面 NDVI 的新方法,利用 GNSS-R 观测数据和辅助气象数据,结合一种名为 Bagging Tree 的机器学习回归算法。我们还研究了该应用场景中 GNSS-R 数据的有效范围。同时,使用加权线性回归-拉普拉斯先验调节法(WLR-LPRM)图像间隙填充算法作为评估恢复精度的基准。使用所提方法获取的 NDVI 回归系数为 0.95,均方根误差(RMSE)为 0.021,平均绝对误差(MAE)为 0.010。与之前总体精度为 0.82 的 GNSS-R 藻华检测工作相比,这项工作在精度和实用性方面都有显著提高。湖面 NDVI 的恢复提供了对藻华的详细了解,包括数量和空间分布等可量化指标,这对有效监测和管理至关重要。此外,恢复的图像纹理清晰度高,与参考 NDVI 图像非常相似。使用模拟云块和实际云块进行的实验评估表明,该模型在不同云层覆盖条件下恢复 NDVI 的鲁棒性很强。总之,本研究证明了在首次缺乏光学观测数据的情况下,GNSS-R 在补充数据的辅助下恢复湖面缺失 NDVI 值的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient multi-modal high-precision semantic segmentation from MLS point cloud without 3D annotation 从无三维标注的 MLS 点云进行高效的多模态高精度语义分割
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104243
Yuan Wang , Pei Sun , Wenbo Chu , Yuhao Li , Yiping Chen , Hui Lin , Zhen Dong , Bisheng Yang , Chao He
Quick and high-precision semantic segmentation from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) point clouds faces huge challenges such as large amounts of data, occlusion in complex scenes, and the high annotation cost associated with 3D point clouds. To tackle these challenges, this paper proposes a novel efficient and high-precision semantic segmentation method Mapping Considering Semantic Segmentation (MCSS) for MLS point clouds by leveraging the 2D-3D mapping relationship, which is not only without the need for labeling 3D samples but also complements missing information using multimodal data. According to the results of semantic segmentation on panoramic images by a neural network, a multi-frame mapping strategy and a local spatial similarity optimization method are proposed to project the panoramic image semantic predictions onto point clouds, thereby establishing coarse semantic information in the 3D domain. Then, a hierarchical geometric constraint model (HGCM) is designed to refine high-precision point cloud semantic segmentation. Comprehensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the effect and efficiency of our method in segmenting challenging large-scale MLS two datasets, achieving improvement by 16.8 % and 16.3 % compared with SPT. Furthermore, the proposed method takes an average of 8 s to process 1 million points and does not require annotation and training, surpassing previous methods in terms of efficiency.
从移动激光扫描(MLS)点云中进行快速、高精度的语义分割面临着巨大的挑战,如大量数据、复杂场景中的遮挡以及与三维点云相关的高注释成本。针对这些挑战,本文提出了一种新型高效、高精度的语义分割方法--"映射考虑语义分割"(Mapping Considering Semantic Segmentation,MCSS),利用二维三维映射关系对移动激光扫描点云进行语义分割,不仅无需标注三维样本,还能利用多模态数据补充缺失信息。根据神经网络对全景图像进行语义分割的结果,提出了多帧映射策略和局部空间相似性优化方法,将全景图像语义预测投射到点云上,从而在三维领域建立粗略的语义信息。然后,设计了分层几何约束模型(HGCM)来细化高精度点云语义分割。综合实验评估证明了我们的方法在分割具有挑战性的大规模 MLS 两个数据集方面的效果和效率,与 SPT 相比,分别提高了 16.8% 和 16.3%。此外,所提出的方法处理 100 万个点平均只需 8 秒,且无需标注和训练,在效率方面超越了之前的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Urban flood mapping by fully mining and adaptive fusion of the polarimetric and spatial information of Sentinel-1 images 通过充分挖掘和自适应融合哨兵-1 图像的偏振和空间信息绘制城市洪水地图
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104251
Qi Zhang , Xiangyun Hu
Highly destructive flood disasters have occurred frequently recently. Related to this, accurate mapping of flood areas is a necessary undertaking that helps to understand the temporal and spatial evolution patterns of floods. Thus, this paper proposes a novel, unsupervised multi-scale machine learning (ML) approach for urban flood mapping with SAR images from the perspective of information mining and fusion. Considering the complexity of surface objects in urban scenes, the proposed approach first extracts and fuses multiple types of features, such as polarization, pseudo-color, and spatial features, from pre-flood and post-flood SAR images to enhance distinguishability of water bodies. In particular, some new pseudo-color features are constructed here for SAR images through pseudo-color synthesis and color space transformation. On this basis, a flood probability map (FPM) is generated, and multi-scale superpixel segmentation is performed on it. Then, an ML-based unsupervised classification model assisted by uncertainty analysis based on the Gaussian mixture model is designed and implemented for flood mapping at different segmentation scales. Finally, guided by the minimum uncertainty, an adaptive fusion strategy of multi-scale information is proposed to integrate the flood mapping results at different scales for producing the final flood map. The proposed approach is unsupervised, and can minimize the mapping uncertainty to improve mapping accuracy and reliability. These characteristics of the proposed approach make it practical. The results of comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach is effective and has certain advantages over existing methods, especially in reducing false detections and correctly identifying the categories of uncertain pixels in flood mapping. Furthermore, the experimental results also indicate that the pseudo-color features constructed here also help enhance flood mapping accuracy.
近来,破坏性极大的洪水灾害频繁发生。与此相关,准确绘制洪水区域地图是一项必要的工作,有助于了解洪水的时空演变规律。因此,本文从信息挖掘与融合的角度出发,提出了一种利用合成孔径雷达图像绘制城市洪水地图的新型无监督多尺度机器学习(ML)方法。考虑到城市场景中地表物体的复杂性,本文首先从洪水前和洪水后的合成孔径雷达图像中提取并融合多种类型的特征,如偏振、伪彩色和空间特征,以提高水体的可分辨性。其中,通过伪色合成和色彩空间变换,为 SAR 图像构建了一些新的伪色特征。在此基础上生成洪水概率图(FPM),并对其进行多尺度超像素分割。然后,在高斯混合物模型的基础上,设计并实现了一个基于 ML 的无监督分类模型,并辅以不确定性分析,用于不同分割尺度的洪水测绘。最后,在最小不确定性的指导下,提出了一种多尺度信息的自适应融合策略,以整合不同尺度的洪水绘图结果,生成最终的洪水地图。所提出的方法是无监督的,可以最大限度地减少绘图的不确定性,从而提高绘图的准确性和可靠性。拟议方法的这些特点使其具有实用性。对比实验结果表明,所提出的方法是有效的,与现有方法相比具有一定的优势,特别是在减少误检和正确识别洪水绘图中不确定像素的类别方面。此外,实验结果还表明,本文构建的伪彩色特征也有助于提高洪水测绘的准确性。
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引用次数: 0
Species-specific machine learning models for UAV-based forest health monitoring: Revealing the importance of the BNDVI 基于无人机的森林健康监测的特定物种机器学习模型:揭示 BNDVI 的重要性
IF 7.6 Q1 REMOTE SENSING Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104257
Simon Ecke , Florian Stehr , Jan Dempewolf , Julian Frey , Hans-Joachim Klemmt , Thomas Seifert , Dirk Tiede
Exploring the capabilities of remote sensing technologies for identifying stress responses in trees due to environmental pressures is crucial for comprehension, management, and maintenance of forests that are productive, healthy, and resilient. In recent decades, research on forest health monitoring has been predominantly focused on data obtained remotely, either from satellites or crewed aircraft. During the last few years, Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have gained prominence as invaluable remote sensing platforms, increasingly being employed for forest surveying. As intermediary between traditional remote sensing methods and ground-level observations, UAVs can capture high-resolution imagery from low altitudes, even below cloud cover, in unprecedented detail. This ability allows for the precise detection of stress responses at the individual tree scale. In our study, we have acquired a highly heterogenous, multispectral time-series dataset from the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) inventory plots across Bavaria, Germany, focusing on the main tree species. The data was recorded over three consecutive years from a UAV with the objective of monitoring tree physiological stress responses. Concurrently, with the drone flights, the ground-based forest condition surveying (Level-1 monitoring) was conducted, serving as ground-truth validation, and providing detailed information on tree health indicators, such as defoliation and discoloration. Our findings revealed that multispectral imagery obtained from a UAV closely aligns with field data, proving effective detection of physiological stress in trees. Remarkably, in conjunction to the red, red edge, and near-infrared band, the inclusion of the blue band emerged as a critical indicator of tree stress when incorporated into the Blue Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (BNDVI), depending on factors such as tree species, class division, and atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, the averaged values per sample tree over three years, alongside the 5th and 25th percentile of the data distribution, have proven to be of key importance. Based on spectral indices, we achieved good classification accuracies by training species-specific gradient boosting models (macro F1-scores ranging from 0.492 to 0.769). These models can assist in quantifying tree stress responses, thereby supporting the objectives of the ICP Forests program, potentially leading to substantial cost savings or increased coverage in the future.
探索遥感技术识别树木因环境压力而产生的应激反应的能力,对于理解、管理和维护高产、健康和有韧性的森林至关重要。近几十年来,有关森林健康监测的研究主要集中在从卫星或载人飞机上获取的遥感数据上。在过去的几年里,无人驾驶飞行器(UAV)作为一种宝贵的遥感平台得到了重视,并越来越多地被用于森林调查。作为传统遥感方法和地面观测之间的中介,无人机可以从低空捕捉高分辨率图像,甚至在云层覆盖之下也能捕捉到前所未有的细节。这种能力可以精确检测单棵树木的应激反应。在我们的研究中,我们从国际空气污染对森林影响评估与监测合作项目(ICP Forests)在德国巴伐利亚的调查地获取了一个高度异质的多光谱时间序列数据集,重点关注主要树种。这些数据是连续三年用无人机记录的,目的是监测树木的生理应激反应。在无人机飞行的同时,还进行了地面森林状况调查(一级监测),作为地面实况验证,并提供有关树木健康指标(如落叶和褪色)的详细信息。我们的研究结果表明,无人机获取的多光谱图像与实地数据非常吻合,证明了对树木生理压力的有效检测。值得注意的是,除了红色波段、红边波段和近红外波段外,根据树种、等级划分和大气条件等因素,将蓝色波段纳入蓝色归一化差异植被指数(BNDVI)时,蓝色波段也成为树木压力的关键指标。此外,三年中每棵样本树的平均值以及数据分布的第 5 和第 25 百分位数也被证明具有重要意义。基于光谱指数,我们通过训练特定物种的梯度提升模型(宏观 F1 分数范围为 0.492 到 0.769)实现了良好的分类准确性。这些模型有助于量化树木的应激反应,从而支持国际比较方案森林计划的目标,并有可能在未来节省大量成本或扩大覆盖范围。
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International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation : ITC journal
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