iRadiology最新文献

Recently, the use of ultrasound (US) for triggering drug release to specific tissues was explored, but its direct effects on cells have not been thoroughly understood. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the impact of US powers and US irradiation times on fibroblast cells (NIH-3T3). The results showed that the diverse US settings had varying effects on cell proliferation and distribution in the polystyrene culture dish. Interestingly, at 10 W, 43 kHz with changing exposed time up to 30 min either stimulated or inhibited fibroblast cell growth after 24 and 72 h of cultivation compared to the control sample in the absence of US, while longer US exposure time led to a moderate reduction in cell quantity. Moreover, higher US levels of 20 and 30 W could cause an aggregation of cells and sublethal damage to the cells. Importantly, the morphology of fibroblast was changed from stellate-shape to round-shape under greater US powers. Elevated US power also influenced interactions between proteins and lipids, affecting the atomic and molecular charges, leading to changes in both zeta potential and pH of the dispensed cell solution.

In this scoping review, we evaluated the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical radiology practice and examined health professionals' perspectives regarding AI use in radiology. This review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodological guidelines. We searched multiple databases and the gray literature from March 15, 2016 to December 31, 2023. Of 49 articles reviewed, 13 assessed the performance of AI in radiology clinical practice, and 36 examined the attitudes of health professionals toward the use of AI in radiology. In four separate studies, AI significantly improved the diagnostic sensitivity or detection rate. Furthermore, six articles emphasized a significant reduction in case reading times with AI use. Although three studies suggested an increase in specificity with the assistance of AI, these findings did not reach statistical significance. Health professionals expressed the belief that AI would have a significant impact on radiology but would not replace radiologists in the near future. Limited knowledge of AI was observed among health professionals, who supported increased education and explicit regulations and guidelines related to AI. Overall, AI can enhance diagnostic efficiency and accuracy in clinical radiology practice. However, knowledge gaps and the concerns of health professionals should be addressed by prioritizing education and reinforcing ethical and legal regulations to facilitate the advancement of AI use in radiology. This scoping review provides evidence toward a comprehensive understanding of AI's potential in clinical radiology practice, promoting its use and stimulating further discussion on related challenges and implications.

Optimal therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy is essential for healthcare's global mission of advancing oncologic drug development. Accurate diagnosis and detection are crucial prerequisites for effective risk stratification and personalized patient care in clinical oncology. A paradigm shift is emerging with the promise of multi-receptor-targeting compounds. While existing detection and staging methods have demonstrated some success, the traditional approach of monotherapy is being reevaluated to enhance therapeutic effectiveness. Heterodimeric site-specific agents are a versatile solution by targeting two distinct biomarkers with a single theranostic agent. This review describes the innovation of dual-targeting compounds, examining their design strategies, therapeutic implications, and the promising path they present for addressing complex diseases.

Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a heterogeneous, delayed, and potentially fatal adverse reaction to radiation that can damage all structures of the heart, including the pericardium, myocardium, coronary arteries, valves, and conduction system, leading to a series of diseases. Acute and chronic disease processes play a role in the development of RIHD, the onset times of which range from months to decades. However, the clinical manifestations of RIHD are usually insidious, overlap with several other diseases, and lack specificity. Cardiovascular imaging is essential for early diagnosis, follow-up, and outcome assessment in patients with RIHD. This review first describes the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of RIHD before providing an overview of the practical approaches and research advances in multimodal cardiovascular imaging in patients with RIHD, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and nuclear medicine, and cardiac computed tomography (CT). Then, the value of new cardiac imaging assessments for the early diagnosis of RIHD is described, particularly with relation to speckle-tracking echocardiography, extracellular volume fraction assessment as a quantitative CMR technique, CMR myocardial strain assessment, positron emission tomography-CT myocardial perfusion imaging, CT-ECV, and CT strain assessment, amongst others. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each screening technique are compared with the aim of better guiding the follow-up and diagnosis of subclinical RIHD and preventing cardiovascular events.

The integration of technology in medicine, particularly in the field of radiology, has led to significant advancements in patient care and diagnosis. While this digital transformation of healthcare has brought many benefits, it has also exposed radiological systems and sensitive patient data to unprecedented cybersecurity threats. This article aims to highlight the current cyberattack landscape, trends, and benefits of ethical hacking, which could be employed to identify vulnerabilities and improve cybersecurity defenses.

Global cyberattacks have been exponentially increasing on an annual basis. Focusing on the global healthcare sector, the number of attacks had alarmingly increased by 69% within the space of a year (from 2021 to 2022) [1]. Up to 250 million individuals have been affected by healthcare data breaches from 2005 to 2019, of which, 157 million individuals have been affected in the last 5 years [2]. The financial impact has also been significant. According to an IBM report, the average cost of a single healthcare data breach affecting an average of 26,000 records would cost up to $15 million [2]. The breach of Anthem, a medical insurance company in the USA in 2015, exposed the medical records of 78 million individuals and resulted in a $115 million settlement [3].

In Australia, 22% of businesses have experienced a cybersecurity attack in FY2021/2022, and the number of attacks has doubled since FY2019/2020 [4]. A total of 16% of the cyberattacks were scams/fraud, 5% were malicious software, and 3% were related to unauthorized access [4]. In FY2021/2022, these attacks were associated with 18% service downtime and 17% loss of staff productivity [4]. Notable events in Australian healthcare that occurred within the past year (2022) include the Australian Red Cross from a cyberattack on the International Committee of Red Cross servers, CTARS client case management system for vulnerable children, Medlab Pathology attack impacting almost 230,000 individuals, Medibank attack impacting 9.7 million customers and private hospital provider, Mater [1]. The impacts of cyberattacks on healthcare systems include the breach of sensitive patient data, disruption of services, electronic system downtime, cancellation of scheduled medical appointments, and ambulance diversions.

Within radiology, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Radiology Information Systems (RIS) are used to help streamline the process of retrieving, storing, and sharing of medical images that are saved in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format (international communication standard). Breach of these systems can result in the theft of sensitive patient data/diagnoses and an increased risk of identity theft and ransom. Manipulation of medical images is also an emerging concern, which could result in dire consequences in

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Furthermore, expression of MAOs is associated with the functions of peripheral organs. Dysfunction of MAOs is relevant in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Monoamine oxidases have two isoenzymes, namely, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Therefore, the development of reliable and specific methods to detect these two isoenzymes is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of their functions in biological systems, and for further promoting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MAO-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the advances in small molecular probes for the specific imaging of MAO-A and MAO-B, including radiolabeled probes, fluorescent probes, and a ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging probe. In addition, applications of these probes for detecting MAO expression levels in cells, tissues, animal models, and patients are described. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of developing novel MAO imaging probes are also highlighted.

Guo J, Du M, Chen Z, Chen X, Yuan Z. A review of biomodified or biomimetic polymer dots for targeted fluorescent imaging and disease treatments. iRADIOLOGY. 2023; 1(3): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.26

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