iRadiology最新文献

Optimal therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy is essential for healthcare's global mission of advancing oncologic drug development. Accurate diagnosis and detection are crucial prerequisites for effective risk stratification and personalized patient care in clinical oncology. A paradigm shift is emerging with the promise of multi-receptor-targeting compounds. While existing detection and staging methods have demonstrated some success, the traditional approach of monotherapy is being reevaluated to enhance therapeutic effectiveness. Heterodimeric site-specific agents are a versatile solution by targeting two distinct biomarkers with a single theranostic agent. This review describes the innovation of dual-targeting compounds, examining their design strategies, therapeutic implications, and the promising path they present for addressing complex diseases.

Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is a heterogeneous, delayed, and potentially fatal adverse reaction to radiation that can damage all structures of the heart, including the pericardium, myocardium, coronary arteries, valves, and conduction system, leading to a series of diseases. Acute and chronic disease processes play a role in the development of RIHD, the onset times of which range from months to decades. However, the clinical manifestations of RIHD are usually insidious, overlap with several other diseases, and lack specificity. Cardiovascular imaging is essential for early diagnosis, follow-up, and outcome assessment in patients with RIHD. This review first describes the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of RIHD before providing an overview of the practical approaches and research advances in multimodal cardiovascular imaging in patients with RIHD, including echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and nuclear medicine, and cardiac computed tomography (CT). Then, the value of new cardiac imaging assessments for the early diagnosis of RIHD is described, particularly with relation to speckle-tracking echocardiography, extracellular volume fraction assessment as a quantitative CMR technique, CMR myocardial strain assessment, positron emission tomography-CT myocardial perfusion imaging, CT-ECV, and CT strain assessment, amongst others. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each screening technique are compared with the aim of better guiding the follow-up and diagnosis of subclinical RIHD and preventing cardiovascular events.

The integration of technology in medicine, particularly in the field of radiology, has led to significant advancements in patient care and diagnosis. While this digital transformation of healthcare has brought many benefits, it has also exposed radiological systems and sensitive patient data to unprecedented cybersecurity threats. This article aims to highlight the current cyberattack landscape, trends, and benefits of ethical hacking, which could be employed to identify vulnerabilities and improve cybersecurity defenses.

Global cyberattacks have been exponentially increasing on an annual basis. Focusing on the global healthcare sector, the number of attacks had alarmingly increased by 69% within the space of a year (from 2021 to 2022) [1]. Up to 250 million individuals have been affected by healthcare data breaches from 2005 to 2019, of which, 157 million individuals have been affected in the last 5 years [2]. The financial impact has also been significant. According to an IBM report, the average cost of a single healthcare data breach affecting an average of 26,000 records would cost up to $15 million [2]. The breach of Anthem, a medical insurance company in the USA in 2015, exposed the medical records of 78 million individuals and resulted in a $115 million settlement [3].

In Australia, 22% of businesses have experienced a cybersecurity attack in FY2021/2022, and the number of attacks has doubled since FY2019/2020 [4]. A total of 16% of the cyberattacks were scams/fraud, 5% were malicious software, and 3% were related to unauthorized access [4]. In FY2021/2022, these attacks were associated with 18% service downtime and 17% loss of staff productivity [4]. Notable events in Australian healthcare that occurred within the past year (2022) include the Australian Red Cross from a cyberattack on the International Committee of Red Cross servers, CTARS client case management system for vulnerable children, Medlab Pathology attack impacting almost 230,000 individuals, Medibank attack impacting 9.7 million customers and private hospital provider, Mater [1]. The impacts of cyberattacks on healthcare systems include the breach of sensitive patient data, disruption of services, electronic system downtime, cancellation of scheduled medical appointments, and ambulance diversions.

Within radiology, Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and Radiology Information Systems (RIS) are used to help streamline the process of retrieving, storing, and sharing of medical images that are saved in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format (international communication standard). Breach of these systems can result in the theft of sensitive patient data/diagnoses and an increased risk of identity theft and ransom. Manipulation of medical images is also an emerging concern, which could result in dire consequences in

Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are a class of flavin enzymes that are mainly present in the outer membrane of mitochondria and play a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Furthermore, expression of MAOs is associated with the functions of peripheral organs. Dysfunction of MAOs is relevant in a variety of diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Monoamine oxidases have two isoenzymes, namely, monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Therefore, the development of reliable and specific methods to detect these two isoenzymes is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of their functions in biological systems, and for further promoting the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MAO-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the advances in small molecular probes for the specific imaging of MAO-A and MAO-B, including radiolabeled probes, fluorescent probes, and a ¹⁹F magnetic resonance imaging probe. In addition, applications of these probes for detecting MAO expression levels in cells, tissues, animal models, and patients are described. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of developing novel MAO imaging probes are also highlighted.

Guo J, Du M, Chen Z, Chen X, Yuan Z. A review of biomodified or biomimetic polymer dots for targeted fluorescent imaging and disease treatments. iRADIOLOGY. 2023; 1(3): 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird3.26

In “CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT” section, the text “The authors declare no conflicts of interest.” was incorrect. This should have read: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest. If authors are from the editorial board of iRADIOLOGY, they will be excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the publication of this article.”

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Total-body positron emission tomography (TB-PET) has ultra-high sensitivity and the unique ability to conduct dynamic imaging of the entire body. Both the hardware configuration and the data acquired from a TB-PET scanner differ from those of the conventional short axial field-of-view scanners. Therefore, various aspects concerning data processing need careful consideration when implementing TB-PET in clinical settings. Additionally, advances in data analysis are needed to fully uncover the potential of these systems. Although some progress has been achieved, further research and innovation in scan data management are necessary. In this report, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current progress, challenges, and possible future directions for TB-PET data processing and analysis. For a review of clinical applications, please find the other review accompanying this paper.

Total-body positron emission tomography (TB-PET) has significantly advanced from initial conception to global commercial availability. The high sensitivity of TB-PET has led to superior lesion detection, thereby expanding the range of clinical applications. TB-PET technology offers several advantages: (a) It enables the detection of small lesions, facilitating precise cancer staging and targeted cancer formulation. (b) The technology shortens the acquisition time while maintaining the quality of diagnostic images. (c) TB-PET allows for a reduction in the amount of administered radiotracer, which minimizes image noise, reduces the effective radiation dose to patients, and enhances staff safety. (d) The scanner supports the development of new tracers and the dynamic imaging of these tracers throughout the entire body. (e) TB-PET accommodates delayed scanning, which has been shown to improve the detection of small and previously undetected malignant lesions by enhancing the clearance in areas of significant background activity. (f) Owing to its high-quality images, TB-PET is suitable for parametric imaging, which offers several advantages over conventional standardized uptake value imaging. However, TB-PET still faces several challenges. There is a lack of consensus on the optimal dose and scan duration for clinical diagnosis using TB-PET. Additionally, unified standards for parametric imaging via TB-PET are yet to be established, and the full clinical significance of this technology remains under-explored. The accompanying review (Part 1) covers TB-PET data manipulation and analysis.

Zhou W, Chen D, Li K, Yuan Z, Chen X. Multimodal photoacoustic imaging in analytic vulnerability of atherosclerosis. iRADIOLOGY. 2023; 1(4): 303–319. doi: 10.1002/ird3.39

In “CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT” section, the text “The authors declare no conflicts of interest.” was incorrect. This should have read: “The authors declare no conflicts of interest. If authors are from the editorial board of iRADIOLOGY, they will be excluded from the peer-review process and all editorial decisions related to the publication of this article.”

We apologize for this error.

Head and neck cancer is a significant threat to human health and is characterized by high 5-year morbidity and mortality rates. Addressing this challenge requires the application of precision medicine, but the inherent heterogeneity of head and neck cancer complicates its treatment. Radiogenomics, an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of genomics and radiology, may represent a solution. Radiogenomics offers the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of this complex and diverse disease. By comprehensively analyzing the genetic information and radiological features of tumors, clinicians can gain a profound understanding of patients' conditions. Gaining such in-depth insight facilitates early detection and implementation of personalized treatment strategies, both of which are integral components of precision medicine. Tailored treatments, including surgical interventions and targeted therapies, provide improved outcomes and reduced side effects. Radiogenomics represents a groundbreaking advancement that has the potential to significantly enhance the quality of care and outcomes of patients with head and neck cancer. To shed light on this transformative approach, we performed a comprehensive overview of radiomics and radiogenomics-based diagnostic methods tailored to the unique characteristics of head and neck cancer.