Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID最新文献

Background: Mothers of young children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) and other disabilities (DD) have been reported to experience high levels of stress. This investigation examined the effects of parental stress on mothers' participation in a Relationship Focused intervention (RFI).

Methods: Mothers and young children who had either PDD (n = 18) or DD (n = 26) received weekly RF intervention for one year.

Results: Pre-post comparisons indicated significant increases in mothers' responsiveness and children's development and social emotional functioning. Intervention effects were greater for mothers of children with PDD than for mothers of children with DD. There were three findings related to the role parenting stress. First, high levels of parenting stress did not interfere with mothers' ability to learn RFI strategies; second, there were non-significant decreases in parenting stress during intervention; third, parenting stress enhanced the effects of mothers' responsiveness on children.

Conclusion: High levels of parenting stress does not appear to interfere with parent participation in RFI.

Background: Faith in the lives of UK families with an adult with intellectual disabilities is an under-researched area with little existing literature. Research in the United States with Christian parents suggests that they draw on their faith for coping (Rogers-Dulan 1998) and for understanding (Skinner et al. 1999).

Methods: In this study, grounded theory methodology has been used to examine the impact on pre-existing parental faith of the birth of a child with intellectual disabilities from the perspective of parents who have parented their children to adulthood. Seventeen parents or couples took part in semistructured qualitative interviews about their faith.

Results: The majority of parents after their child were diagnosed with intellectual disabilities went through a period of flux when they questioned the role of God in the disability.

Conclusions: The positive or negative connotations of the attempts at meaning-making did not impact on the eventual outcome for the parents. They eventually put such existential questions aside, accepted their child, and continued in their faith. The implications of the research for health professionals, church organizations and researchers are considered.

Background: Family Quality of Life (FQOL) is an important construct in the Intellectual Disabilities field. Several measures exist, including one developed by an international group, the Family Quality of Life Survey-2006 (FQOLS-2006; Brown et al.2006). However, the psychometric properties of this measure have yet to be fully investigated. This study was designed to examine its concurrent validity compared to the well established Beach Center FQOL Scale.

Materials and methods: In a sample of 62 families of school-aged Canadian children with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder, both the FQOLS-2006 and the Beach Center FQOL scale were administered and the scores compared.

Results: The total scores of the two measures were strongly correlated, as were particular subscales that would be expected to correlate. However, there were several surprising correlations as well.

Conclusions: The FQOLS-2006 shows good concurrent validity relative to the Beach Center scale, although some domains show unexpected relationships, suggesting further research is needed.

Background: Accurate measurement of adaptive behaviour is important in both clinical and research contexts. While several good clinical measures exist, as well as brief research measures for adults with intellectual disability, there is need for a brief and efficient measure for research with children and youth. We present preliminary psychometric properties of a new scale we developed for such purposes, the GO4KIDDS Brief Adaptive Behaviour Scale.

Materials and methods: A large sample (n = 432) of parents of youth (aged 3-20) with intellectual disability and/or ASD completed an online survey that included the new scale. A subsample of these parents (n = 204) also completed the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised Short Form (Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised Comprehensive Manual, 1996 and Riverside Publishing).

Results: The new scale has good internal consistency and correlates strongly with the Scales of Independent Behavior, thus supporting its reliability and validity.

Conclusions: Although we do not recommend its use for clinical purposes, the GO4KIDDS Brief Adaptive Behaviour Scale may be useful for survey research with parents of children and youth with developmental disabilities.

Background: Intensive Interaction is an approach used for communicating with people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities or autism. It has gained increased recognition as a helpful technique, but the evidence has not been systematically reviewed.

Method: Computerized and hand searches of the literature were conducted using synonyms for 'intellectual disabilities', 'autism' and 'intensive interaction'.

Results: Fifteen quantitative and three qualitative papers were identified examining the efficacy of the approach with participants across the age range in both educational and residential settings.

Conclusions: Studies were limited by the quality of reporting and difficulties conducting good quality, ethically sound research with participants with PMID. Staff support should be considered in training to aid implementation of interventions. Studies attempted to investigate whether Intensive Interaction builds social interactions or reduces repetitive or self-injurious behaviour. More research needs to be conducted before conclusions can be drawn regarding the efficacy of this approach.

Background: This study examines Weiner's recent cognitive emotional model which makes a distinction between judgements of control and responsibility and emphasizes the moderation of control by 'mitigating' factors.

Method: In response to four vignettes describing two conditions of control (high or low) and mitigating factors (present or absent), questionnaires rating judgements of responsibility and emotional responses (anger and sympathy) were completed by 52 care staff.

Results: Analysis of the data for sympathy demonstrated that attributions of control were moderated by communication ability and that the effect of control upon sympathy was mediated by the judgement of responsibility.

Conclusions: The data offer tentative support Weiner's account of the mitigation of control attributions in making responsibility judgements and their subsequent effects on emotional responses. Implications for research and clinical work are discussed.

Background: The Behaviour Problems Inventory-Short Form (BPI-S) is a spin-off of the BPI-01 that was empirically developed from a large BPI-01 data set. In this study, the reliability and factorial validity of the BPI-S was investigated for the first time on newly collected data from adults with intellectual disabilities.

Methods: The sample consisted of 232 adults with intellectual disabilities who represented all levels of intellectual functioning. They were recruited at several day programs in the USA (n = 148) and the UK (n = 84).

Results: We found acceptable reliability in terms of internal consistency, inter-rater agreement and test-retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis validated the three BPI-S subscale structure.

Conclusions: We corroborated the factor structure underly-ing the three subscales and found the BPI-S to have adequate to good psychometric properties in a newly collected sample of adults with intellectual disabilities.

Background: Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) face many challenges as they age into adulthood. Because little is known about the perspectives of caregivers and youth during this critical transition, this study explored their social, educational, and vocational needs and experiences.

Method: Two focus groups were conducted with youth with ASD (n = 13) and two focus groups were conducted with their caregivers (n = 19), where theme analysis strategies derived from Grounded Theory were utilized to identify themes.

Results: Both groups experienced fear and anxiety about transitioning, unmet needs were also high, leaving caregivers struggling to fill gaps. Most caregivers and youth reported lacking individualized services. Caregivers faced difficulty in motivating youth and creating opportunities for education and employment. Although youth have future goals, they were unaware of steps needed to accomplish them and hesitant to talk to caregivers.

Conclusions: Findings indicate considerable unmet needs for caregivers and youth with ASD. Perspectives of both groups should be considered when developing programmes and educating providers.

Background: Women with intellectual disability are thought to be at increased risk of mental illness, yet little is known about resiliency factors supporting women's mental health. This article reports on such factors drawn from a study that aimed to address how women with intellectual disability experience their mental health and well-being.

Materials and methods: Utilizing a broad qualitative approach, 25 New Zealand women, aged 21-65 years were interviewed about their life from childhood to the present, including, where relevant, their experience of mental illness. Data were analysed using a general inductive approach.

Results: Resiliency factors aligned with the theme 'keeping mentally well', subthemes of which were as follows: the importance of relationships with family and friends; keeping busy; and autonomy and happiness. Challenges for resiliency could be seen in the theme 'mental illness' where subthemes of abuse, long-term stress and medication were identified.

Conclusions: Many of the women demonstrated remarkable resiliency, despite setbacks and exposure to risks, provided they were nested within a supportive context. Those women who experienced major mental illness shared evidence of both higher risk factors and less support available at crucial times.

Background: Systematic reviews are important in evaluating evidence concerning the health of people with intellectual disabilities. This study conducts a systematic review to identify strengths and gaps in this evidence.

Method: Electronic literature searches and email requests identified systematic reviews published in English from 2008 to 2013 on the health or health care of people with intellectual disabilities. Reviews were categorized using ICD-10 chapter headings and information extracted regarding methods, number of studies reviewed and findings.

Results: Ninety-four reviews were identified: 52 related to ICD-10 Chapter V: Mental or behavioural disorders, 28 to Chapter XXI: Factors influencing health status and contact with services, and 14 related to other chapters or encompassed multiple chapters. Nine reviews were 'empty'. No reviews were found for many ICD-10 chapter headings.

Conclusions: Systematic reviews are heavily weighted towards mental health, with little coverage of several areas important to the health and mortality of people with intellectual disabilities.