Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.103
J Bolodeoku, C Anyaeche, M Bass, TK Kim
IL-6 concentrations rise with the onset of COVID-19 infection and is detected in 68% of patients on admission but is expected to reduce after the acute phase. IL-6 concentrations at time points: (2-7 days), (6-11 days), (11-15 days) and (13-20 days) after intensive care unit (ICU) admission showed the highest level of IL-6 concentrations at time point 2-7 days, we decided to characterize IL-6 concentrations in serum samples collected in the sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients (40 – 93 days) post onset of symptoms. The estimated IL- 6 concentrations detected ranged between 2.65 pg/ml and 29.01 pg/ml, with a median of 9.18 pg/ml. Nine out of the 28 (32.14%) patients had normal IL-6 levels (<7 pg/ml) and 19 of the 28 patients (68%) had IL-6 elevated concentrations (>7 pg/ml). The IL-6 concentrations were grouped normal (<7 pg.ml, n= 9), mildly elevated (7 – 10 pg/ml, n = 10) and elevated (>10 pg/ml n = 9). There was no relationship between IL-6 concentrations with gender, days from onset of symptoms, days from subsiding symptoms and COVID-19 IgG antibodies. There was some relationship with age, as the younger patient cohort produced much higher IL-6 concentrations than the older patient cohort. This study describes an increase in blood IL-6 concentrations in the sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients (40 – 93 days) post onset of symptoms like that seen in COVID patients on admission and higher levels seen in the younger patient cohort indicating that “cytokine storms” still occur in the recovery phase.
{"title":"Presence of Elevated Interleukin – 6 (IL-6) in the Blood of COVID-19 Convalescent Patients (40 – 93 Days) Post Onset of Symptoms Could be an Indicator of Ongoing Activation of the Immune System","authors":"J Bolodeoku, C Anyaeche, M Bass, TK Kim","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.103","url":null,"abstract":"IL-6 concentrations rise with the onset of COVID-19 infection and is detected in 68% of patients on admission but is expected to reduce after the acute phase. IL-6 concentrations at time points: (2-7 days), (6-11 days), (11-15 days) and (13-20 days) after intensive care unit (ICU) admission showed the highest level of IL-6 concentrations at time point 2-7 days, we decided to characterize IL-6 concentrations in serum samples collected in the sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients (40 – 93 days) post onset of symptoms. The estimated IL- 6 concentrations detected ranged between 2.65 pg/ml and 29.01 pg/ml, with a median of 9.18 pg/ml. Nine out of the 28 (32.14%) patients had normal IL-6 levels (<7 pg/ml) and 19 of the 28 patients (68%) had IL-6 elevated concentrations (>7 pg/ml). The IL-6 concentrations were grouped normal (<7 pg.ml, n= 9), mildly elevated (7 – 10 pg/ml, n = 10) and elevated (>10 pg/ml n = 9). There was no relationship between IL-6 concentrations with gender, days from onset of symptoms, days from subsiding symptoms and COVID-19 IgG antibodies. There was some relationship with age, as the younger patient cohort produced much higher IL-6 concentrations than the older patient cohort. This study describes an increase in blood IL-6 concentrations in the sera of COVID-19 convalescent patients (40 – 93 days) post onset of symptoms like that seen in COVID patients on admission and higher levels seen in the younger patient cohort indicating that “cytokine storms” still occur in the recovery phase.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135267046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.101
Preeti Jain
The reported incidences of 10.6 million tuberculosis cases worldwide with 1.6 million deaths in 2021 indicate that this disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen is difficult to treat and requires exploring newer possible therapeutic interventions. To identify novel drug targets, it is important to understand the basic physiological processes of each pathogen in detail. Cell division is the fundamental physiological process which maintains the replicative state of bacteria. This process requires remodelling of the cell wall, which is performed by two spatio-temporal organized complexes, elongasome and divisome. These two complexes, elongasome and divisome function in synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG) at poles or septum of the cell, respectively. This review article is focused on illustrating differential features and composition of mycobacterial elongasome complex. This sort of understanding would allow identification of new drug targets and design of Mycobacterium specific drugs.
{"title":"Understanding Elongasome Unit of Mycobacterium and its Comparative Analysis with Other Model Organisms","authors":"Preeti Jain","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.101","url":null,"abstract":"The reported incidences of 10.6 million tuberculosis cases worldwide with 1.6 million deaths in 2021 indicate that this disease, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogen is difficult to treat and requires exploring newer possible therapeutic interventions. To identify novel drug targets, it is important to understand the basic physiological processes of each pathogen in detail. Cell division is the fundamental physiological process which maintains the replicative state of bacteria. This process requires remodelling of the cell wall, which is performed by two spatio-temporal organized complexes, elongasome and divisome. These two complexes, elongasome and divisome function in synthesis of peptidoglycan (PG) at poles or septum of the cell, respectively. This review article is focused on illustrating differential features and composition of mycobacterial elongasome complex. This sort of understanding would allow identification of new drug targets and design of Mycobacterium specific drugs.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The human gut is a complex environment that contains a diversity of microorganisms commonly known as the microbiome. Numerous factors influence the composition of human gut bacterial communities, either contributing to homeostasis or the instability associated with a variety of diseases. In this study, we discuss our understanding that proposes among the most influential factors are likely to be bacteriophages, bacteria-infecting viruses that make up a large percentage of the human gut microbiome, demonstrated to have an association with human health and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), etc. to provide new therapeutic approaches.
{"title":"The Human Gut Phageome: Identification and Roles in the Diseases","authors":"M. Nabi-Afjadi, Samaneh Teymouri, Fatemeh Monfared, Seyed Mostafa Noorbakhsh Varnosfaderani, Hossein Halimi","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.100","url":null,"abstract":"The human gut is a complex environment that contains a diversity of microorganisms commonly known as the microbiome. Numerous factors influence the composition of human gut bacterial communities, either contributing to homeostasis or the instability associated with a variety of diseases. In this study, we discuss our understanding that proposes among the most influential factors are likely to be bacteriophages, bacteria-infecting viruses that make up a large percentage of the human gut microbiome, demonstrated to have an association with human health and diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), etc. to provide new therapeutic approaches.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81863767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.099
J. Fu
This paper summarizes the research results of Fu et al. on the pathological mechanism of organ injury. A hypothesis was proposed that "organ injury is a consequence of the activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine degradation system (5DS) axis in cells". The basic composition of the 5DS axis in cells and the principle of its activation leading to cell lesions were determined. The possibility of treating various organ injury diseases in clinical practice by inhibiting the 5DS axis is discussed.
{"title":"Activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine Degradation System in Cells and Organ Injury","authors":"J. Fu","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the research results of Fu et al. on the pathological mechanism of organ injury. A hypothesis was proposed that \"organ injury is a consequence of the activation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine degradation system (5DS) axis in cells\". The basic composition of the 5DS axis in cells and the principle of its activation leading to cell lesions were determined. The possibility of treating various organ injury diseases in clinical practice by inhibiting the 5DS axis is discussed.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78916819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.097
A. Mitrofanova, Rachel Njeim, A. Fornoni
Alla Mitrofanova1,2,*, Rachel Njeim1,2, Alessia Fornoni1,2 1Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA 2Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA *Correspondence should be addressed to Alla Mitrofanova, a.mitrofanova@miami.edu
{"title":"The Finer Points of Podocyte Sphingolipid Metabolism in Diabetic Kidney Disease","authors":"A. Mitrofanova, Rachel Njeim, A. Fornoni","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.097","url":null,"abstract":"Alla Mitrofanova1,2,*, Rachel Njeim1,2, Alessia Fornoni1,2 1Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA 2Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA *Correspondence should be addressed to Alla Mitrofanova, a.mitrofanova@miami.edu","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"128 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86587734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.098
N. Matsushima, Hiroki Miyashita, D. Batkhishig, R. Kretsinger
Small leucine rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) exist in the extracellular matrix. SLRPs contain tandem arrays of LRRs flanked by cysteine clusters at the both N- and C-termini. The extreme N- and/or C-termini contain low complexity sequences, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain and/or sulfated tyrosine residues in some members of SLRPs. The LRR solenoid structure may be divided into four parts consisting of a concave surface, an ascending surface, a convex surface, and a descending surface. SLRPs share many biological functions including collagen fibrillogenesis, signaling, innate immunity, and inflammation through the binding of various ligands. We undertake a comprehensive literature search of publications in order to make a list of ligands of SLRPs. We describe and discuss the interacting sites of SLRPs to binding partners. The protein-ligand interactions occur on not only the concave surface but also the ascending surface and the N- or C-terminal capping regions. In addition, the extreme N- and/or C-terminal regions with the GAG chains or sulfated tyrosine residues participate in ligand-interactions.
{"title":"Structural Insights into Protein-Ligand Interactions of Small Leucine Rich Repeat Proteoglycans with a Large Number of Binding Partners: An Overview","authors":"N. Matsushima, Hiroki Miyashita, D. Batkhishig, R. Kretsinger","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.098","url":null,"abstract":"Small leucine rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs) exist in the extracellular matrix. SLRPs contain tandem arrays of LRRs flanked by cysteine clusters at the both N- and C-termini. The extreme N- and/or C-termini contain low complexity sequences, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain and/or sulfated tyrosine residues in some members of SLRPs. The LRR solenoid structure may be divided into four parts consisting of a concave surface, an ascending surface, a convex surface, and a descending surface. SLRPs share many biological functions including collagen fibrillogenesis, signaling, innate immunity, and inflammation through the binding of various ligands. We undertake a comprehensive literature search of publications in order to make a list of ligands of SLRPs. We describe and discuss the interacting sites of SLRPs to binding partners. The protein-ligand interactions occur on not only the concave surface but also the ascending surface and the N- or C-terminal capping regions. In addition, the extreme N- and/or C-terminal regions with the GAG chains or sulfated tyrosine residues participate in ligand-interactions.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88284951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-13DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.096
Lishu Guo
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) plays an important role in mitochondrial physiology and cell fate. Emerging studies highlight PTP forms from F-ATP synthase, but whether F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) regulates the activity of PTP is basically unknown. We have recently demonstrated that IF1 interacts with p53-CyPD complex and promotes opening of the PTP, and IF1 is necessary for the formation of p53-CyPD complex. IF1, a natural inhibitor of F-ATP synthase, acts as a main driver of metabolic switch to a Warburg phenotype. In this Commentary, we intend to discuss that the PTP may act as an alternative mechanism through which IF1 regulates metabolic reprogramming. The PTP participates in physiological Ca2+/ROS homeostasis and cell fate depending on the open state. The PTP-regulatory role of IF1 provides a clue that IF1 participates in metabolic plasticity probably involving modulation of PTP activity.
{"title":"F-ATP Synthase Inhibitory Factor 1 in Regulation of Mitochondria Permeability Transition Pore and Metabolic Reprogramming","authors":"Lishu Guo","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.096","url":null,"abstract":"Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) plays an important role in mitochondrial physiology and cell fate. Emerging studies highlight PTP forms from F-ATP synthase, but whether F-ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) regulates the activity of PTP is basically unknown. We have recently demonstrated that IF1 interacts with p53-CyPD complex and promotes opening of the PTP, and IF1 is necessary for the formation of p53-CyPD complex. IF1, a natural inhibitor of F-ATP synthase, acts as a main driver of metabolic switch to a Warburg phenotype. In this Commentary, we intend to discuss that the PTP may act as an alternative mechanism through which IF1 regulates metabolic reprogramming. The PTP participates in physiological Ca2+/ROS homeostasis and cell fate depending on the open state. The PTP-regulatory role of IF1 provides a clue that IF1 participates in metabolic plasticity probably involving modulation of PTP activity.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85062793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-31DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.095
Tahereh Kashkoulinejad-Kouhi
One of the mechanisms used by epigenetic therapy is the elevation of host cell-derived double stranded RNA (dsRNA) baseline levels through overexpression of genomic repetitive elements especially Alu retroelements. The dsRNAs trigger immunogenic responses since immune system cannot distinguish between endogenous and exogenous dsRNAs derived from viral infections; hence called “Viral mimicry response”. These dsRNAs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as MDA-5 which further induce inflammatory responses through interferon secretion. However, the response is limited through the function of some editing enzymes such as ADAR1 which destabilizes the formation of dsRNAs and renders the therapy less efficient through attenuating interferon secretion by immune cells. Since, some cancer cells can survive even after ADAR1 inhibition, it is speculated that there might be other mechanism which contribute to dsRNA destabilization. Since dsRNA formation derived from retroelement transcripts mimics viral infections, we tried to review the mechanistic approaches applied during host-pathogen interaction to highlight a possible candidate which might be cogitable for further investigations in epigenetic therapy. dsRNAs produced by RNA viruses are sensed by PRRs and activate nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) which further downregulates STING protein and attenuates IFN release. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to impair NRF2 signaling and eliminate its inhibitory effect from STING, leading to excessive release of IFNs and destroy pulmonary cells through cytokine release storm (CRS). Here, we briefly explain that NRF2, in a very downstream side of anti-viral response, might be a potential candidate target in combination with epigenetic therapy to circumvent the limitations in cancer epigenetic therapy.
{"title":"Improving Cancer Epigenetic Therapy; A Glimpse of NRF2","authors":"Tahereh Kashkoulinejad-Kouhi","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.095","url":null,"abstract":"One of the mechanisms used by epigenetic therapy is the elevation of host cell-derived double stranded RNA (dsRNA) baseline levels through overexpression of genomic repetitive elements especially Alu retroelements. The dsRNAs trigger immunogenic responses since immune system cannot distinguish between endogenous and exogenous dsRNAs derived from viral infections; hence called “Viral mimicry response”. These dsRNAs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as MDA-5 which further induce inflammatory responses through interferon secretion. However, the response is limited through the function of some editing enzymes such as ADAR1 which destabilizes the formation of dsRNAs and renders the therapy less efficient through attenuating interferon secretion by immune cells. Since, some cancer cells can survive even after ADAR1 inhibition, it is speculated that there might be other mechanism which contribute to dsRNA destabilization. Since dsRNA formation derived from retroelement transcripts mimics viral infections, we tried to review the mechanistic approaches applied during host-pathogen interaction to highlight a possible candidate which might be cogitable for further investigations in epigenetic therapy. dsRNAs produced by RNA viruses are sensed by PRRs and activate nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) which further downregulates STING protein and attenuates IFN release. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to impair NRF2 signaling and eliminate its inhibitory effect from STING, leading to excessive release of IFNs and destroy pulmonary cells through cytokine release storm (CRS). Here, we briefly explain that NRF2, in a very downstream side of anti-viral response, might be a potential candidate target in combination with epigenetic therapy to circumvent the limitations in cancer epigenetic therapy.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88570470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.094
P. Jain
Bacterium maintains its pathogenicity in the host by continuing replication and adopting temporal and spatial coordination of cell division steps such as cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, Z ring assembly, septum formation and finally cytokinesis. This multistep process requires spatiotemporal assembly of macromolecular complexes and is probably regulated by redundant and multifunctional activities of cell replication and division proteins. Two macromolecular assemblies of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, known as elongasome and divisome are known to drive the division of mother cell into two daughter cells and are characterized by the presence of signature protein complexes. Though the exact composition of macromolecular complexes is yet to be defined in Mycobacterium, the presence of some conserved proteins demonstrates the preservation of elementary units. Along with elongasome and divisome complexes, chromosome replication and segregation proteins are very important to understand as these proteins are very essential for bacilli survival, sustenance, and pathogenesis. In this review, along with presenting the differential features of Mycobacterium cell division process, we are comparing chromosome replication and segregation proteins of Mycobacterium with other bacterial species as we aim to identify structural and functional differences between these proteins in different species. In this review, we have also listed the potential drugs that can be tested to target Mycobacterium chromosome replication and segregation proteins. We expect that based on these differences identified, researchers would be able to direct their research in the characterization of Mycobacterium specific drug.
{"title":"Understanding Chromosome Replication and Segregation Unit of Mycobacterium and Its Comparative Analysis with Model Organisms: From Drug Targets to Drug Identification","authors":"P. Jain","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.094","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterium maintains its pathogenicity in the host by continuing replication and adopting temporal and spatial coordination of cell division steps such as cell wall synthesis, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, Z ring assembly, septum formation and finally cytokinesis. This multistep process requires spatiotemporal assembly of macromolecular complexes and is probably regulated by redundant and multifunctional activities of cell replication and division proteins. Two macromolecular assemblies of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, known as elongasome and divisome are known to drive the division of mother cell into two daughter cells and are characterized by the presence of signature protein complexes. Though the exact composition of macromolecular complexes is yet to be defined in Mycobacterium, the presence of some conserved proteins demonstrates the preservation of elementary units. Along with elongasome and divisome complexes, chromosome replication and segregation proteins are very important to understand as these proteins are very essential for bacilli survival, sustenance, and pathogenesis. In this review, along with presenting the differential features of Mycobacterium cell division process, we are comparing chromosome replication and segregation proteins of Mycobacterium with other bacterial species as we aim to identify structural and functional differences between these proteins in different species. In this review, we have also listed the potential drugs that can be tested to target Mycobacterium chromosome replication and segregation proteins. We expect that based on these differences identified, researchers would be able to direct their research in the characterization of Mycobacterium specific drug.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72916634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.33696/signaling.4.093
Shantanu Shrivastava, Nimisha Bhatu
Most medicines and supplements which include probiotics have both expected clinical outcomes and unwanted side effects, which plays a major role when considering them as a mode of treatment. This review is an update about the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of probiotics as part of a safe therapeutic armamentarium in health and other diseases. The advantages of probiotics run across multiple tissue systems in the body and a has a wide age spectrum. Probiotics also promote cardiovascular health, accelerate recovery from the condition of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, decrease the effect of necrotizing enterocolitis with reduced inflammation, and accelerate the healing of the wound. Probiotics also contribute in treating chronic diseases for patients with type 2 diabetes as well as patients with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, probiotics play an important role in the treatment and/or prevention of cancers, especially those of the colon and bladder. On the other hand, probiotics also mimic serious threats to immunocompromised, genetically predisposed bodies, children, and newborns. Using probiotics may lead to bacteremia, fungemia, or septicemia when consumed more. Also, probiotics are found as a causative agent for pneumonia and abdominal abscesses, increase platelet aggregation, and promote antibiotic resistance among others. A huge number of microorganisms inhabit the human gut and consequently cause a compound network of the interactions of those organisms with each other and within the host cells, which stresses the requirement of extra caution in the use of probiotics as treatment therapy.
{"title":"A Study on the Usage of Probiotics as a Safer Antipyretic","authors":"Shantanu Shrivastava, Nimisha Bhatu","doi":"10.33696/signaling.4.093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/signaling.4.093","url":null,"abstract":"Most medicines and supplements which include probiotics have both expected clinical outcomes and unwanted side effects, which plays a major role when considering them as a mode of treatment. This review is an update about the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of probiotics as part of a safe therapeutic armamentarium in health and other diseases. The advantages of probiotics run across multiple tissue systems in the body and a has a wide age spectrum. Probiotics also promote cardiovascular health, accelerate recovery from the condition of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, decrease the effect of necrotizing enterocolitis with reduced inflammation, and accelerate the healing of the wound. Probiotics also contribute in treating chronic diseases for patients with type 2 diabetes as well as patients with HIV/AIDS. Moreover, probiotics play an important role in the treatment and/or prevention of cancers, especially those of the colon and bladder. On the other hand, probiotics also mimic serious threats to immunocompromised, genetically predisposed bodies, children, and newborns. Using probiotics may lead to bacteremia, fungemia, or septicemia when consumed more. Also, probiotics are found as a causative agent for pneumonia and abdominal abscesses, increase platelet aggregation, and promote antibiotic resistance among others. A huge number of microorganisms inhabit the human gut and consequently cause a compound network of the interactions of those organisms with each other and within the host cells, which stresses the requirement of extra caution in the use of probiotics as treatment therapy.","PeriodicalId":73645,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cellular signaling","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79095326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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