Posterior quadrant epilepsy is relatively uncommon and refractory seizures from these regions are difficult to diagnose and manage. A 28-year-old woman presented for evaluation of her seizures. Scalp Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed seizures with independent onset over the right posterior and left anterior regions. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans revealed multiple regions of hypometabolism in the brain with maximum decrease in metabolism seen over the left and right precuneus and both occipital lobes. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) revealed epileptogenic dipoles over bilateral precuneus regions. Intracranial EEG revealed seizure onset from the left precuneus and left frontal regions with rapid generalization. She underwent Responsive Neurostimulation System (RNS) implantation targeting the left precuneus and left frontal regions for network modulation. She has had a 90 percent seizure reduction and remains on 2 medications as she continues to follow up in clinic. Posterior quadrant epilepsy remains a challenging condition to manage, and the use of neuromodulation may improve response rates and improve our understanding of these networks. Definite guidelines on location of electrode placement of RNS in such cases remain absent and improved understanding of such seizure networks is expected to improve our ability to target therapeutic nodes accurately to achieve greater seizure control.
{"title":"Responsive Neurostimulation for Management of Refractory Precuneus Onset Epilepsy: A Case Report","authors":"Arun Swaminathan","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.078","url":null,"abstract":"Posterior quadrant epilepsy is relatively uncommon and refractory seizures from these regions are difficult to diagnose and manage. A 28-year-old woman presented for evaluation of her seizures. Scalp Electroencephalogram (EEG) showed seizures with independent onset over the right posterior and left anterior regions. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans revealed multiple regions of hypometabolism in the brain with maximum decrease in metabolism seen over the left and right precuneus and both occipital lobes. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) revealed epileptogenic dipoles over bilateral precuneus regions. Intracranial EEG revealed seizure onset from the left precuneus and left frontal regions with rapid generalization. She underwent Responsive Neurostimulation System (RNS) implantation targeting the left precuneus and left frontal regions for network modulation. She has had a 90 percent seizure reduction and remains on 2 medications as she continues to follow up in clinic. Posterior quadrant epilepsy remains a challenging condition to manage, and the use of neuromodulation may improve response rates and improve our understanding of these networks. Definite guidelines on location of electrode placement of RNS in such cases remain absent and improved understanding of such seizure networks is expected to improve our ability to target therapeutic nodes accurately to achieve greater seizure control.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49582862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glypican-2 as the Regeneration-Associated Gene (RAG)","authors":"K. Sakamoto, Yuji Suzuki, K. Kadomatsu","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.076","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49277190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: There is limited evidence on the relationship between anxiety and cognition in stroke patients, and no precise relationship between the two has been indicated. Objective: We aimed to explore the precise relationship between anxiety and cognition in Chinese stroke patients. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, 384 hospitalized stroke patients were assessed with questionnaires and scales, including the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAMA), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results: Anxiety was present in 55.47% of the 384 patients. Univariate analysis showed that age, gender, marital status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were associated with cognition, and multiple linear regression results showed that HAMA was not independently associated with MoCA after adjusting for potential confounders (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.29 to- 0.03), which would be inconsistent with HAMA (subgroup) as a categorical variable (P trend of 0.004) A non-linear relationship was detected between HAMA and MoCA with an inflection point of 9. The effect sizes and confidence intervals to the left and right of the inflection point were -0.54 (-0.78 to -0.30) and 0.02 (-0.14 to -0.17), respectively. Conclusion: The relationship between anxiety and cognition is nonlinear. When the HAMA score is less than 9, anxiety and cognition are negatively correlated, and when it is greater than or equal to 9, the cognitive score will no longer decrease and is saturated.
{"title":"The Relationship between Anxiety and Cognition in Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Zixiu Zheng, Runluo Song, Yang-yan Song, Yanqing Wang, Yanjun Zhuang, Cong Yu, Jun Xue","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.075","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is limited evidence on the relationship between anxiety and cognition in stroke patients, and no precise relationship between the two has been indicated.\u0000\u0000Objective: We aimed to explore the precise relationship between anxiety and cognition in Chinese stroke patients.\u0000\u0000Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study, 384 hospitalized stroke patients were assessed with questionnaires and scales, including the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Hamilton Anxiety Inventory (HAMA), and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).\u0000\u0000Results: Anxiety was present in 55.47% of the 384 patients. Univariate analysis showed that age, gender, marital status, smoking, and alcohol consumption were associated with cognition, and multiple linear regression results showed that HAMA was not independently associated with MoCA after adjusting for potential confounders (β=-0.16, 95% CI: -0.29 to- 0.03), which would be inconsistent with HAMA (subgroup) as a categorical variable (P trend of 0.004) A non-linear relationship was detected between HAMA and MoCA with an inflection point of 9. The effect sizes and confidence intervals to the left and right of the inflection point were -0.54 (-0.78 to -0.30) and 0.02 (-0.14 to -0.17), respectively.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: The relationship between anxiety and cognition is nonlinear. When the HAMA score is less than 9, anxiety and cognition are negatively correlated, and when it is greater than or equal to 9, the cognitive score will no longer decrease and is saturated.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42285663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daily activity restriction is an expected physical behavior aiming to prevent falls in the older population. However, it plays dual roles in preventing falls, both positive and harmful. Therefore, the degree of daily activity restriction is proposed as a critical factor influencing the weight ratio of the positive and negative roles and finally determining the efficacy of fall prevention. Thus, quantification of daily activity restriction is essential to learn its efficacy. We proposed using activity frequency to quantify activity restriction and have testified its good sensitivity to discriminate the degree of activity restriction in older populations. We further attempted to link the degree of activity restriction with the degree of fear of falling to estimate the dual roles of activity restriction in preventing falls. Based on it, a new Composite Activity-specific Risk of Falls Scale tool has been developed. It is promising to use for guiding the modification of physical behavior to prevent falls in older populations. However, further studies are required to establish the evidence for its application.
{"title":"Daily Activity Restriction Quantification in Older Population via Using Activity Frequency: Dual Roles in Preventing Falls","authors":"Xia Shen, Lin Y. Chen, Jing X. Wang, Yan N. Jiang","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.073","url":null,"abstract":"Daily activity restriction is an expected physical behavior aiming to prevent falls in the older population. However, it plays dual roles in preventing falls, both positive and harmful. Therefore, the degree of daily activity restriction is proposed as a critical factor influencing the weight ratio of the positive and negative roles and finally determining the efficacy of fall prevention. Thus, quantification of daily activity restriction is essential to learn its efficacy.\u0000\u0000We proposed using activity frequency to quantify activity restriction and have testified its good sensitivity to discriminate the degree of activity restriction in older populations. We further attempted to link the degree of activity restriction with the degree of fear of falling to estimate the dual roles of activity restriction in preventing falls. Based on it, a new Composite Activity-specific Risk of Falls Scale tool has been developed. It is promising to use for guiding the modification of physical behavior to prevent falls in older populations. However, further studies are required to establish the evidence for its application.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41990548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute bacterial meningitis is a disease with an overwhelmingly high mortality rate and high incidence of adverse neurological sequelae and poor neurological recovery amongst survivors. Amongst the numerous complications of bacterial meningitis, the presence of cerebrovascular disease represents a severe disease form. Vascular involvement during bacterial meningitis has long been established by numerous pathological and angiographic studies. Cerebrovascular changes known to occur in bacterial meningitis ranging from narrowing of large arteries by vasospasm to critical stenosis/obliteration of small to medium sized arteries/arterioles by vasculitis. Not surprisingly, alterations in CBF velocities have commonly been described during the inflammatory process and may represent an important component of brain injury during meningitis. In accordance with previous studies observing a biphasic cerebral flow pattern characterized by an early but transient increase in flow velocity, mostly due to reflexive vasospasm, and later by a sustained decrease in flow velocity, likely attributable to stenotic vasculitis, cerebral ischemia is a notable complication of bacterial meningitis during the advanced disease phase. Impaired cerebral perfusion during the late stages of disease may result from a variety of factors that contribute to a vital component of cerebral injury in bacterial meningitis. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia with progression of disease course is less clearly understood but may involve a complex interaction between inflammatory processes, systemic dysfunction, energy impairment, neuronal damage and intracranial pressure, factors of which we aim to more precisely understand and assign a more definite contributory role in the development of cerebrovascular ischemic consequences with advanced stages of bacterial meningitis.
{"title":"Late Decrease in Cerebral Blood Flow in Bacterial Meningitis: More than a Simple Normalization of Acute Inflammatory Vessel Wall Architecture?","authors":"V. Kumar, Vignarth Shantha Kumar","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.074","url":null,"abstract":"Acute bacterial meningitis is a disease with an overwhelmingly high mortality rate and high incidence of adverse neurological sequelae and poor neurological recovery amongst survivors. Amongst the numerous complications of bacterial meningitis, the presence of cerebrovascular disease represents a severe disease form. Vascular involvement during bacterial meningitis has long been established by numerous pathological and angiographic studies. Cerebrovascular changes known to occur in bacterial meningitis ranging from narrowing of large arteries by vasospasm to critical stenosis/obliteration of small to medium sized arteries/arterioles by vasculitis. Not surprisingly, alterations in CBF velocities have commonly been described during the inflammatory process and may represent an important component of brain injury during meningitis. In accordance with previous studies observing a biphasic cerebral flow pattern characterized by an early but transient increase in flow velocity, mostly due to reflexive vasospasm, and later by a sustained decrease in flow velocity, likely attributable to stenotic vasculitis, cerebral ischemia is a notable complication of bacterial meningitis during the advanced disease phase. Impaired cerebral perfusion during the late stages of disease may result from a variety of factors that contribute to a vital component of cerebral injury in bacterial meningitis. The pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia with progression of disease course is less clearly understood but may involve a complex interaction between inflammatory processes, systemic dysfunction, energy impairment, neuronal damage and intracranial pressure, factors of which we aim to more precisely understand and assign a more definite contributory role in the development of cerebrovascular ischemic consequences with advanced stages of bacterial meningitis.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Hazel, Mike Hefferan, Kateryna Schwartz, N. Yu, K. Johe, Michael Levy
Glial cells play a critical role in the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Among other roles, these cells provide the myelin sheath needed for the efficient propagation of impulses along nerve fibers, provide trophic support for neuronal cells, and remove toxins and excess neurotransmitters from the interstitial space. Transplantation of glial cells or glial progenitors into the diseased or injured CNS can provide therapeutic benefits. However, generation of therapeutically useful quantities of glia, in particular oligodendrocytes, is technically challenging. Furthermore, generation of glial precursors from sources such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells poses potential safety risks due to the tumorigenic potential of undifferentiated cells. Here we report a method that enables the efficient generation and expansion of glial precursors from tissue-restricted neural stem cells (NSC). NSC-derived glial precursors can be expanded extensively in culture and retain the capacity to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Upon transplantation into different animal models of demyelination a substantial proportion of these cells become oligodendrocytes with the capacity to myelinate host axons. These results demonstrate that tissue-restricted human neural stem cells can serve as an efficient source for myelinating oligodendrocytes with therapeutic potential.
{"title":"Generation of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitors for Treatment of Demyelinating Diseases and Spinal Cord Injury","authors":"T. Hazel, Mike Hefferan, Kateryna Schwartz, N. Yu, K. Johe, Michael Levy","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.072","url":null,"abstract":"Glial cells play a critical role in the development and function of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Among other roles, these cells provide the myelin sheath needed for the efficient propagation of impulses along nerve fibers, provide trophic support for neuronal cells, and remove toxins and excess neurotransmitters from the interstitial space. Transplantation of glial cells or glial progenitors into the diseased or injured CNS can provide therapeutic benefits. However, generation of therapeutically useful quantities of glia, in particular oligodendrocytes, is technically challenging. Furthermore, generation of glial precursors from sources such as embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells poses potential safety risks due to the tumorigenic potential of undifferentiated cells. Here we report a method that enables the efficient generation and expansion of glial precursors from tissue-restricted neural stem cells (NSC). NSC-derived glial precursors can be expanded extensively in culture and retain the capacity to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Upon transplantation into different animal models of demyelination a substantial proportion of these cells become oligodendrocytes with the capacity to myelinate host axons. These results demonstrate that tissue-restricted human neural stem cells can serve as an efficient source for myelinating oligodendrocytes with therapeutic potential.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41359698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isha Snehal, Kanchan Kumari, M. Schissel, Arun Swaminathan
Purpose: Routine inpatient EEGs have been part of epilepsy practices for years. We aim to improve current routine EEG practices by studying their role at a large university hospital. Methods: Inpatient routine EEGs from January-July 2021 were included and patients <5 yrs., EEGs repeated on the same patient were excluded. Indications, floor status, abnormality, day of study, neurology consultation, results, treatment changes, discharge status, and prior AED use were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results: The mean age for 250 patients was 57.27 yrs., where 54.22% were males and 45.78% were females. Indications listed were 26.5% altered mental status, 59.83% seizures, and 13.65% others. 87.36% of ICU patients had abnormal EEG vs 73.75% of floor patients. A significant association (p=0.0147) was found between floor status and EEG results. Abnormalities were 44% generalized slowing, 23.6% focal slowing, 9.2% epileptiform activity, and 23.2% others. Treatment was changed in 21.03% with abnormal vs 5.56% with normal EEG. AEDs were added in 18.46% with abnormal vs 3.7% with normal EEG. A significant association (p=0.014) was found between Neurology consultation and treatment change and with AED addition respectively. EEG result was associated with treatment change and AED addition. “Abnormal EEG” was significantly associated with further study. A significant association (p=0.0351) was found between EEG results and discharge status. 53.82% of patients were not on AED before EEG vs 46.18%. Prior AED had no association with EEG results. Conclusions: It is helpful to consult Neurology. Longer duration of routine EEGs may not show abnormalities. Routine EEG facilitates discharges and guides further workup.
{"title":"Benefits of Routine Inpatient EEG in Practice: Experience from a Level 4 University Hospital","authors":"Isha Snehal, Kanchan Kumari, M. Schissel, Arun Swaminathan","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.071","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Routine inpatient EEGs have been part of epilepsy practices for years. We aim to improve current routine EEG practices by studying their role at a large university hospital. Methods: Inpatient routine EEGs from January-July 2021 were included and patients <5 yrs., EEGs repeated on the same patient were excluded. Indications, floor status, abnormality, day of study, neurology consultation, results, treatment changes, discharge status, and prior AED use were analyzed using SAS 9.4. Results: The mean age for 250 patients was 57.27 yrs., where 54.22% were males and 45.78% were females. Indications listed were 26.5% altered mental status, 59.83% seizures, and 13.65% others. 87.36% of ICU patients had abnormal EEG vs 73.75% of floor patients. A significant association (p=0.0147) was found between floor status and EEG results. Abnormalities were 44% generalized slowing, 23.6% focal slowing, 9.2% epileptiform activity, and 23.2% others. Treatment was changed in 21.03% with abnormal vs 5.56% with normal EEG. AEDs were added in 18.46% with abnormal vs 3.7% with normal EEG. A significant association (p=0.014) was found between Neurology consultation and treatment change and with AED addition respectively. EEG result was associated with treatment change and AED addition. “Abnormal EEG” was significantly associated with further study. A significant association (p=0.0351) was found between EEG results and discharge status. 53.82% of patients were not on AED before EEG vs 46.18%. Prior AED had no association with EEG results. Conclusions: It is helpful to consult Neurology. Longer duration of routine EEGs may not show abnormalities. Routine EEG facilitates discharges and guides further workup.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44501060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Methylphenidate (MPD) is psychostimulant, similar to cocaine and amphetamine, that is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is increasingly being abused by healthy subjects for its psychoactive effects such as memory retention cognitive enhancement for young, adult and the elderly and recreation. MPD’s action on the brain reward/motive circuit is still under investigation, however it is known that in animals chronic use of MPD leads to behavioral sensitization, an experimental indicator associated with dependence. To investigate this neural circuit’s role in response to acute and chronic MPD, three different lesions (non-specific, dopaminergic specific, and glutaminergic specific lesions) have been conducted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate nucleus (CN), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), to assess the structure, dopaminergic signaling, and glutaminergic signaling roles in response to MPD. The three types of lesions show that each one of the above four brain areas participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of MPD and have helped determine which type of signaling is critical for the acute and/or chronic behavioral adaptions to MPD.
{"title":"The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), the Caudate Nucleus (CN) and the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) role in the Response to Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate","authors":"Nicholas King, N. Dafny","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.070","url":null,"abstract":"Methylphenidate (MPD) is psychostimulant, similar to cocaine and amphetamine, that is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is increasingly being abused by healthy subjects for its psychoactive effects such as memory retention cognitive enhancement for young, adult and the elderly and recreation. MPD’s action on the brain reward/motive circuit is still under investigation, however it is known that in animals chronic use of MPD leads to behavioral sensitization, an experimental indicator associated with dependence. To investigate this neural circuit’s role in response to acute and chronic MPD, three different lesions (non-specific, dopaminergic specific, and glutaminergic specific lesions) have been conducted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate nucleus (CN), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), to assess the structure, dopaminergic signaling, and glutaminergic signaling roles in response to MPD. The three types of lesions show that each one of the above four brain areas participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of MPD and have helped determine which type of signaling is critical for the acute and/or chronic behavioral adaptions to MPD.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41621171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Alpdogan, Ke Li, T. Sander, J. Cornelius, S. Muhammad
Objective: This review article describes the characteristics of published literature using the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the aim to define particular standards and identify moderators of mortality rate, SAH grade, and large artery vasospasm. Methods: We searched for English-original peer-reviewed studies which reported the induction of SAH in mice via single or multiple blood injections into the cisterna magna. The search included studies published until 13th February 2023 on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Furthermore, we investigated the reporting of mortality rate, vasospasms by measuring large arteries, and SAH grade in cisterna magna blood injection mouse model. Results: Seven articles out of 136 identified records matched our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in descriptive analysis. Four articles reported the mortality rate which varied between zero and 22 percent. Five articles displayed vasospasms of large cerebral arteries including basilar artery (BA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Interestingly, the diameters of the observed arteries started to decrease already within the first hour after blood injection and achieved the lowest values at different times, but mainly between six and twelve hours after SAH induction. The artery diameters reached nearly their pre-SAH (control group) diameters approximately after four to seven days after SAH. However, the SAH severity grade was reported in none of these publications. No uniform model characteristics were observed in current literature. Conclusion: A systemic overview of the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of SAH is presented. An important heterogeneity was observed. Hence, standardized model features and study endpoints have to be defined in order to improve reporting frequency and quality to enhance the reproducibility of preclinical SAH research in the future.
目的：这篇综述文章描述了使用大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）模型的已发表文献的特征，目的是定义特定的标准，并确定死亡率、SAH分级和大动脉血管痉挛的调节因素。方法：我们检索了英国同行评审的原始研究，这些研究报告了通过向大池单次或多次注射血液在小鼠中诱导SAH。搜索包括截至2023年2月13日在PubMed、Embase和Web of Science上发表的研究。此外，我们研究了大池血液注射小鼠模型中死亡率、通过测量大动脉引起的血管痉挛和SAH分级的报告。结果：136篇已确定的记录中有7篇符合我们的纳入标准，因此被纳入描述性分析。四篇文章报道了死亡率在零到22%之间的变化。5篇文章显示了大脑大动脉的血管痉挛，包括基底动脉（BA）、大脑前动脉（ACA）和大脑中动脉（MCA）。有趣的是，观察到的动脉直径在血液注射后的第一个小时内就开始减少，并在不同时间达到最低值，但主要是在SAH诱导后的6到12小时之间。SAH后约4至7天，动脉直径几乎达到SAH前（对照组）的直径。然而，这些出版物中没有SAH严重程度的报告。在现有文献中没有观察到统一的模型特征。结论：系统地介绍了大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型。观察到一个重要的异质性。因此，必须定义标准化的模型特征和研究终点，以提高报告频率和质量，从而提高未来临床前SAH研究的可重复性。
{"title":"Cisterna Magna Injection Mouse Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): A Systematic Literature Review of Preclinical SAH Research","authors":"S. Alpdogan, Ke Li, T. Sander, J. Cornelius, S. Muhammad","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.069","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This review article describes the characteristics of published literature using the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the aim to define particular standards and identify moderators of mortality rate, SAH grade, and large artery vasospasm.\u0000\u0000Methods: We searched for English-original peer-reviewed studies which reported the induction of SAH in mice via single or multiple blood injections into the cisterna magna. The search included studies published until 13th February 2023 on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Furthermore, we investigated the reporting of mortality rate, vasospasms by measuring large arteries, and SAH grade in cisterna magna blood injection mouse model.\u0000\u0000Results: Seven articles out of 136 identified records matched our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in descriptive analysis. Four articles reported the mortality rate which varied between zero and 22 percent. Five articles displayed vasospasms of large cerebral arteries including basilar artery (BA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Interestingly, the diameters of the observed arteries started to decrease already within the first hour after blood injection and achieved the lowest values at different times, but mainly between six and twelve hours after SAH induction. The artery diameters reached nearly their pre-SAH (control group) diameters approximately after four to seven days after SAH. However, the SAH severity grade was reported in none of these publications. No uniform model characteristics were observed in current literature.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: A systemic overview of the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of SAH is presented. An important heterogeneity was observed. Hence, standardized model features and study endpoints have to be defined in order to improve reporting frequency and quality to enhance the reproducibility of preclinical SAH research in the future.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43247760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models are Too Simplistic for Clinical Translation","authors":"Lara Gliksten, P. Yip","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43983902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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