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The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), the Caudate Nucleus (CN) and the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) role in the Response to Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate 腹侧被盖区(VTA)、伏隔核(NAc)、尾状核(CN)和前额皮质(PFC)参与急性和慢性哌甲酯反应
Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.4.070
Nicholas King, N. Dafny
Methylphenidate (MPD) is psychostimulant, similar to cocaine and amphetamine, that is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is increasingly being abused by healthy subjects for its psychoactive effects such as memory retention cognitive enhancement for young, adult and the elderly and recreation. MPD’s action on the brain reward/motive circuit is still under investigation, however it is known that in animals chronic use of MPD leads to behavioral sensitization, an experimental indicator associated with dependence. To investigate this neural circuit’s role in response to acute and chronic MPD, three different lesions (non-specific, dopaminergic specific, and glutaminergic specific lesions) have been conducted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate nucleus (CN), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), to assess the structure, dopaminergic signaling, and glutaminergic signaling roles in response to MPD. The three types of lesions show that each one of the above four brain areas participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of MPD and have helped determine which type of signaling is critical for the acute and/or chronic behavioral adaptions to MPD.
哌醋甲酯(MPD)是一种精神兴奋剂,类似于可卡因和安非他明,通常用于治疗注意缺陷多动障碍,由于其精神活性作用,如对年轻人、成年人和老年人的记忆保持认知增强和娱乐,越来越多地被健康受试者滥用。MPD对大脑奖励/动机回路的作用仍在研究中,但已知在动物中,长期使用MPD会导致行为敏感化,这是一种与依赖性相关的实验指标。为了研究这种神经回路在急性和慢性MPD反应中的作用,研究人员在伏隔核(NAc)、腹侧被皮层(VTA)、尾状核(CN)和前额叶皮层(PFC)进行了三种不同的损伤(非特异性、多巴胺能特异性和谷氨酰胺能特异性损伤),以评估MPD反应中的结构、多巴胺能信号传导和谷氨酰胺能信号传导作用。这三种类型的病变表明,上述四个大脑区域中的每一个在MPD的急性和慢性效应中都有不同的参与,并有助于确定哪种类型的信号对于MPD的急性和/或慢性行为适应至关重要。
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引用次数: 1
Cisterna Magna Injection Mouse Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): A Systematic Literature Review of Preclinical SAH Research 大池蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)小鼠模型:临床前SAH研究的系统文献综述
Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.4.069
S. Alpdogan, Ke Li, T. Sander, J. Cornelius, S. Muhammad
Objective: This review article describes the characteristics of published literature using the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the aim to define particular standards and identify moderators of mortality rate, SAH grade, and large artery vasospasm.Methods: We searched for English-original peer-reviewed studies which reported the induction of SAH in mice via single or multiple blood injections into the cisterna magna. The search included studies published until 13th February 2023 on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Furthermore, we investigated the reporting of mortality rate, vasospasms by measuring large arteries, and SAH grade in cisterna magna blood injection mouse model.Results: Seven articles out of 136 identified records matched our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in descriptive analysis. Four articles reported the mortality rate which varied between zero and 22 percent. Five articles displayed vasospasms of large cerebral arteries including basilar artery (BA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Interestingly, the diameters of the observed arteries started to decrease already within the first hour after blood injection and achieved the lowest values at different times, but mainly between six and twelve hours after SAH induction. The artery diameters reached nearly their pre-SAH (control group) diameters approximately after four to seven days after SAH. However, the SAH severity grade was reported in none of these publications. No uniform model characteristics were observed in current literature.Conclusion: A systemic overview of the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of SAH is presented. An important heterogeneity was observed. Hence, standardized model features and study endpoints have to be defined in order to improve reporting frequency and quality to enhance the reproducibility of preclinical SAH research in the future.
目的:这篇综述文章描述了使用大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)模型的已发表文献的特征,目的是定义特定的标准,并确定死亡率、SAH分级和大动脉血管痉挛的调节因素。方法:我们检索了英国同行评审的原始研究,这些研究报告了通过向大池单次或多次注射血液在小鼠中诱导SAH。搜索包括截至2023年2月13日在PubMed、Embase和Web of Science上发表的研究。此外,我们研究了大池血液注射小鼠模型中死亡率、通过测量大动脉引起的血管痉挛和SAH分级的报告。结果:136篇已确定的记录中有7篇符合我们的纳入标准,因此被纳入描述性分析。四篇文章报道了死亡率在零到22%之间的变化。5篇文章显示了大脑大动脉的血管痉挛,包括基底动脉(BA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)和大脑中动脉(MCA)。有趣的是,观察到的动脉直径在血液注射后的第一个小时内就开始减少,并在不同时间达到最低值,但主要是在SAH诱导后的6到12小时之间。SAH后约4至7天,动脉直径几乎达到SAH前(对照组)的直径。然而,这些出版物中没有SAH严重程度的报告。在现有文献中没有观察到统一的模型特征。结论:系统地介绍了大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型。观察到一个重要的异质性。因此,必须定义标准化的模型特征和研究终点,以提高报告频率和质量,从而提高未来临床前SAH研究的可重复性。
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引用次数: 1
Current Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models are Too Simplistic for Clinical Translation 目前的脊髓损伤动物模型过于简单,无法进行临床翻译
Pub Date : 2023-03-23 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.4.068
Lara Gliksten, P. Yip
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引用次数: 0
Muscle and Its Neuromuscular Synapse – Players in the Pathogenesis of Motor Neuron Disease 肌肉及其神经肌肉突触——运动神经元疾病发病机制的参与者
Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.4.067
P. G. Noakes, W. Phillips, R. Jeffree, F. Steyn, E. Wolvetang, R. Henderson, P. Mccombe, S. Ngo
Pathogenesis
发病机理
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引用次数: 1
Therapeutic Effectiveness of Brain Computer Interfaces in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review. 脑机接口在脑卒中患者中的治疗效果:一项系统综述。
Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.4.077
Yordan P Penev, Alice Beneke, Kevin T Root, Emily Meisel, Sean Kwak, Michael J Diaz, Julia L Root, Mohammad R Hosseini, Brandon Lucke-Wold

Background: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly advancing field which utilizes brain activity to control external devices for a myriad of functions, including the restoration of motor function. Clinically, BCIs have been especially impactful in patients who suffer from stroke-mediated damage. However, due to the rapid advancement in the field, there is a lack of accepted standards of practice. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current literature published regarding the efficacy of BCI-based rehabilitation of motor dysfunction in stroke patients.

Methodology: This systematic review was performed in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were queried for relevant articles and screened for inclusion criteria by two authors. All discrepancies were resolved by discussion among both reviewers and subsequent consensus.

Results: 11/12 (91.6%) of studies focused on upper extremity outcomes and reported larger initial improvements for participants in the treatment arm (using BCI) as compared to those in the control arm (no BCI). 2/2 studies focused on lower extremity outcomes reported improvements for the treatment arm compared to the control arm.

Discussion/conclusion: This systematic review illustrates the utility BCI has for the restoration of upper extremity and lower extremity motor function in stroke patients and supports further investigation of BCI for other clinical indications.

背景:脑机接口(BCIs)是一个快速发展的领域,它利用大脑活动来控制外部设备实现多种功能,包括恢复运动功能。临床上,脑机接口对中风介导的损伤患者尤其有影响。然而,由于该领域的快速发展,缺乏公认的实践标准。因此,本系统综述的目的是总结目前发表的关于脑机接口康复治疗中风患者运动功能障碍疗效的文献。方法:本系统审查是根据2020年系统审查和荟萃分析首选报告项目(PRISMA)声明中规定的指南进行的。PubMed、Embase和Cochrane图书馆查询了相关文章,并由两位作者筛选了纳入标准。所有差异都通过两位评审员的讨论和随后达成的共识得到了解决。结果:11/12(91.6%)的研究侧重于上肢结果,并报告与对照组(无脑机接口)相比,治疗组(使用脑机接口的)参与者的初始改善更大。关注下肢结果的2/2项研究报告称,与对照组相比,治疗组有改善。讨论/结论:本系统综述阐明了脑机接口在脑卒中患者上肢和下肢运动功能恢复方面的作用,并支持脑机接口对其他临床适应症的进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
An Updated Overview of Alzheimer’s Disease 阿尔茨海默病的最新概述
Pub Date : 2022-12-30 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.3.067
Emmanuel Prikas
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引用次数: 1
Commentary: Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide and Its Clinical Utility for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Associated Migraine 降钙素基因相关肽及其在治疗创伤性脑损伤、蛛网膜下腔出血和相关偏头痛中的临床应用
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.3.065
Y. Mehkri, Maxwell G. Woolridge, B. Lucke-Wold
Commentary Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and neurotransmitter that has been extensively studied in the context of migraine pathophysiology. Recently, studies have explored its role in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although a multitude of therapies exist for migraine, there has been little study on the management of migraine following neurologic injury. As the incidence of TBI continues to grow, especially in the United States, it is essential to explore additional therapeutic options such as CGRP inhibition (CGRPi). Given its differential effects in TBI and SAH, an important next step is to see how patients with both TBI and SAH treated with CGRPi respond differently than patients with TBI alone. There is also a need for study in patients with severe TBI who could benefit most from this novel strategy. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neurotransmitter that has been shown to be involved in cranial and facial pathology. Most commonly, CGRP’s role as a potent vasodilator [1,2] has been associated with migraine [3]. It’s use in the treatment of traumatic brain injury [3–5] and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) [6–9] has recently been explored in the literature. While there have been numerous studies on mice and other animal models describing exogenous CGRP’s therapeutic effects, its limited efficacy in humans due to its low half-life [10] has prevented its advancement to human trials. Migraines
降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)是一种强效的血管舒张剂和神经递质,在偏头痛的病理生理学背景下得到了广泛的研究。最近,研究探索了它在治疗创伤性脑损伤(TBI)和蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)中的作用。尽管偏头痛有多种治疗方法,但对神经损伤后偏头痛的治疗研究很少。随着TBI的发病率持续增长,特别是在美国,有必要探索其他治疗方案,如CGRP抑制(CGRPi)。考虑到CGRPi在TBI和SAH中的不同作用,下一步重要的是观察CGRPi治疗的TBI和蛛网膜下腔出血患者与单独TBI患者的反应如何不同。还有必要对严重TBI患者进行研究,这些患者可以从这种新策略中获益最多。降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)是一种37个氨基酸的神经递质,已被证明与颅骨和面部病理有关。最常见的是,CGRP作为一种强效血管舒张剂的作用[1,2]与偏头痛有关[3]。最近,文献中对其在治疗创伤性脑损伤[3-5]和蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)[6-9]中的应用进行了探讨。尽管对小鼠和其他动物模型进行了大量研究,描述了外源性CGRP的治疗效果,但由于其半衰期低,其在人类中的疗效有限[10],阻碍了其进入人体试验。偏头痛
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引用次数: 0
The Jalisco Mutation: Familiar Alzheimer’s Disease in México 哈利斯科州突变:墨西哥人常见的阿尔茨海默病
Pub Date : 2022-12-28 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.3.066
M. Meraz-Ríos, E. A. Cabrera-Reyes, Mayte-Lizeth Padilla-Cristerna
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引用次数: 0
Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) Induced by Selective Agonist of Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor – A Case Report 5-羟色胺5-HT1受体选择性激动剂诱导非动脉性前缺血性视神经病变1例
Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.3.063
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引用次数: 0
Discovery of New Candidate Genes for Anorexia Nervosa through Integration of eQTLs with Summary Statistics 通过整合eqtl和汇总统计发现神经性厌食症新的候选基因
Pub Date : 2022-12-13 DOI: 10.33696/neurol.3.061
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of experimental neurology
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