Methylphenidate (MPD) is psychostimulant, similar to cocaine and amphetamine, that is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is increasingly being abused by healthy subjects for its psychoactive effects such as memory retention cognitive enhancement for young, adult and the elderly and recreation. MPD’s action on the brain reward/motive circuit is still under investigation, however it is known that in animals chronic use of MPD leads to behavioral sensitization, an experimental indicator associated with dependence. To investigate this neural circuit’s role in response to acute and chronic MPD, three different lesions (non-specific, dopaminergic specific, and glutaminergic specific lesions) have been conducted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate nucleus (CN), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), to assess the structure, dopaminergic signaling, and glutaminergic signaling roles in response to MPD. The three types of lesions show that each one of the above four brain areas participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of MPD and have helped determine which type of signaling is critical for the acute and/or chronic behavioral adaptions to MPD.
{"title":"The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), the Caudate Nucleus (CN) and the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) role in the Response to Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate","authors":"Nicholas King, N. Dafny","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.070","url":null,"abstract":"Methylphenidate (MPD) is psychostimulant, similar to cocaine and amphetamine, that is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and is increasingly being abused by healthy subjects for its psychoactive effects such as memory retention cognitive enhancement for young, adult and the elderly and recreation. MPD’s action on the brain reward/motive circuit is still under investigation, however it is known that in animals chronic use of MPD leads to behavioral sensitization, an experimental indicator associated with dependence. To investigate this neural circuit’s role in response to acute and chronic MPD, three different lesions (non-specific, dopaminergic specific, and glutaminergic specific lesions) have been conducted at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), the caudate nucleus (CN), and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), to assess the structure, dopaminergic signaling, and glutaminergic signaling roles in response to MPD. The three types of lesions show that each one of the above four brain areas participate differently in the acute and chronic effect of MPD and have helped determine which type of signaling is critical for the acute and/or chronic behavioral adaptions to MPD.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41621171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Alpdogan, Ke Li, T. Sander, J. Cornelius, S. Muhammad
Objective: This review article describes the characteristics of published literature using the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the aim to define particular standards and identify moderators of mortality rate, SAH grade, and large artery vasospasm. Methods: We searched for English-original peer-reviewed studies which reported the induction of SAH in mice via single or multiple blood injections into the cisterna magna. The search included studies published until 13th February 2023 on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Furthermore, we investigated the reporting of mortality rate, vasospasms by measuring large arteries, and SAH grade in cisterna magna blood injection mouse model. Results: Seven articles out of 136 identified records matched our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in descriptive analysis. Four articles reported the mortality rate which varied between zero and 22 percent. Five articles displayed vasospasms of large cerebral arteries including basilar artery (BA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Interestingly, the diameters of the observed arteries started to decrease already within the first hour after blood injection and achieved the lowest values at different times, but mainly between six and twelve hours after SAH induction. The artery diameters reached nearly their pre-SAH (control group) diameters approximately after four to seven days after SAH. However, the SAH severity grade was reported in none of these publications. No uniform model characteristics were observed in current literature. Conclusion: A systemic overview of the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of SAH is presented. An important heterogeneity was observed. Hence, standardized model features and study endpoints have to be defined in order to improve reporting frequency and quality to enhance the reproducibility of preclinical SAH research in the future.
目的:这篇综述文章描述了使用大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)模型的已发表文献的特征,目的是定义特定的标准,并确定死亡率、SAH分级和大动脉血管痉挛的调节因素。方法:我们检索了英国同行评审的原始研究,这些研究报告了通过向大池单次或多次注射血液在小鼠中诱导SAH。搜索包括截至2023年2月13日在PubMed、Embase和Web of Science上发表的研究。此外,我们研究了大池血液注射小鼠模型中死亡率、通过测量大动脉引起的血管痉挛和SAH分级的报告。结果:136篇已确定的记录中有7篇符合我们的纳入标准,因此被纳入描述性分析。四篇文章报道了死亡率在零到22%之间的变化。5篇文章显示了大脑大动脉的血管痉挛,包括基底动脉(BA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)和大脑中动脉(MCA)。有趣的是,观察到的动脉直径在血液注射后的第一个小时内就开始减少,并在不同时间达到最低值,但主要是在SAH诱导后的6到12小时之间。SAH后约4至7天,动脉直径几乎达到SAH前(对照组)的直径。然而,这些出版物中没有SAH严重程度的报告。在现有文献中没有观察到统一的模型特征。结论:系统地介绍了大池血液注射小鼠蛛网膜下腔出血模型。观察到一个重要的异质性。因此,必须定义标准化的模型特征和研究终点,以提高报告频率和质量,从而提高未来临床前SAH研究的可重复性。
{"title":"Cisterna Magna Injection Mouse Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (SAH): A Systematic Literature Review of Preclinical SAH Research","authors":"S. Alpdogan, Ke Li, T. Sander, J. Cornelius, S. Muhammad","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.069","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This review article describes the characteristics of published literature using the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) with the aim to define particular standards and identify moderators of mortality rate, SAH grade, and large artery vasospasm.\u0000\u0000Methods: We searched for English-original peer-reviewed studies which reported the induction of SAH in mice via single or multiple blood injections into the cisterna magna. The search included studies published until 13th February 2023 on PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Furthermore, we investigated the reporting of mortality rate, vasospasms by measuring large arteries, and SAH grade in cisterna magna blood injection mouse model.\u0000\u0000Results: Seven articles out of 136 identified records matched our inclusion criteria and were therefore included in descriptive analysis. Four articles reported the mortality rate which varied between zero and 22 percent. Five articles displayed vasospasms of large cerebral arteries including basilar artery (BA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA). Interestingly, the diameters of the observed arteries started to decrease already within the first hour after blood injection and achieved the lowest values at different times, but mainly between six and twelve hours after SAH induction. The artery diameters reached nearly their pre-SAH (control group) diameters approximately after four to seven days after SAH. However, the SAH severity grade was reported in none of these publications. No uniform model characteristics were observed in current literature.\u0000\u0000Conclusion: A systemic overview of the cisterna magna blood injection mouse model of SAH is presented. An important heterogeneity was observed. Hence, standardized model features and study endpoints have to be defined in order to improve reporting frequency and quality to enhance the reproducibility of preclinical SAH research in the future.","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43247760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models are Too Simplistic for Clinical Translation","authors":"Lara Gliksten, P. Yip","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43983902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. G. Noakes, W. Phillips, R. Jeffree, F. Steyn, E. Wolvetang, R. Henderson, P. Mccombe, S. Ngo
Pathogenesis
发病机理
{"title":"Muscle and Its Neuromuscular Synapse – Players in the Pathogenesis of Motor Neuron Disease","authors":"P. G. Noakes, W. Phillips, R. Jeffree, F. Steyn, E. Wolvetang, R. Henderson, P. Mccombe, S. Ngo","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.4.067","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogenesis","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48759890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yordan P Penev, Alice Beneke, Kevin T Root, Emily Meisel, Sean Kwak, Michael J Diaz, Julia L Root, Mohammad R Hosseini, Brandon Lucke-Wold
Background: Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly advancing field which utilizes brain activity to control external devices for a myriad of functions, including the restoration of motor function. Clinically, BCIs have been especially impactful in patients who suffer from stroke-mediated damage. However, due to the rapid advancement in the field, there is a lack of accepted standards of practice. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current literature published regarding the efficacy of BCI-based rehabilitation of motor dysfunction in stroke patients.
Methodology: This systematic review was performed in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were queried for relevant articles and screened for inclusion criteria by two authors. All discrepancies were resolved by discussion among both reviewers and subsequent consensus.
Results: 11/12 (91.6%) of studies focused on upper extremity outcomes and reported larger initial improvements for participants in the treatment arm (using BCI) as compared to those in the control arm (no BCI). 2/2 studies focused on lower extremity outcomes reported improvements for the treatment arm compared to the control arm.
Discussion/conclusion: This systematic review illustrates the utility BCI has for the restoration of upper extremity and lower extremity motor function in stroke patients and supports further investigation of BCI for other clinical indications.
{"title":"Therapeutic Effectiveness of Brain Computer Interfaces in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Yordan P Penev, Alice Beneke, Kevin T Root, Emily Meisel, Sean Kwak, Michael J Diaz, Julia L Root, Mohammad R Hosseini, Brandon Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.33696/neurol.4.077","DOIUrl":"10.33696/neurol.4.077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a rapidly advancing field which utilizes brain activity to control external devices for a myriad of functions, including the restoration of motor function. Clinically, BCIs have been especially impactful in patients who suffer from stroke-mediated damage. However, due to the rapid advancement in the field, there is a lack of accepted standards of practice. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current literature published regarding the efficacy of BCI-based rehabilitation of motor dysfunction in stroke patients.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This systematic review was performed in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were queried for relevant articles and screened for inclusion criteria by two authors. All discrepancies were resolved by discussion among both reviewers and subsequent consensus.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>11/12 (91.6%) of studies focused on upper extremity outcomes and reported larger initial improvements for participants in the treatment arm (using BCI) as compared to those in the control arm (no BCI). 2/2 studies focused on lower extremity outcomes reported improvements for the treatment arm compared to the control arm.</p><p><strong>Discussion/conclusion: </strong>This systematic review illustrates the utility BCI has for the restoration of upper extremity and lower extremity motor function in stroke patients and supports further investigation of BCI for other clinical indications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":"4 3","pages":"87-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41156122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commentary Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and neurotransmitter that has been extensively studied in the context of migraine pathophysiology. Recently, studies have explored its role in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although a multitude of therapies exist for migraine, there has been little study on the management of migraine following neurologic injury. As the incidence of TBI continues to grow, especially in the United States, it is essential to explore additional therapeutic options such as CGRP inhibition (CGRPi). Given its differential effects in TBI and SAH, an important next step is to see how patients with both TBI and SAH treated with CGRPi respond differently than patients with TBI alone. There is also a need for study in patients with severe TBI who could benefit most from this novel strategy. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neurotransmitter that has been shown to be involved in cranial and facial pathology. Most commonly, CGRP’s role as a potent vasodilator [1,2] has been associated with migraine [3]. It’s use in the treatment of traumatic brain injury [3–5] and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) [6–9] has recently been explored in the literature. While there have been numerous studies on mice and other animal models describing exogenous CGRP’s therapeutic effects, its limited efficacy in humans due to its low half-life [10] has prevented its advancement to human trials. Migraines
{"title":"Commentary: Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide and Its Clinical Utility for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Associated Migraine","authors":"Y. Mehkri, Maxwell G. Woolridge, B. Lucke-Wold","doi":"10.33696/neurol.3.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.3.065","url":null,"abstract":"Commentary Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator and neurotransmitter that has been extensively studied in the context of migraine pathophysiology. Recently, studies have explored its role in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although a multitude of therapies exist for migraine, there has been little study on the management of migraine following neurologic injury. As the incidence of TBI continues to grow, especially in the United States, it is essential to explore additional therapeutic options such as CGRP inhibition (CGRPi). Given its differential effects in TBI and SAH, an important next step is to see how patients with both TBI and SAH treated with CGRPi respond differently than patients with TBI alone. There is also a need for study in patients with severe TBI who could benefit most from this novel strategy. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neurotransmitter that has been shown to be involved in cranial and facial pathology. Most commonly, CGRP’s role as a potent vasodilator [1,2] has been associated with migraine [3]. It’s use in the treatment of traumatic brain injury [3–5] and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) [6–9] has recently been explored in the literature. While there have been numerous studies on mice and other animal models describing exogenous CGRP’s therapeutic effects, its limited efficacy in humans due to its low half-life [10] has prevented its advancement to human trials. Migraines","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":"3 1","pages":"71 - 74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44417090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Meraz-Ríos, E. A. Cabrera-Reyes, Mayte-Lizeth Padilla-Cristerna
{"title":"The Jalisco Mutation: Familiar Alzheimer’s Disease in México","authors":"M. Meraz-Ríos, E. A. Cabrera-Reyes, Mayte-Lizeth Padilla-Cristerna","doi":"10.33696/neurol.3.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.3.066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69670590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION) Induced by Selective Agonist of Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor – A Case Report","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/neurol.3.063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.3.063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47558095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Discovery of New Candidate Genes for Anorexia Nervosa through Integration of eQTLs with Summary Statistics","authors":"","doi":"10.33696/neurol.3.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/neurol.3.061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73744,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49183117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}