Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2022.100102
Jesanto Mathew, C. Shastry, Sharad Chand
Introduction: Leucaena leucocephala is a commonly used plant in the Ayurveda system of medicine to alleviate several ailments. Different parts of Leucaena leucocephala are used for the treatment of ailments such as diabetes, ascariasis, intestinal parasitism and trichinosis. It is also used as an emmenagogue, emollient and as nutritious forage for cattle. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the plant extract's effect on memory and learning using in-vivo models and ex-vivo models. Methods: The plant extract was prepared by using the Soxhlet extraction procedure. The effect of the extract on nootropic activity was assessed against scopolamine-induced amnesia using different exteroceptive models such as Elevated plus maze, Y maze and Hebb William's maze. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the rat brain homogenate was estimated using Ellman's method. The activity of the extract was compared with the standard drug piracetam. Results: On pre-treatment with ethanolic extract of L. leucocephala , in-vivo studies showed significantly improved spatial learning and memory against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Wistar rat models in a dose-dependent manner. Ex-vivo studies of rat whole brain homogenate showed a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in extract-treated animals. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the leaves of L. leucocephala showed significant nootropic potential against animals induced by amnesia using scopolamine.
{"title":"Evaluation of Nootropic Potential of Leucaena leucocephala on Wister Rats","authors":"Jesanto Mathew, C. Shastry, Sharad Chand","doi":"10.13189/app.2022.100102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2022.100102","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Leucaena leucocephala is a commonly used plant in the Ayurveda system of medicine to alleviate several ailments. Different parts of Leucaena leucocephala are used for the treatment of ailments such as diabetes, ascariasis, intestinal parasitism and trichinosis. It is also used as an emmenagogue, emollient and as nutritious forage for cattle. Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the plant extract's effect on memory and learning using in-vivo models and ex-vivo models. Methods: The plant extract was prepared by using the Soxhlet extraction procedure. The effect of the extract on nootropic activity was assessed against scopolamine-induced amnesia using different exteroceptive models such as Elevated plus maze, Y maze and Hebb William's maze. Acetylcholinesterase activity of the rat brain homogenate was estimated using Ellman's method. The activity of the extract was compared with the standard drug piracetam. Results: On pre-treatment with ethanolic extract of L. leucocephala , in-vivo studies showed significantly improved spatial learning and memory against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Wistar rat models in a dose-dependent manner. Ex-vivo studies of rat whole brain homogenate showed a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in extract-treated animals. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the leaves of L. leucocephala showed significant nootropic potential against animals induced by amnesia using scopolamine.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75351441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2022.100103
C. Singh, P. Bigoniya
Aims: Cichorium intybus L. is traditionally used for the management of the various liver disorders and also widely scientifically reported for hepatoprotection. The present study aims at investigating cichotyboside, bioactive sesquiterpene glycoside, from seeds for hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) following isolation and characterization. Methods: Cichotyboside was isolated from C. intybus seeds and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) have been developed for the standardization of Cichotyboside. In this study, biochemical assays, liver functional capacity restoration regarding drug metabolism, antioxidant potential, and histological staining were applied to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic efficacy of cichotyboside on a carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Results: The results showed that cichotyboside could significantly attenuate the pathological changes, increase the levels of hepatocyte repair, and regulate oxidative damage. Hepatoprotective activity of cichotyboside is indicated by its ability to decrease thiopental induced sleeping time, increased BSP clearance, reverse effect of CCl 4 on the body weight, relative liver weight, serum liver function parameters, histopathology and activity of liver antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Cichotyboside exerts hepatoprotective activity against the CCl 4 induced toxicity, possibly by its remarkable antioxidant potential, reversing the impaired metabolisms and repairing the fatty changes in hepatocytes.
{"title":"Cichotyboside, A Sesquiterpene Glycoside from Cichorium intybus Attenuates Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Rat","authors":"C. Singh, P. Bigoniya","doi":"10.13189/app.2022.100103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2022.100103","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Cichorium intybus L. is traditionally used for the management of the various liver disorders and also widely scientifically reported for hepatoprotection. The present study aims at investigating cichotyboside, bioactive sesquiterpene glycoside, from seeds for hepatoprotective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) following isolation and characterization. Methods: Cichotyboside was isolated from C. intybus seeds and characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) have been developed for the standardization of Cichotyboside. In this study, biochemical assays, liver functional capacity restoration regarding drug metabolism, antioxidant potential, and histological staining were applied to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic efficacy of cichotyboside on a carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Results: The results showed that cichotyboside could significantly attenuate the pathological changes, increase the levels of hepatocyte repair, and regulate oxidative damage. Hepatoprotective activity of cichotyboside is indicated by its ability to decrease thiopental induced sleeping time, increased BSP clearance, reverse effect of CCl 4 on the body weight, relative liver weight, serum liver function parameters, histopathology and activity of liver antioxidant enzymes. Conclusion: Cichotyboside exerts hepatoprotective activity against the CCl 4 induced toxicity, possibly by its remarkable antioxidant potential, reversing the impaired metabolisms and repairing the fatty changes in hepatocytes.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88904387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2022.100101
A. Gawade, S. Boldhane, Anil Pawar, R. Pujari, A. Kuchekar
Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate (DEM), a salt of prodrug dabigatran etexilate, is a potent, oral, reversible and direct thrombin inhibitor with low oral bioavailability. The present research investigation focused on the formulation of immediate release (IR) tablets of DEM cocrystals and evaluation of In vivo anticoagulant activity. The results of the study showed that the formulated IR tablets of DEM showed improved efficacy in comparison with the plain drug by enhancing the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tap density, Carr's index, angle of repose and Hausner's ratio and post-compression parameters like thickness and weight variation, hardness and friability, In vitro dissolution parameters. The improved efficacy was confirmed by improvement in the pharmacodynamic parameters such as cutaneous bleeding time and clotting time indicative of enhanced bioavailability of dabigatran. Thus, it can be concluded that the IR tablets of dabigatran cocrystals can be proven to be more effective in producing the anticoagulant effect in clinical practice as compared to the plain drug resulting in more patient compliance.
{"title":"In vivo Anticoagulant Activity of Immediate Release Tablets of Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate Cocrystals","authors":"A. Gawade, S. Boldhane, Anil Pawar, R. Pujari, A. Kuchekar","doi":"10.13189/app.2022.100101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2022.100101","url":null,"abstract":"Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate (DEM), a salt of prodrug dabigatran etexilate, is a potent, oral, reversible and direct thrombin inhibitor with low oral bioavailability. The present research investigation focused on the formulation of immediate release (IR) tablets of DEM cocrystals and evaluation of In vivo anticoagulant activity. The results of the study showed that the formulated IR tablets of DEM showed improved efficacy in comparison with the plain drug by enhancing the pre-compression parameters such as bulk density, tap density, Carr's index, angle of repose and Hausner's ratio and post-compression parameters like thickness and weight variation, hardness and friability, In vitro dissolution parameters. The improved efficacy was confirmed by improvement in the pharmacodynamic parameters such as cutaneous bleeding time and clotting time indicative of enhanced bioavailability of dabigatran. Thus, it can be concluded that the IR tablets of dabigatran cocrystals can be proven to be more effective in producing the anticoagulant effect in clinical practice as compared to the plain drug resulting in more patient compliance.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88498231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090406
S. Bhutia, B. Kakoti, Prosanta Pal
The novel coronavirus disease is a rapidly spreading infection caused by recently discovered different variants of SARS CoV-2 viruses, causing mild to severe respiratory symptoms in the majority of people. The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has spread almost all the nooks and corners of the world. There are significant possible approaches pharmaceutically to fight against COVID-19. Original full-text research articles were searched online in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Core and Wiley Online Library. Scientists throughout the world are working on different platforms and targeting certain proteins moieties against SARS CoV-2 for the development of methods of safety, efficacy and potential vaccine candidates. Many candidates showed efficacy in In-vitro studies but relatively few clinical studies proceeded through different vaccine development platforms, such as entire virus vaccines, plant-based and nucleic acid vaccines, recombinant protein subunit vaccines. This review study provides a short description of SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and deals with recent developments in the design of attempts to produce vaccines to combat COVID-19.
{"title":"The Recent Developmental Platforms and Potential Targets of SARS CoV-2 Vaccines: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"S. Bhutia, B. Kakoti, Prosanta Pal","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090406","url":null,"abstract":"The novel coronavirus disease is a rapidly spreading infection caused by recently discovered different variants of SARS CoV-2 viruses, causing mild to severe respiratory symptoms in the majority of people. The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has spread almost all the nooks and corners of the world. There are significant possible approaches pharmaceutically to fight against COVID-19. Original full-text research articles were searched online in PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Core and Wiley Online Library. Scientists throughout the world are working on different platforms and targeting certain proteins moieties against SARS CoV-2 for the development of methods of safety, efficacy and potential vaccine candidates. Many candidates showed efficacy in In-vitro studies but relatively few clinical studies proceeded through different vaccine development platforms, such as entire virus vaccines, plant-based and nucleic acid vaccines, recombinant protein subunit vaccines. This review study provides a short description of SARS-CoV-2 characteristics and deals with recent developments in the design of attempts to produce vaccines to combat COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87888670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090404
M. Gorbachev
This paper discusses the landmark anthelminthic substances – traditional medicine components, different categories of pluripotential synthetic and naturally occurring compounds. Much attention is paid to the sections devoted to recent discoveries (Emodepside, Monepantel, Derquantel, Tribendimidine) and to some promising works. This review focused on some aspects of molecular mechanisms of action of anthelminthic substances and of helminth adaptation to anthelminthic substances, and on alternative worming treatment options. A new substance development, be it designing a new compound or identification of properties of any existing compounds, is a time-consuming and expensive process. Application of the diversification (different types of compounds) and the focused (related compounds) screenings, software-based evaluation of anthelminthic activity in silico, chemical and genetic trials on model small animals (nematodes Artemia salina, Caenorhabditis elegans, etc.) are intended to accelerate introduction of new substances. Further knowledge in molecular action mechanisms of anthelminthic agents and in resistance development would improve planning of helminthoses control protocols. Based on the systemic analysis of particular features of the chemical structure of anthelminthic substances, the hypothesis on the viability of the targeted search for such compounds among the derivatives of conditionally progenitor cyclic hydrocarbons – benzene, indene, naphthalene, 1Н-cyclopenth [a]-naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene – by alternating absolutely unsaturated and saturated structures, including heterocyclic analogues containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and different substitutes and functional groups, was voiced.
{"title":"Ecological, Physiological and Biochemical Adaptation in Helminth: Trends in Evolution of Anthelminthic Chemical Agents","authors":"M. Gorbachev","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090404","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the landmark anthelminthic substances – traditional medicine components, different categories of pluripotential synthetic and naturally occurring compounds. Much attention is paid to the sections devoted to recent discoveries (Emodepside, Monepantel, Derquantel, Tribendimidine) and to some promising works. This review focused on some aspects of molecular mechanisms of action of anthelminthic substances and of helminth adaptation to anthelminthic substances, and on alternative worming treatment options. A new substance development, be it designing a new compound or identification of properties of any existing compounds, is a time-consuming and expensive process. Application of the diversification (different types of compounds) and the focused (related compounds) screenings, software-based evaluation of anthelminthic activity in silico, chemical and genetic trials on model small animals (nematodes Artemia salina, Caenorhabditis elegans, etc.) are intended to accelerate introduction of new substances. Further knowledge in molecular action mechanisms of anthelminthic agents and in resistance development would improve planning of helminthoses control protocols. Based on the systemic analysis of particular features of the chemical structure of anthelminthic substances, the hypothesis on the viability of the targeted search for such compounds among the derivatives of conditionally progenitor cyclic hydrocarbons – benzene, indene, naphthalene, 1Н-cyclopenth [a]-naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene – by alternating absolutely unsaturated and saturated structures, including heterocyclic analogues containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and different substitutes and functional groups, was voiced.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"74 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83432748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090405
E. Şen, Tugce Ogut, A. Olgun, O. Kisa
Increasing resistance against classical anthelmintic drugs makes discovering new anthelmintic compounds from natural plants important. Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is used as a medicinal plant overall the world and is known to have anthelmintic activity. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a common cost-effective model organism that is easily maintained, is useful to determine the anthelmintic activity of new compounds derived from natural products. In our study we aimed to evaluate through toxicity assays the nematocidal activity of N. sativa on C. elegans during its larval and adult stages. Different concentrations of N. sativa oil (900, 450 and 270 mg/mL) were tested and toxicity assessments were done under stereomicroscope by counting the number of surviving nematodes. This study showed that N. sativa essential oil significantly decreases survival of C. elegans in both larval and adult stages at 900 mg/mL final concentration. Larval-stage worms were more sensitive to N. sativa essential oil than were adults. We recommend further studies on other effects of N. sativa on C. elegans after removing the toxic compound(s) from the extract. The further discovery of N. sativa essential oil compounds responsible for anthelmintic activity and determination of their mechanisms of toxicity can pave the way toward new medicines.
传统驱虫药抗药性的增加使得从天然植物中发现新的驱虫药化合物变得重要。Nigella sativa (N. sativa)在世界范围内被用作药用植物，并且已知具有驱虫药活性。秀丽隐杆线虫(C. elegans)是一种常见的具有成本效益且易于维护的模式生物，可用于测定天然产物衍生的新化合物的驱虫活性。在我们的研究中，我们的目的是通过毒力试验来评价玉米对线虫幼虫期和成虫期的杀线虫活性。在体视显微镜下，以900、450和270 mg/mL三种不同浓度的芥花油为对照，通过计算线虫的存活数量，进行毒性评价。本研究表明，在终浓度为900 mg/mL时，芥花精油可显著降低线虫幼虫期和成虫期的存活率。幼虫期幼虫对红花挥发油的敏感性高于成虫。我们建议在从提取物中去除有毒化合物后，进一步研究油菜对秀丽隐杆线虫的其他作用。进一步发现蚕豆精油中具有驱虫药活性的化合物，并确定其毒性机制，可为开发新药铺平道路。
{"title":"Anthelmintic Activity of Nigella sativa against Caenorhabditis elegans","authors":"E. Şen, Tugce Ogut, A. Olgun, O. Kisa","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090405","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing resistance against classical anthelmintic drugs makes discovering new anthelmintic compounds from natural plants important. Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is used as a medicinal plant overall the world and is known to have anthelmintic activity. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a common cost-effective model organism that is easily maintained, is useful to determine the anthelmintic activity of new compounds derived from natural products. In our study we aimed to evaluate through toxicity assays the nematocidal activity of N. sativa on C. elegans during its larval and adult stages. Different concentrations of N. sativa oil (900, 450 and 270 mg/mL) were tested and toxicity assessments were done under stereomicroscope by counting the number of surviving nematodes. This study showed that N. sativa essential oil significantly decreases survival of C. elegans in both larval and adult stages at 900 mg/mL final concentration. Larval-stage worms were more sensitive to N. sativa essential oil than were adults. We recommend further studies on other effects of N. sativa on C. elegans after removing the toxic compound(s) from the extract. The further discovery of N. sativa essential oil compounds responsible for anthelmintic activity and determination of their mechanisms of toxicity can pave the way toward new medicines.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"208 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77540222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090403
R. Puvvada, K. Undela, B. SamakshaP, A. Kuruvilla, B. Gupta
Pharmacy Practice students play an important role in identifying and reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Prior studies focused on knowledge of pharmacy students on reporting ADRs. There are no studies conducted to assess the knowledge and understand the perception of students on causality assessment of ADRs. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020 among the Pharmacy Practice students in various pharmacy colleges across India. Consent form was obtained before filling the questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed through social media applications and staff of respective colleges. Descriptive analysis was performed to calculate frequencies and percentages of categorical variables. A total of 723 students, 608 responses were received from 30 pharmacy colleges across India. The mean age (SD) of participants was 22.95 (1.61) years. The majority of responses were received from females (70.39). The majority of participants (90.78%) were aware of various causality assessment scales. More than half (58.55%) strongly agreed that there is a need for hands on training on causality assessment of ADRs at college level. Around 80% of the participants strongly agreed that clinical pharmacist is necessary in the healthcare team for causality assessment of ADRs. The knowledge of students on causality assessment of ADRs was found satisfactory. Students believed that having regular workshop on causality assessment of ADRs may help improve their skills in identifying the suspected medications that caused ADRs and helps in better patient care.
{"title":"Knowledge and Perception of Pharmacy Practice Students on Causality Assessment of Adverse Drug Reactions","authors":"R. Puvvada, K. Undela, B. SamakshaP, A. Kuruvilla, B. Gupta","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090403","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacy Practice students play an important role in identifying and reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). Prior studies focused on knowledge of pharmacy students on reporting ADRs. There are no studies conducted to assess the knowledge and understand the perception of students on causality assessment of ADRs. A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to April 2020 among the Pharmacy Practice students in various pharmacy colleges across India. Consent form was obtained before filling the questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed through social media applications and staff of respective colleges. Descriptive analysis was performed to calculate frequencies and percentages of categorical variables. A total of 723 students, 608 responses were received from 30 pharmacy colleges across India. The mean age (SD) of participants was 22.95 (1.61) years. The majority of responses were received from females (70.39). The majority of participants (90.78%) were aware of various causality assessment scales. More than half (58.55%) strongly agreed that there is a need for hands on training on causality assessment of ADRs at college level. Around 80% of the participants strongly agreed that clinical pharmacist is necessary in the healthcare team for causality assessment of ADRs. The knowledge of students on causality assessment of ADRs was found satisfactory. Students believed that having regular workshop on causality assessment of ADRs may help improve their skills in identifying the suspected medications that caused ADRs and helps in better patient care.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"284 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77134155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090402
B. Vuyyala, D. S. Kumar, T. Lakshmi
Background: Cajanus cajan is a legume of the plant family Fabaceae. Another name of this plant is the red gram, gungo pea, and no-eye pea. It is a multifaceted plant as it is widely often consumed as a dal. It contains wealthy proteins. The whole plant parts are utilized for silkworms as a vegetable; tops, green leaf, and husk are utilized as feed. Objective: The objective of the analysis was to determine the anti-anxiety effect of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM (Elevated plus maze) as well as actophotometer model in albino mice. Methods: In the present research, the anti-anxiety activities of several extracts were evaluated viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, & methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered with varied extract dosages orally (for example, 200 & 400 mg/kg) and behaviour on the EPM has been seen. The standard usage of Diazepam (2 mg/kg P.O.) (positive control). Results: Results indicate that the methanolic extract of C. cajan manifested a significant as well as maximum dose-dependent impact at 200 & 400 mg/kg on mice with the help of the EPM model and the results were exactly like diazepam (2 mg/kg), the standard antianxiety substance. The model actophotometer exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity compared to control animals, which is shown at two distinct dosages (200 & 400 mg/kg) of Cajanus cajan. Conclusion: The content of polyphenols was shown in the phytochemical test for methanol extract, which could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of Cajanus cajan. This plant might thus also be cultivated as a potentially beneficial anti-anxiety substance.
{"title":"In-vivo Assessment of Tranquilizer Activity of Various Extracts of Cajanus cajan Leaves in Mice","authors":"B. Vuyyala, D. S. Kumar, T. Lakshmi","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090402","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cajanus cajan is a legume of the plant family Fabaceae. Another name of this plant is the red gram, gungo pea, and no-eye pea. It is a multifaceted plant as it is widely often consumed as a dal. It contains wealthy proteins. The whole plant parts are utilized for silkworms as a vegetable; tops, green leaf, and husk are utilized as feed. Objective: The objective of the analysis was to determine the anti-anxiety effect of varied extracts viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM (Elevated plus maze) as well as actophotometer model in albino mice. Methods: In the present research, the anti-anxiety activities of several extracts were evaluated viz n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, & methanol of the leaves of Cajanus cajan with an EPM model in albino mice. Albino mice have ministered with varied extract dosages orally (for example, 200 & 400 mg/kg) and behaviour on the EPM has been seen. The standard usage of Diazepam (2 mg/kg P.O.) (positive control). Results: Results indicate that the methanolic extract of C. cajan manifested a significant as well as maximum dose-dependent impact at 200 & 400 mg/kg on mice with the help of the EPM model and the results were exactly like diazepam (2 mg/kg), the standard antianxiety substance. The model actophotometer exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in locomotor activity compared to control animals, which is shown at two distinct dosages (200 & 400 mg/kg) of Cajanus cajan. Conclusion: The content of polyphenols was shown in the phytochemical test for methanol extract, which could be liable for the anxiolytic potential of Cajanus cajan. This plant might thus also be cultivated as a potentially beneficial anti-anxiety substance.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87333932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090401
N. R., G. Priyadarshini, S. G.
Pharmacological importance of the nitrogen heterocycles is countless. The triazines are found to possess exceptional biological antitumor, anti-HIV, antiviral, antimalarial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic activities. The current investigation attempts to evaluate invitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxicity of newly synthesized substituted 4'-methyl-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazinoquinolin-5-one. The antimicrobial activity was done by Agar Well Diffusion Method and the MIC of the compound was found using the Broth dilution assay method. The compounds showed excellent antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains, including Gram-positive S. aureus, S. pyogens , and Gram-negative bacteria P. aeroginosa, E. coli, K. peumoniae, Pseudomonas Sp with the zones of inhibition 9 to 19nm. The standard drug Ampicillin showed a maximum inhibitory zone 18 nm. Among all the screened compounds, sample exhibited good activity. Similarly, the compounds were screened for antifungal properties, which showed an excellent reduction in the growth of selected fungal strain for Candida albicans. The compounds were also screened for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity. Cytotoxicity was done in Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells which were obtained from Amala Cancer Research Center. The tested compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner.
{"title":"Pharmacological Studies on Novel Triazino Quinolines","authors":"N. R., G. Priyadarshini, S. G.","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090401","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacological importance of the nitrogen heterocycles is countless. The triazines are found to possess exceptional biological antitumor, anti-HIV, antiviral, antimalarial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic activities. The current investigation attempts to evaluate invitro antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxicity of newly synthesized substituted 4'-methyl-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazinoquinolin-5-one. The antimicrobial activity was done by Agar Well Diffusion Method and the MIC of the compound was found using the Broth dilution assay method. The compounds showed excellent antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains, including Gram-positive S. aureus, S. pyogens , and Gram-negative bacteria P. aeroginosa, E. coli, K. peumoniae, Pseudomonas Sp with the zones of inhibition 9 to 19nm. The standard drug Ampicillin showed a maximum inhibitory zone 18 nm. Among all the screened compounds, sample exhibited good activity. Similarly, the compounds were screened for antifungal properties, which showed an excellent reduction in the growth of selected fungal strain for Candida albicans. The compounds were also screened for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity. Cytotoxicity was done in Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells which were obtained from Amala Cancer Research Center. The tested compounds exhibited significant antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78669641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-01DOI: 10.13189/app.2021.090305
Deepthi Yada, T. Sivakkumar, N. Srinivas
Inflammation is characterized as a local reaction to the injury of any agent by living mammalian tissue. This is a body defense reaction for eliminating or reducing the spread of the damaging agent, followed by removal of the cells and tissues of necroses. Aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens whole plant has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity on albino wistar rats by computing the carrageenan-induced paw edema suppression formed by 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg aqueous extracts. Lower dose (250 mg/kg) also suppresses edema formation significantly, when compared to control but unable to reach significant level as 500 mg/kg extract. Indomethacin suppresses the edema formation significantly when compared to the control. Indomethacin has been used as the standard drug. Anti-inflammatory effect was further assessed using stair climbing Activity, motility test and Cytokine assay methods. Stair climbing score, motility score was significant in case of 500 mg/kg of plant extract when compared to control. In Cytokine assay, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α have been assessed. IL-10, IL- 6, and TNF-α have been reached to near normalcy after treatment with standard (Indomethacin) and Hyptis suaveolens whole plant aqueous extract (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg). The results of the study rationalize the conventional utilization of plants as an anti-inflammatory agent.
{"title":"Aqueous Extract of Hyptis suaveolens Whole Plant Inhibits Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Rats","authors":"Deepthi Yada, T. Sivakkumar, N. Srinivas","doi":"10.13189/app.2021.090305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/app.2021.090305","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation is characterized as a local reaction to the injury of any agent by living mammalian tissue. This is a body defense reaction for eliminating or reducing the spread of the damaging agent, followed by removal of the cells and tissues of necroses. Aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens whole plant has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity on albino wistar rats by computing the carrageenan-induced paw edema suppression formed by 500mg/kg and 250mg/kg aqueous extracts. Lower dose (250 mg/kg) also suppresses edema formation significantly, when compared to control but unable to reach significant level as 500 mg/kg extract. Indomethacin suppresses the edema formation significantly when compared to the control. Indomethacin has been used as the standard drug. Anti-inflammatory effect was further assessed using stair climbing Activity, motility test and Cytokine assay methods. Stair climbing score, motility score was significant in case of 500 mg/kg of plant extract when compared to control. In Cytokine assay, IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α have been assessed. IL-10, IL- 6, and TNF-α have been reached to near normalcy after treatment with standard (Indomethacin) and Hyptis suaveolens whole plant aqueous extract (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg). The results of the study rationalize the conventional utilization of plants as an anti-inflammatory agent.","PeriodicalId":7378,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84816626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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