Journal of injury & violence research最新文献

Background: Dehumanization is a psychological construct meaning denying a person's humanity. The present study has investigated the process of dehumanization in female victims of intimate partner violence using the grounded theory approach.

Methods: For this purpose, 130 women in Tehran were selected through the convenience sampling method, and after completion of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), 60 female victims were identified. In-depth interviews started with these women, and the data reached theoretical saturation by interviewing ten victims.

Results: The data analysis shows the role of dehumanization in the experiences of female victims of intimate partner violence in the form of two models. The first model showed that from the victim's perspective, dehumanization plays a crucial role in intimate partner violence. The second model showed that dehumanization was experienced by these women and is involved in developing strategies in their response to the violence. The combination of these two models showed that dehumanization and violence in the context of domestic violence have a reciprocal relationship, forming a cycle between cognitions, emotions, and negative behaviors between couples.

Conclusions: Data analysis demonstrated that dehumanization might have a role in experiencing intimate partner violence and contribute to IPV recurrence.

Background: Physical and sexual harassment has extensive psychological consequences on people's lives. Therefore, the using of a valid measure to identify this unpleasant experience in people can be useful both in determining the starting point of interventions related to victims and in general screenings in the society. In this regard, due to the lack of native and multidimensional measures to investigate this phenomenon, the aim of this study was to design and validation of the psychosexual harassment questionnaire.

Methods: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature. The study population included all university students aged 18 to 30 in Hamadan province from 2021-2022. From this population, a sample of 600 participants was selected based on a multi-stage cluster sampling method according to the population of the studied cities. The measures were a 27-item researcher-made psychosexual harassment questionnaire and the Ryff Psychological Well-being Scale.

Results: The results showed that the factor load was 27 items appropriate and 2 items inappropriate which were removed from the questionnaire. Finally, four factors including sexual harassment, physical harassment, sexual-virtual harassment, and verbal harassment were identified, in total, four factors could explain 58% of the variance of psychosexual harassment. Based on this, the four identified factors explained 33, 12, 8, and 5 percent of the variance of the structure of the psychosexual harassment construct, respectively. The adequacy of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling and Bartlett sphericity test (7332.2132) was calculated to be significant at the level of 0.001. The overall reliability of this questionnaire was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient equal to 0.91 and the reliability of physical, sexual, sexual-virtual and verbal harassment dimensions equal to 0.90, 0.88, 0.81, and 0.82, respectively.

Conclusions: As a result, given the validity and reliability of this measure, researchers can use this measure to determine the level of four cases of abuse expressed. Also, due to having a nominal table and its interaction with each of the four dimensions of the measure, followed by obtaining very accurate and detailed information from the subject, clinicians can use this measure for clients and patients, especially in the category of disorders.

Background: The increasing rate of traffic crashes involving motorcyclists have turned into a public health and road safety concern. Furthermore, riding behaviors and their precedent factors have been identified as potential determinants for assessing, intervening, and preventing traffic injuries of motorists. This study aimed to identify the effects of a set of demographic and motorcycle-related variables as potential predictors on collision through riding behavior components.

Methods: The study sample was 1,611 motorcyclists who were selected through time-location sampling method from three cities in Iran. They responded a Motorcycle Rider Behavior Questionnaire (MRBQ) and a general questionnaire including sociodemographic and riding-related items. The chosen method to analyze the data was Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through Lavaan package version 0.6-8 of R software version 4.1.0.

Results: All participants were male (100%) with a mean age of 28.1(SD=8.5) years. About 24.4% of riders experienced at least one crash during the last year and the majority of riders did not hold a motorcycle license (80.1%). The SEM model showed that riding license (0.06) and frequency of riding (0.09) had a direct effect on crash involvement. Some latent variables including speed violation (0.13), stunts (0.11) and traffic violation (0.07) had positive effects and safety violation (-0.07) had a negative effect on crash history. There were indirect effects between age and history of crash mediated by speed violation (-0.04), stunts (-0.04), traffic violation (-0.02) and safety violation (0.01). Also, the indirect effects of riding frequency on crash involvement were mediated by speed violation (0.01), traffic violation (0.006) and safety violation (-0.01).

Conclusions: This study's main finding is that age and riding frequency are the main variables indirectly affecting crash involvement. Therefore, periodic training courses for younger riders is essential in order to decreasing crash involvements.

Background: Road traffic accidents are the leading etiological factor for maxillofacial trauma in India. The incidence of these accidents is impacted by various cultural, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors the understanding of which is paramount in assessing their importance in influencing the incidence of maxillofacial injuries.

Methods: Data was collected via a questionnaire from 366 patients who reported with maxillofacial injuries due to Road Traffic Accidents to the casualty and maxillofacial OPD at a tertiary center in the Nalgonda District over a five-year period. Data collected included patient details, type of vehicle involved, speed of the vehicle, type of accident, location of the accident, the seating of the patient, presence of alcohol influence, usage of helmet or seatbelt and the injuries sustained by the patient. Statistical analysis was done using Chi squared test.

Results: 88.5%of the patients were male and 87.4% of the cases were injured in RTA involving two-wheeler vehicles. (50.3%) of the accidents took place between 6 pm to 12 am. 41.5% of cases reported their speed at the time of the accident as 40- 60 kmph. 42% of accidents were reported as skid accidents. 70.29% of accidents on rural roads occurred at night (between 6 pm and 6 am) as opposed to 29.71% during the day. Only 4.37% of cases reported wearing seatbelts or helmets. 51.17% of the participants who were driving reported or were observed as being under the influence of alcohol.

Conclusions: The poor conditions of the roads, the lack of use of protective measures while driving, and the high incidence of driving under the influence of alcohol were seen to be the most significant contributing factors to road traffic accidents causing maxillofacial injuries in the Nalgonda population.

Background: Pre-hospital emergency care is a critical part of the health care system. Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) is a novel part of the medical services of the health care delivery system. The goal of these medical services is to provide appropriate treatments at the right place and time. The pre-hospital emergency is the first line of providing emergency care to patients and injured. To reduce the death and disability of patients, the optimal performance of various pre-hospital emergency branches, such as HEMS, is needed. Thereby, it is essential to pay attention to the importance of hospital wards and patient transfer. However, the HEMS can impose a high cost on the health care system. Due to a lack of evidence, in this study, we will investigate the reasons and consequences of transferring patients by HEMS in Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Qom.

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In this study, sampling was done by the census, and all patients were transferred by air ambulance during the year 1400 (March 2021 to 2022) using the emergency department of Qom province, and the study of patient health records was performed.

Results: A significant percentage of patients (46.8%) were discharged from the emergency department in the first 6 hours. Most of the patients (79%) did not need surgery. 41.1% of the patients were traumatic patients with no pathological findings in their imaging.

Conclusions: Many cases did not necessarily need HEMS to transfer. It is recommended to choose the candidates more carefully for air ambulance transfer to reduce unnecessary costs.

Background: Although the impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on healthy behaviors of adulthood is largely investigated, the role of these adversities in a wide variety of impulsive and risky behaviors (RBs) as well as the role of mediating variables has been rarely studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of positive-negative emotional motivations in the relationship between ACEs and RBs.

Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 401 adults of the general population of Kermanshah (201 individuals) and Kurdistan (200 individuals) were selected and they were assessed using the Risky, Impulsive, & Self-destructive behavior Questionnaire (RISQ) and the Childhood Trauma questionnaire (CTQ). Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis (LPA), the correlation tests and structural equation modeling.

Results: The prevalence of ACEs using LPA was estimated 37.7%. There was a significant correlation between all types of child abuse (not child neglect) and RBs. Emotional motivations played a mediating role in the relationship between ACEs and RBs (RMSEA=0.07, SRMR=0.05, CFI=0.92, TFI=0.90). The proposed model could explain about 11% of the variance of emotional motivations and around 70% of the variance of RBs.

Conclusions: Considering the impact of ACEs on emotional motivations and the impact of emotional motivations on RBs, intervention on emotional motivations may help to reduce RBs in people who suffer from ACEs.

Background: Workplace violence against nursing students is a common phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate Iranian nursing students' experiences of workplace violence, including their reaction to violence and the consequences and the effects of such violence on the students.

Methods: The study participants were undergraduate nursing students. The data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was carried out with qualitative approach using conventional content analysis.

Results: Four categories were extracted from the analysis of the interview transcriptions: vertical violence, horizontal violence, reaction to violence and consequences of violence. Nurses were the major imposers of violence against students and psychological and verbal violations were the most of used forms of violence. The students reacted to violence in the forms of counteracting, reporting, disregarding and considering as commonplace.

Conclusions: Workplace violence is a common phenomenon experienced by nursing students in this study, which causes devastating individual, educational, and professional impacts. Action plans including providing safe environment and appropriate support from nurses and educators should be developed in clinical settings to intervene and to prevent workplace violence.

Background: Road traffic crashes are among the leading causes of death and disability in the world, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed at to conduct a social marketing formative research to inform the development of a campaign to manage driving speed on the intercity roads of Iran.

Methods: To carry out the social marketing formative research, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. Also, a literature review of the speed management strategies was carried out and an analysis of traffic accident data and speeding violations was performed in selected provinces during 2019 and 2020.

Results: Based on the findings of the qualitative study, perceived sense of lack of speed control, poor monitoring system, and law enforcement are the main reasons drivers exceed the speed limit. They mostly suggest using punitive levers and more stringent law enforcement practices for speed management. Literature reviews also confirm that to successfully develop an effective speed management plan a set of measures should be implemented together, including road safety engineering, raising awareness, social marketing strategies, and finally strict law enforcement. The overriding findings of the formative research revealed that to persuade Iranian drivers to respect the speed limit, the messages of the campaign should focus on strict law enforcement in the selected corridors.

Conclusions: In the minds of the Iranian audience, strict law enforcement is of paramount importance for a speed management strategy to work; hence it should be taken into consideration when tailoring the campaign messages. From the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that to manage speed on intercity routes in Iran, a social marketing campaign is needed to encourage compliance with speed limits.

Background: Many accidents caused by vehicles are the result of improper driving behavior. Use the vehicle in an antisocial form has led to a phenomenon called driving violence. Antisocial behavior while driving has a potential risk to other road users. This study aims to explain the conceptual framework of the formation of unsafe antisocial behaviors in the road traffic field.

Methods: This qualitative grounded theory study was conducted with exploratory methods. 31 participants were included in this study. Purposeful and theoretical sampling was used in this study. The data collection process was semi-structured interviews. Codes, subcategories, and categories were extracted by the inductive process and analyzed by Corbin and Strauss approach. Trustworthiness criteria were used to assure the quality of the results. The data analysis process continued until there were no new concepts.

Results: A conceptual model was developed to explain the different relationships between the main categories extracted from the study. 10 main categories with 44 subcategories were extracted. Categories include cultural factors, educational factors, rules, economic factors, psychological factors, infrastructure weakness, poor socialization of individuals, violent driving, reduced social welfare and reduced traffic safety.

Conclusions: The people's socialization weakness in society was considered as the core concept in the process of formation of these behaviors. The conceptual model obtained from this study can be used in developing prevention programs and identifying the required interventions Considering the negative consequences caused by this type of behavior, its prevention should be the focus of road traffic policy makers.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a general and socioeconomic complication and is one of the important causes of mortality and disability among young people in the world. Falling and violence and sports injuries are the other cause. It causes for about ten million new patients, accounting for 9% of all deaths. This interventional study aims to investigate the effects of early administration of cryoprecipitate to prevent expansion of intracranial hemorrhage.

Methods: This randomized clinical trial recruited 54 non-pregnant patients. 27 patients in the control group and 27patients in the interventional group. For all patients, common and accepted procedures in scientific centers, including anticonvulsant drugs, normal saline and the other routine management was done and only for patients in the intervention group, 4 units of cryoprecipitate were added to their routine treatments; computed tomography scan (CT) scan was performed 48 hours later in both groups and finally the contusion size was compared in both groups.

Results: It was observed in the intervention group that by adding 4 units of cryoprecipitate to their treatments; they had no increased size of the brain parenchymal contusion according to the criteria defined in the study compared to the control group (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.0102_0.6303).

Conclusions: According to a clinical trial, it seems that cryoprecipitate can prevent of cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage expansion in traumatic patients.