Journal of perceptual imaging最新文献

英文中文

Artistic Style Meets Artificial Intelligence 艺术风格遇上人工智能

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2021.4.3.030501

Suk Kyoung Choi, S. DiPaola, Hannu Töyrylä

Recent developments in neural network image processing motivate the question, how these technologies might better serve visual artists. Research goals to date have largely focused on either pastiche interpretations of what is framed as artistic “style” or seek to divulge heretofore unimaginable dimensions of algorithmic “latent space,” but have failed to address the process an artist might actually pursue, when engaged in the reflective act of developing an image from imagination and lived experience. The tools, in other words, are constituted in research demonstrations rather than as tools of creative expression. In this article, the authors explore the phenomenology of the creative environment afforded by artificially intelligent image transformation and generation, drawn from autoethnographic reviews of the authors’ individual approaches to artificial intelligence (AI) art. They offer a post-phenomenology of “neural media” such that visual artists may begin to work with AI technologies in ways that support naturalistic processes of thinking about and interacting with computationally mediated interactive creation.

神经网络图像处理的最新发展激发了这个问题，这些技术如何更好地为视觉艺术家服务。迄今为止的研究目标主要集中在对艺术“风格”的模仿解释上，或者试图揭示迄今为止难以想象的算法“潜在空间”的维度，但未能解决艺术家在从事从想象和生活经验中发展图像的反思行为时可能实际追求的过程。换句话说，这些工具是在研究演示中构成的，而不是作为创造性表达的工具。在本文中，作者从作者对人工智能(AI)艺术的个人方法的自我民族志评论中，探索了人工智能图像转换和生成所提供的创作环境的现象学。它们提供了一种“神经媒体”的后现象学，这样视觉艺术家就可以开始使用人工智能技术，以支持自然主义的思考过程，并与计算媒介的互动创作进行互动。

引用次数: 1

Study of Bomb Technician Threat Identification Performance on Degraded X-ray Images 炸弹技术员对退化x射线图像的威胁识别性能研究

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/J.PERCEPT.IMAGING.2021.4.1.010502

J. Glover, Praful Gupta, N. Paulter, A. Bovik

Abstract Portable X-ray imaging systems are routinely used by bomb squads throughout the world to image the contents of suspicious packages and explosive devices. The images are used by bomb technicians to determine whether or not packages contain explosive devices or device components. In events of positive detection, the images are also used to understand device design and to devise countermeasures. The quality of the images is considered to be of primary importance by users and manufacturers of these systems, since it affects the ability of the users to analyze the images and to detect potential threats. As such, there exist national standards that set minimum acceptable image-quality levels for the performance of these imaging systems. An implicit assumption is that better image quality leads to better user identification of components in explosive devices and, therefore, better informed plans to render them safe. However, there is no previously published experimental work investigating this.Toward advancing progress in this direction, the authors developed the new NIST-LIVE X-ray improvised explosive device (IED) image-quality database. The database consists of: a set of pristine X-ray images of IEDs and benign objects; a larger set of distorted images of varying quality of the same objects; ground-truth IED component labels for all images; and human task-performance results locating and identifying the IED components. More than 40 trained U.S. bomb technicians were recruited to generate the human task-performance data. They use the database to show that identification probabilities for IED components are strongly correlated with image quality. They also show how the results relate to the image-quality metrics described in the current U.S. national standard for these systems, and how their results can be used to inform the development of baseline performance requirements. They expect these results to directly affect future revisions of the standard.

便携式x射线成像系统经常被世界各地的拆弹小组用来对可疑包裹和爆炸装置的内容物进行成像。炸弹技术人员使用这些图像来确定包裹中是否含有爆炸装置或装置组件。在阳性检测事件中，图像也用于理解设备设计并设计对策。这些系统的用户和制造商认为图像的质量是最重要的，因为它影响用户分析图像和检测潜在威胁的能力。因此，现有的国家标准为这些成像系统的性能设定了最低可接受的图像质量水平。一个隐含的假设是，更好的图像质量导致用户更好地识别爆炸装置中的组件，从而更好地制定使其安全的知情计划。然而，之前没有发表过研究这一问题的实验工作。为了在这个方向上取得进展，作者开发了新的NIST-LIVE x射线简易爆炸装置(IED)图像质量数据库。该数据库包括:一组简易爆炸装置和良性物体的原始x射线图像;一组相同物体的不同质量的较大的扭曲图像;所有图像的真实IED组件标签;人工任务执行结果定位和识别IED组件。招募了40多名训练有素的美国炸弹技术人员来生成人类任务表现数据。他们使用数据库显示IED组件的识别概率与图像质量密切相关。他们还展示了结果如何与当前美国国家标准中描述的这些系统的图像质量指标相关联，以及他们的结果如何用于通知基线性能需求的开发。他们希望这些结果能直接影响到未来对标准的修订。

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引用次数: 0

Psychophysical Study of Human Visual Perception of Flicker Artifacts in Automotive Digital Mirror Replacement Systems 汽车数字后视镜更换系统中闪烁伪影人眼视觉感知的心理物理研究

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/J.PERCEPT.IMAGING.2021.4.1.010401

Nicolai Behmann, Sousa Weddige, H. Blume

Abstract Aliasing effects due to time-discrete capturing of amplitude-modulated light with a digital image sensor are perceived as flicker by humans. Especially when observing these artifacts in digital mirror replacement systems, they are annoying and can pose a risk. Therefore, ISO 16505 requires flicker-free reproduction for 90 % of people in these systems. Various psychophysical studies investigate the influence of large-area flickering of displays, environmental light, or flickering in television applications on perception and concentration. However, no detailed knowledge of subjective annoyance/irritation due to flicker from camera-monitor systems as a mirror replacement in vehicles exist so far, but the number of these systems is constantly increasing. This psychophysical study used a novel data set from real-world driving scenes and synthetic simulation with synthetic flicker. More than 25 test persons were asked to quantify the subjective annoyance level of different flicker frequencies, amplitudes, mean values, sizes, and positions. The results show that for digital mirror replacement systems, human subjective annoyance due to flicker is greatest in the 15 Hz range with increasing amplitude and magnitude. Additionally, the sensitivity to flicker artifacts increases with the duration of observation.

摘要数字图像传感器对调幅光进行时间离散捕捉所产生的混叠效应被人类感知为闪烁。特别是在数字镜像更换系统中观察这些伪影时，它们令人讨厌并可能构成风险。因此，ISO 16505要求这些系统中90%的人无闪烁再现。各种心理物理研究调查了显示器的大面积闪烁、环境光或电视应用中的闪烁对感知和注意力的影响。然而，到目前为止，还没有关于摄像头监控系统作为车辆后视镜替代品的闪烁所引起的主观烦恼/刺激的详细知识，但这些系统的数量正在不断增加。这项心理物理研究使用了来自真实驾驶场景的新数据集和合成闪烁的合成模拟。超过25名测试者被要求量化不同闪烁频率、幅度、平均值、大小和位置的主观烦恼程度。结果表明，在数字换镜系统中，在15 Hz范围内，随着幅度和幅度的增加，人的主观烦恼最大。此外，对闪烁伪影的灵敏度随观察时间的延长而增加。

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引用次数: 0

Low-contrast Acuity Under Strong Luminance Dynamics and Potential Benefits of Divisive Display Augmented Reality 强亮度动态下的低对比度敏锐度和分裂显示增强现实的潜在优势

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2020.3.3.030501

C. Hung, Chloe Callahan-Flintoft, P. Fedele, Kim F. Fluitt, Barry D. Vaughan, Anthony J. Walker, Min Wei

Abstract Understanding and predicting outdoor visual performance in augmented reality (AR) requires characterizing and modeling vision under strong luminance dynamics, including luminance differences of 10000-to-1 in a single image (high dynamic range, HDR). Classic models of vision, based on displays with 100-to-1 luminance contrast, have limited ability to generalize to HDR environments. An important question is whether low-contrast visibility, potentially useful for titrating saliency for AR applications, is resilient to saccade-induced strong luminance dynamics. The authors developed an HDR display system with up to 100,000-to-1 contrast and assessed how strong luminance dynamics affect low-contrast visual acuity. They show that, immediately following flashes of 25× or 100× luminance, visual acuity is unaffected at 90% letter Weber contrast and only minimally affected at lower letter contrasts (up to +0.20 LogMAR for 10% contrast). The resilience of low-contrast acuity across luminance changes opens up research on divisive display AR (ddAR) to effectively titrate salience under naturalistic HDR luminance.

理解和预测增强现实(AR)中的户外视觉表现需要在强亮度动态下对视觉进行表征和建模，包括单幅图像(高动态范围，HDR)的亮度差异为10000比1。经典的视觉模型，基于亮度对比为100比1的显示器，在HDR环境中泛化的能力有限。一个重要的问题是，对于AR应用中滴定显着性的潜在有用的低对比度可见度是否能够适应眼跳引起的强亮度动态。作者开发了一种对比度高达100,000比1的HDR显示系统，并评估了强亮度动态如何影响低对比度的视觉敏锐度。他们表明，在25倍或100倍亮度的闪烁下，视觉灵敏度在90%的字母韦伯对比度下不受影响，在较低的字母对比度下只受到最小的影响(在10%的对比度下高达+0.20 LogMAR)。低对比度敏锐度在亮度变化中的弹性开启了分裂显示AR (ddAR)的研究，以有效地滴定自然HDR亮度下的显着性。

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引用次数: 3

FP-Nets for Blind Image Quality Assessment 用于盲图像质量评价的FP-Nets

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/J.PERCEPT.IMAGING.2021.4.1.010402

Philipp Grüning, E. Barth

Abstract Feature-Product networks (FP-nets) are a novel deep-network architecture inspired by principles of biological vision. These networks contain the so-called FP-blocks that learn two different filters for each input feature map, the outputs of which are then multiplied. Such an architecture is inspired by models of end-stopped neurons, which are common in cortical areas V1 and especially in V2. The authors here use FP-nets on three image quality assessment (IQA) benchmarks for blind IQA. They show that by using FP-nets, they can obtain networks that deliver state-of-the-art performance while being significantly more compact than competing models. A further improvement that they obtain is due to a simple attention mechanism. The good results that they report may be related to the fact that they employ bio-inspired design principles.

摘要特征-产品网络(FP-nets)是一种受生物视觉原理启发的新型深度网络结构。这些网络包含所谓的fp块，它们为每个输入特征映射学习两个不同的过滤器，然后将其输出相乘。这种结构是受到末端停止神经元模型的启发，末端停止神经元在皮层区域V1中很常见，尤其是在V2中。本文将FP-nets应用于盲图像质量评价(IQA)的三个基准。他们表明，通过使用FP-nets，他们可以获得提供最先进性能的网络，同时比竞争模型明显更紧凑。他们获得的进一步改进是由于一个简单的注意力机制。他们报告的好结果可能与他们采用生物启发设计原则有关。

引用次数: 2

Cartography as Spatial Representation: A new assessment of the competing advantages and drawbacks across fields of science. 作为空间表征的地图学:跨科学领域竞争优势与劣势的新评估。

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 Epub Date: 2021-01-18 DOI: 10.2352/ISSN.2470-1173.2021.11.HVEI-156

Christopher W Tyler

The history of cartography has been marked by the endless search for the perfect form for the representation of the information on a spherical surface manifold into the flat planar format of the printed page or computer screen. Dozens of cartographic formats have been proposed over the centuries from ancient Greek times to the present. This is an issue not just for the mapping of the globe, but in all fields of science where spherical entities are found. The perceptual and representational advantages and drawbacks of many of these formats are considered, particularly in the tension between a unified representation, which is always distorted in some dimension, and a minimally distorted representation, which can only be obtained by segmentation into sectorial patches. The use of these same formats for the mapping of spherical manifolds are evaluated, from quantum physics through the mapping of the brain to the large-scale representation of the cosmos.

地图学的历史标志着对完美形式的永无止境的探索，以将球形歧管上的信息表现为印刷页面或计算机屏幕上的平面格式。从古希腊时代到现在，几个世纪以来已经提出了几十种地图格式。这不仅是地球地图的问题，也是所有发现球形实体的科学领域的问题。考虑了许多这些格式的感知和表征优点和缺点，特别是在统一表示和最小扭曲表示之间的紧张关系中，统一表示在某些维度上总是扭曲的，而最小扭曲表示只能通过分割成扇形块来获得。从量子物理学到大脑的映射，再到宇宙的大尺度表示，对球面流形的映射使用这些相同的格式进行了评估。

引用次数: 0

From the Editors 编辑的话

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2021.4.2.020101

B. Rogowitz, T. Pappas

引用次数: 0

The Difference in Impression between Genuine and Artificial Leather: Quantifying the Feeling of Authenticity 真皮与人造革的印象差异:真实感的量化

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2020.3.2.020501

Shuhei Watanabe, S. Tominaga, T. Horiuchi

引用次数: 3

Using Gaussian Spectra to Derive a Hue-linear Color Space 利用高斯光谱推导色相线性色彩空间

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2020.3.2.020401

Luke Hellwig, M. Fairchild

. A new color space, IGPGTG, was developed. IGPGTG uses the same structure as IPT, an established hue-uniform color space utilized in gamut mapping applications. While IPT was fit to visual data on the perceived hue, IGPGTG was optimized based on evidence linking the peak wavelength of Gaussian-shaped light spectra to their perceived hues. The performance of IGPGTG on perceived hue data was compared to the performance of other established color spaces. Additionally, an experiment was run to directly compare the hue linearity of IGPGTG with those of other color spaces by using Case V of Thurstone's law of comparative judgment to generate hue-linearity scales. IGPGTG performed well in this experiment but poorly on extant visual data. The mixed results indicate that it is possible to derive a moderately hue-linear color space without visual data.

．一种新的色彩空间IGPGTG被开发出来。IGPGTG使用与IPT相同的结构，IPT是在色域映射应用中使用的一种已建立的色调均匀的色彩空间。IPT适合感知色调的视觉数据，而IGPGTG则基于高斯形光谱的峰值波长与其感知色调的关联证据进行优化。将IGPGTG在感知色调数据上的表现与其他已建立的色彩空间的表现进行了比较。另外，利用Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment的Case V直接比较IGPGTG与其他色彩空间的色相线性度，生成色相线性度尺度。IGPGTG在本实验中表现良好，但在现有的视觉数据上表现不佳。混合结果表明，可以在没有视觉数据的情况下推导出适度的色调线性色彩空间。

引用次数: 0

Contribution of Motion Parallax and Stereopsis to the Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality 运动视差和立体视觉对虚拟现实中存在感的贡献

Journal of perceptual imaging

Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.2352/j.percept.imaging.2020.3.2.020502

Siavash Eftekharifar, A. Thaler, N. Troje

Abstract The sense of presence is defined as a subjective feeling of being situated in an environment and occupying a location therein. The sense of presence is a defining feature of virtual environments. In two experiments, we aimed at investigating the relative contribution of motion parallax and stereopsis to the sense of presence, using two versions of the classic pit room paradigm in virtual reality. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to cross a deep abyss between two platforms on a narrow plank. Participants completed the task under three experimental conditions: (1) when the lateral component of motion parallax was disabled, (2) when stereopsis was disabled, and (3) when both stereopsis and motion parallax were available. As a subjective measure of presence, participants completed a presence questionnaire after each condition. Additionally, electrodermal activity (EDA) was recorded as a measure of anxiety. In Experiment 1, EDA responses were significantly higher with restricted motion parallax as compared to the other two conditions. However, no difference was observed in terms of the subjective presence scores across the three conditions. To test whether these results were due to the nature of the environment, participants in Experiment 2 experienced a slightly less stressful environment, where they were asked to stand on a ledge and drop virtual balls to specified targets into the abyss. The same experimental manipulations were used as in Experiment 1. Again, the EDA responses were significantly higher when motion parallax was impaired as compared to when stereopsis was disabled. The results of the presence questionnaire revealed a reduced sense of presence with impaired motion parallax compared to the normal viewing condition. Across the two experiments, our results unexpectedly demonstrate that presence in the virtual environments is not necessarily linked to EDA responses elicited by affective situations as has been implied by earlier studies.

存在感被定义为一种主观的感觉，即置身于一个环境中并占据其中的一个位置。存在感是虚拟环境的一个决定性特征。在两个实验中，我们旨在研究运动视差和立体视对存在感的相对贡献，使用虚拟现实中两个版本的经典坑室范式。在实验1中，参与者被要求在一块狭窄的木板上穿过两个平台之间的深渊。被试在三种实验条件下完成任务:(1)运动视差的横向分量被禁用，(2)立体视觉被禁用，(3)立体视觉和运动视差同时存在。作为在场的主观测量，参与者在每个条件后完成了一份在场问卷。此外，记录皮肤电活动(EDA)作为焦虑的衡量标准。实验1中，受限运动视差组的EDA反应显著高于其他两种情况。然而，在三种情况下，没有观察到主观存在得分的差异。为了测试这些结果是否与环境的性质有关，实验2的参与者经历了一个压力稍小的环境，在这个环境中，他们被要求站在一个窗台上，向深渊中指定的目标投掷虚拟球。实验操作与实验1相同。同样，运动视差受损时的EDA反应明显高于立体视觉受损时的EDA反应。存在感问卷的结果显示，与正常观看条件相比，运动视差受损的存在感降低。在这两个实验中，我们的结果出人意料地表明，在虚拟环境中的存在并不一定与早期研究所暗示的情感情境引发的EDA反应有关。

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