Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2084001
J. Gibbons
ABSTRACT Gentrification, the increase of land values and resident socioeconomic status in previously low-income neighborhoods, is related to the emergence of demographically mixed White neighborhoods. But questions remain as to what kinds of mixtures (White/Black, White/Hispanic, or White/Asian) gentrification facilitates and how stable they are over time. To address this limitation, this study utilizes Census and American Community Survey data for metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2010. We use a typology of racial/ethnic neighborhoods by composition to determine what kind of demographic integration, if any, results from gentrification and how stable it is over time. Using hybrid fixed effects logistic regression to control for modeled and unmodeled factors, we find gentrification is associated with the emergence of mixed-White-and-Black and mixed-White-and-Hispanic neighborhoods, but not mixed White-and-Asian/Pacific Islander neighborhoods. Using conventional logistic regression, we find gentrification that began in the 1980s is related to the long-term integration of Whites with Hispanics and Blacks.
{"title":"The composition and stability of demographic integration through gentrification","authors":"J. Gibbons","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2084001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2084001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gentrification, the increase of land values and resident socioeconomic status in previously low-income neighborhoods, is related to the emergence of demographically mixed White neighborhoods. But questions remain as to what kinds of mixtures (White/Black, White/Hispanic, or White/Asian) gentrification facilitates and how stable they are over time. To address this limitation, this study utilizes Census and American Community Survey data for metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2010. We use a typology of racial/ethnic neighborhoods by composition to determine what kind of demographic integration, if any, results from gentrification and how stable it is over time. Using hybrid fixed effects logistic regression to control for modeled and unmodeled factors, we find gentrification is associated with the emergence of mixed-White-and-Black and mixed-White-and-Hispanic neighborhoods, but not mixed White-and-Asian/Pacific Islander neighborhoods. Using conventional logistic regression, we find gentrification that began in the 1980s is related to the long-term integration of Whites with Hispanics and Blacks.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88517516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2127265
Y. Beebeejaun, A. Modarres
{"title":"An invitation to discourse on race, ethnicity and the city","authors":"Y. Beebeejaun, A. Modarres","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2127265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2127265","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89518666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2087573
J. Cidell
ABSTRACT Spaces of protest have long been of interest to scholars because of their transgressive and highly visible uses of urban space. However, the increased visibility such spaces bring also puts protestors at greater risk of a backlash from others who expect to be able to keep moving at their own pace. Starting in 2015, a series of protests in the U.S. began using large-scale transportation infrastructure in urban areas, especially Black Lives Matter activists. Shortly thereafter, in 2017, a series of bills were introduced in state legislatures across the U.S. to limit or criminalize this activity. This paper analyzes the arguments made by legislative sponsors and supporters of these bills, using the theoretical lenses of friction and the shoal to argue that in the highly mobile society of the U.S., fear of delay or disruption becomes even more powerful when combined with racialized fears of the city.
{"title":"The frictions of highway protests in U.S. cities and the legislative backlash","authors":"J. Cidell","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2087573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2087573","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Spaces of protest have long been of interest to scholars because of their transgressive and highly visible uses of urban space. However, the increased visibility such spaces bring also puts protestors at greater risk of a backlash from others who expect to be able to keep moving at their own pace. Starting in 2015, a series of protests in the U.S. began using large-scale transportation infrastructure in urban areas, especially Black Lives Matter activists. Shortly thereafter, in 2017, a series of bills were introduced in state legislatures across the U.S. to limit or criminalize this activity. This paper analyzes the arguments made by legislative sponsors and supporters of these bills, using the theoretical lenses of friction and the shoal to argue that in the highly mobile society of the U.S., fear of delay or disruption becomes even more powerful when combined with racialized fears of the city.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76045936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-03DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2084478
Kathryn L. Howell, Benjamin F. Teresa
ABSTRACT While the immediate correlates of eviction have been investigated at length, little has been done to connect the root causes in policy and planning over more than a century to the current moment of dispossession. This paper uses analysis of historic documents, including plans, newspaper articles and maps, as well as eviction, geographic foreclosure, and other quantitative data and observational data to make an argument for viewing the state of evictions in Richmond as a continuation of longstanding practices of dispossession and disempowerment in Black neighborhoods. We argue that eviction is one of a chain of dispossessions that is both economic and political. We also argue that framing eviction as an individual, rather than a collective, public problem facilitates ongoing marginalization and inaction. Finally, we cannot understand and address Virginia’s high eviction rates without examining the roots of the ongoing, racialized dispossession and lack of political power in these communities.
{"title":"“The map of race is the map of Richmond”: Eviction and the enduring regimes of racialized dispossession and political demobilization","authors":"Kathryn L. Howell, Benjamin F. Teresa","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2084478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2084478","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the immediate correlates of eviction have been investigated at length, little has been done to connect the root causes in policy and planning over more than a century to the current moment of dispossession. This paper uses analysis of historic documents, including plans, newspaper articles and maps, as well as eviction, geographic foreclosure, and other quantitative data and observational data to make an argument for viewing the state of evictions in Richmond as a continuation of longstanding practices of dispossession and disempowerment in Black neighborhoods. We argue that eviction is one of a chain of dispossessions that is both economic and political. We also argue that framing eviction as an individual, rather than a collective, public problem facilitates ongoing marginalization and inaction. Finally, we cannot understand and address Virginia’s high eviction rates without examining the roots of the ongoing, racialized dispossession and lack of political power in these communities.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86076682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-18DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2061392
Eyako Heh, Joel Wainwright
ABSTRACT In mid-2020, the movement for Black liberation reached a new stage after the murder of George Floyd generated unprecedented urban protests against racial injustice. Two years on, these appeals have not translated into widespread policy change. We analyze the movement’s relationship to the U.S. state, focusing on state surveillance of the movement. To grasp this, we consider four distinct but intersecting historical processes: first, the long-standing repression of Black people by the U.S.; second, a political shift in the management of urban protest after September 11, 2001; third, the rapid enhancement of technological means for surveillance; and fourth, the emergence of an evolved political form of authoritarianism since ca. 2009. The political economic conjuncture of these processes is not conducive to the movement for Black lives. This movement, and the campaign to reduce state surveillance, are therefore interdependent struggles for collective liberation.
{"title":"No privacy, no peace: Urban surveillance and the movement for Black lives","authors":"Eyako Heh, Joel Wainwright","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2061392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2061392","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In mid-2020, the movement for Black liberation reached a new stage after the murder of George Floyd generated unprecedented urban protests against racial injustice. Two years on, these appeals have not translated into widespread policy change. We analyze the movement’s relationship to the U.S. state, focusing on state surveillance of the movement. To grasp this, we consider four distinct but intersecting historical processes: first, the long-standing repression of Black people by the U.S.; second, a political shift in the management of urban protest after September 11, 2001; third, the rapid enhancement of technological means for surveillance; and fourth, the emergence of an evolved political form of authoritarianism since ca. 2009. The political economic conjuncture of these processes is not conducive to the movement for Black lives. This movement, and the campaign to reduce state surveillance, are therefore interdependent struggles for collective liberation.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77662983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-18DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2022.2051778
Hyunjin Cho
ABSTRACT While immigrant studies focus on the role of local-level migration and integration policies to respond to the immigrant groups in their areas, the research on how urban policies mediate the social inequality which ethnic minorities face are still not sufficient, particularly in the context of the new immigrant-receiving countries. This article analyzes the construction of immigrant groups and the social oppression experienced by immigrant groups in Seoul. Specifically, this article focuses on multilayered social pressure experienced by low-income foreign-born workers and marriage migrants, who account for 36% and 7.9%, respectively, of the city’s foreign-born population. This article shows that diversity policies in Seoul ultimately reaffirm, rather than challenge, national definitions of the different ethnic groups by strengthening the categories and associated social oppressions of gender, ethnicity, and class. The study is based on a documentary analysis of policies on immigrants in Seoul and interviews with public officials and immigrants.
{"title":"Imagining diversity in Seoul: Gender and immigrant identities","authors":"Hyunjin Cho","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2022.2051778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2022.2051778","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While immigrant studies focus on the role of local-level migration and integration policies to respond to the immigrant groups in their areas, the research on how urban policies mediate the social inequality which ethnic minorities face are still not sufficient, particularly in the context of the new immigrant-receiving countries. This article analyzes the construction of immigrant groups and the social oppression experienced by immigrant groups in Seoul. Specifically, this article focuses on multilayered social pressure experienced by low-income foreign-born workers and marriage migrants, who account for 36% and 7.9%, respectively, of the city’s foreign-born population. This article shows that diversity policies in Seoul ultimately reaffirm, rather than challenge, national definitions of the different ethnic groups by strengthening the categories and associated social oppressions of gender, ethnicity, and class. The study is based on a documentary analysis of policies on immigrants in Seoul and interviews with public officials and immigrants.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74980426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2021.2024104
Megan Faust
ABSTRACT This paper offers an initial theoretical examination of the discourse surrounding racially-mixed neighborhoods. Using scholarly work on time, space, and power as its foundation, this study develops the concept of residential time, or the perception and experience of a neighborhood’s demographic and cultural lifespan, and traces its deployment in narratives surrounding racially-integrated neighborhoods. I draw on both the academic literature concerning race and space as well as select news articles on neighborhoods in New Orleans, Louisiana, as examples of the discursive relegation of racially-mixed neighborhoods, demonstrating how public discourse characterizes them as unstable and fleeting. I argue that this temporal relegation ultimately serves white spatial politics, or the differential construction of residential time in a manner that propels the aims of racial capitalism. The implications of such a widespread characterization of residential time in mixed-race neighborhoods are similarly discussed.
{"title":"The space that time forgot: Temporal narratives of racially integrated neighborhoods","authors":"Megan Faust","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2021.2024104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2021.2024104","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper offers an initial theoretical examination of the discourse surrounding racially-mixed neighborhoods. Using scholarly work on time, space, and power as its foundation, this study develops the concept of residential time, or the perception and experience of a neighborhood’s demographic and cultural lifespan, and traces its deployment in narratives surrounding racially-integrated neighborhoods. I draw on both the academic literature concerning race and space as well as select news articles on neighborhoods in New Orleans, Louisiana, as examples of the discursive relegation of racially-mixed neighborhoods, demonstrating how public discourse characterizes them as unstable and fleeting. I argue that this temporal relegation ultimately serves white spatial politics, or the differential construction of residential time in a manner that propels the aims of racial capitalism. The implications of such a widespread characterization of residential time in mixed-race neighborhoods are similarly discussed.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72507341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-02DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2021.2007740
Y. Loo
ABSTRACT London’s Limehouse Chinatown was often negatively portrayed in the media and popular fictional works, which stigmatizes and racializes the Chinese community. There has been little scholarly studies about the memories of the original Chinese residents in Limehouse Chinatown. As a project of de-imperializing city, I situate this article in the contested field of postcolonial cities in relation to decolonizing imperial legacies with a focus on contesting a racialized ethnic minority space, i.e., Limehouse Chinatown. By reframing the racialized Limehouse Chinatown from a bounded Chinese space into a shared place beyond the Chinese community, I seek to re-inscribe the memories of Limehouse Chinatown into the narrative of the postcolonial intercultural city of Londonwith some original interview-based accounts from the Limehouse’s mixed race residents. In turn, the role of writing about ethnic minority spaces such as Chinatown is also examined.
{"title":"“Mixed race,” Chinese identity, and intercultural place: Decolonizing urban memories of Limehouse Chinatown in London","authors":"Y. Loo","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2021.2007740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2021.2007740","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT London’s Limehouse Chinatown was often negatively portrayed in the media and popular fictional works, which stigmatizes and racializes the Chinese community. There has been little scholarly studies about the memories of the original Chinese residents in Limehouse Chinatown. As a project of de-imperializing city, I situate this article in the contested field of postcolonial cities in relation to decolonizing imperial legacies with a focus on contesting a racialized ethnic minority space, i.e., Limehouse Chinatown. By reframing the racialized Limehouse Chinatown from a bounded Chinese space into a shared place beyond the Chinese community, I seek to re-inscribe the memories of Limehouse Chinatown into the narrative of the postcolonial intercultural city of Londonwith some original interview-based accounts from the Limehouse’s mixed race residents. In turn, the role of writing about ethnic minority spaces such as Chinatown is also examined.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75987553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Housing discrimination and racial segregation have a long history in the United States. The 1930's Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) "residential security maps," recently digitized, have become a popular visualization of Depression era mortgage lending risk patterns across American cities. Numerous housing policies have since been instituted, including the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), but mortgage lending bias persists. The degree to which detailed spatial patterns of bias have persisted or changed along with urban change is not well understood. We compare historic HOLC grades and contemporary levels of mortgage lending bias using spatially detailed HMDA data. We further examine the relationship between HOLC risk grades and contemporary racial and ethnic settlement patterns. Results suggest that historical mortgage lending risk categorizations and settlement patterns are associated with contemporary mortgage lending bias and racial and ethnic settlement patterns. Concerted and deliberate efforts will be needed to change these patterns.
{"title":"Persistence of mortgage lending bias in the United States: 80 years after the Home Owners' Loan Corporation security maps.","authors":"Sima Namin, Yuhong Zhou, Wei Xu, Emily McGinley, Courtney Jankowski, Purushottam Laud, Kirsten Beyer","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2021.2019568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2021.2019568","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Housing discrimination and racial segregation have a long history in the United States. The 1930's Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) \"residential security maps,\" recently digitized, have become a popular visualization of Depression era mortgage lending risk patterns across American cities. Numerous housing policies have since been instituted, including the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), but mortgage lending bias persists. The degree to which detailed spatial patterns of bias have persisted or changed along with urban change is not well understood. We compare historic HOLC grades and contemporary levels of mortgage lending bias using spatially detailed HMDA data. We further examine the relationship between HOLC risk grades and contemporary racial and ethnic settlement patterns. Results suggest that historical mortgage lending risk categorizations and settlement patterns are associated with contemporary mortgage lending bias and racial and ethnic settlement patterns. Concerted and deliberate efforts will be needed to change these patterns.</p>","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387904/pdf/nihms-1766939.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9074605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-02DOI: 10.1080/26884674.2021.1997343
T. Stockton
ABSTRACT This study examined pre-service teachers’ initial perceptions of urban communities and schools. Furthermore, it explored whether engaging in critical service-learning coursework incorporating an anti-racist curriculum disrupted the mechanisms that perpetuate racist ideological habits and associations. The narrative analysis deconstructed 12 participants’ reflective essays using a critical race theoretical lens. The overall findings revealed that the participants experience urban communities through racist associations and ideologies promoting white supremacist thinking. The critical service-learning course did influence the perceptions of the participants. However, findings suggest that a single critical service-learning course is insufficient to prepare pre-service teachers with the anti-racist pedagogies necessary for disrupting the ideological habits they bring to the classroom. Therefore, this study concluded that teacher education programs should infuse anti-racist development as an ongoing and progressive aspect of their program.
{"title":"Dangerous associations: Racializing urban communities and the influence of one critical service-learning course to disrupt racist ideological habits","authors":"T. Stockton","doi":"10.1080/26884674.2021.1997343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/26884674.2021.1997343","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examined pre-service teachers’ initial perceptions of urban communities and schools. Furthermore, it explored whether engaging in critical service-learning coursework incorporating an anti-racist curriculum disrupted the mechanisms that perpetuate racist ideological habits and associations. The narrative analysis deconstructed 12 participants’ reflective essays using a critical race theoretical lens. The overall findings revealed that the participants experience urban communities through racist associations and ideologies promoting white supremacist thinking. The critical service-learning course did influence the perceptions of the participants. However, findings suggest that a single critical service-learning course is insufficient to prepare pre-service teachers with the anti-racist pedagogies necessary for disrupting the ideological habits they bring to the classroom. Therefore, this study concluded that teacher education programs should infuse anti-racist development as an ongoing and progressive aspect of their program.","PeriodicalId":73921,"journal":{"name":"Journal of race, ethnicity and the city","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85901654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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