Alcohol and alcoholism最新文献

Background: Exposure to alcohol advertisements and imagery is associated with alcohol initiation and use by adolescents and adults. The current study provides an update on the previously published article 'A content analysis of alcohol imagery in season 2 of The Kardashians' by exploring content in season 4 and estimating population exposure to this content.

Methods: A content analysis of alcohol content in all 10 episodes of season 4 of The Kardashians was undertaken, and alcohol content was measured using 1-min interval coding. The presence of alcohol in the following four categories was noted: (i) actual use, (ii) implied use, (iii) other alcohol reference, and (iv) brand appearances, with particular attention paid to appearances of the Kardashian-owned brand of tequila, 818. Population exposure to content in season 2 and season 4 was estimated using population estimates and viewing figures.

Results: Alcohol content and branding continue to be shown in season 4, with a significant increase in any alcohol content, other alcohol content, alcohol branding, and 818 branding in season 4 compared to season 2. The two series resulted in a combined 347 million 818 tequila-branded gross impressions to the UK population.

Conclusions: This content is not recognized by the UK regulator Ofcom as product placement, as there is no product placement deal in place. The current study posits that, despite this, 818 tequila is receiving widespread exposure through inclusion in the programme, suggesting that regulation on other forms of brand inclusion should exist.

Aim: To understand the views and experiences of homeless adults who drink hazardously around alcohol use, alcohol harms and access to liver healthcare, and to quantify the prevalence of alcohol-related morbidity in this population.

Methods: A sample of homeless adults (aged 18+) who drink hazardously (AUDIT score ≥8) were recruited to complete a health and alcohol use survey. From this sample, a smaller sample was purposively selected for semi-structured interview. Participants were recruited via liver outreach clinics held in five homeless hostels/day-centres in Southampton. Using a critical realist approach, qualitative data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and descriptive statistics produced for survey responses.

Results: Around 56 survey participants were recruited, 84% of whom had probable alcohol dependence and 18% a diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. Themes identified from 10 interviews described the ubiquity of alcohol misuse and harms in the life-histories of people experiencing homelessness (PEH), the differing levels of understanding and risk recognition of alcohol-related harms, and how PEH rationalize hazardous drinking, despite the risks. Normalization of alcohol misuse and harms underlies these themes and likely contributes to feelings of fatalism and powerlessness to prevent these harms.

Conclusions: Normalization of alcohol-related harms may represent a barrier to timely engagement with healthcare and a mechanism driving greater likelihood of alcohol-related harms in PEH. Improving knowledge around alcohol-related harms and healthcare may help to counter the misperceptions of risk and fatalistic attitudes that normalization fosters. Such intervention may be particularly effective for PEH if targeted towards those accessing hostels and day-centres.

Aims: Alcohol consumption has been identified as a significant risk factor for health and mortality. However, it remains unclear how many years are lived by individuals with various drinking groups and how many of these years are disability-free. The study aims to examine the association between alcohol consumption and total life expectancy (TLE) and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE).

Methods: Incidence-based multistate life tables (MSLTs) were used to estimate TLE and DFLE by gender and alcohol consumption for individuals aged 50 years and over from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, 1998-2018).

Results: Our results indicate a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and TLE and DFLE, and gender differences are observed. The quantity of drinks consumed per occasion is more influential than the frequency of drinking days regarding health and mortality. Binge drinking is associated with reduced TLE and DFLE, especially for women.

Conclusions: The study provides additional evidence for consideration in gender-differentiated guidelines. Policies discouraging binge drinking and promoting responsible consumption are crucial. The observed gender differences necessitate tailored approaches and interventions addressing the challenges faced by women regarding alcohol consumption.

Background: A reinforcer pathology approach to alcohol use disorder (AUD) proposes that high alcohol reinforcing value (high alcohol demand) and overvaluation of immediate rewards (high discounting of future rewards) are critical determinants of problematic drinking. Applied to clinical settings, these indicators have not been examined as potential assessments for use in clinical practice. Toward that end, the current study examined whether reinforcer pathology indicators accurately classify individuals with AUD from recreational drinkers without AUD at levels that would meet clinical accuracy benchmarks.

Methods: In a case-control sample of 267 Canadian adults (180 meeting DSM-5 criteria for AUD), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed using reinforcer pathology indicators from an alcohol purchase task and a monetary delay discounting tasks.

Results: Analysis of the ROC curves revealed that three alcohol demand indices from the alcohol purchase task [i.e. Intensity (observed consumption when free), Omax (observed maximum expenditure), and α (a derived index of price-sensitivity)] significantly differed by groups and met established clinical benchmarks for diagnostic differentiation. While delay discounting significantly differed between groups, it did not meet benchmarks as a clinical differentiator.

Conclusions: This study provides evidence that behavioral economic measures of alcohol valuation accurately diagnostically discriminate individuals with AUD from recreational drinkers. Future work should consider utilizing other behavioral economic indices and validating these results in more diverse populations.

Aims: This exploratory study aimed to examine how virtual reality (VR) environments as an experimental tool can evoke and modulate alcohol craving among university students. Specifically, we investigated how exposure to a party scene with alcohol-related stimuli versus a relaxing environment influenced craving levels.

Methods: Thirty-seven university students were sequentially immersed in two VR scenarios-a party scene with alcohol cues and a nature-based relaxation scene. Craving was assessed at three time points using a VAS, and post-exposure using the Alcohol Urge Questionnaire (AUQ). A linear mixed-effects model tested the influence of time and individual predictors (age, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test [AUDIT-C], AUQ, Questionnaire on the Experience of Presence [QEP], sex) on craving dynamics.

Results: A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine craving trajectories across repeated measurement time points during the VR sessions. Craving did not significantly increase from baseline to midpoint (P = .06) and decreased significantly from midpoint to end (P = .002). Post-exposure AUQ scores as a state measure of craving were the only significant predictor of overall craving intensity (P < .001); age, sex, AUDIT-C, and sense of presence (QEP) had no significant effects.

Conclusions: VR environments can recreate real-life craving fluctuations, with increased urge in cue-rich settings and reduction in calming contexts. Our findings position VR as an experimental tool for studying craving dynamics; therapeutic efficacy was not assessed.

Aims: Prolonged alcohol misuse is a common cause of chronic pancreatitis, a disease characterized by progressive pancreatic fibrosis. Currently, there are no specific therapies due to unclear mechanisms. To explore the molecular mechanisms in chronic pancreatitis, we focused on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway and reported an anti-fibrogenic role of BMP signaling and a pro-fibrogenic role of Gremlin1 (Grem1, an endogenous BMP antagonist) using constitutive global knockout (KO) mice of BMP receptor type II (Bmpr2) and Grem1. In this study, we generated fibroblast(f)-specific KO mouse lines, Bmpr2fKO, Bmpr2fKO; Activin receptor (Acvr)2a+/-, and Grem1fKO and evaluated the KO effects on alcohol-associated chronic pancreatitis (ACP).

Methods: Bmpr2fKO, Bmpr2fKO; Acvr2a+/-, and Grem1fKO were generated and ACP was induced in the mice fed with a 4% alcohol liquid diet and injected with cerulein for up to 4 weeks. The pancreata were collected, ACP severity was assessed by histopathological scores and fibrosis, and pancreatic BMP signaling molecule messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were measured by quantitative PCR.

Results: ACP progressed in wild-type C57BL/6 mice in a time-dependent fashion, correlating with elevated mRNA levels of Col1a2, Bmp2, and Bmpr2. However, there were no significant differences in ACP severity observed in Bmpr2fKO, Bmpr2fKO; Acvr2a+/-, and Grem1fKO mice compared to the respective controls.

Conclusions: Fibroblast-specific targeting of BMP signaling may not be sufficient to alter the outcome of ACP.

Aims: Alcohol-related harm occurs at lower levels than previously recognized, warranting a need to identify mediators to reduce alcohol-associated risk in increased-risk drinkers. Stages of change (SOC) have been used to assess motivation for health behaviour alteration. The primary aim was to explore distribution on SOC among medical inpatients when comparing low-risk, increased-risk, and high-risk consumers as defined by Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test-Consumption (AUDIT-C). Our secondary aim was to assess the distribution of SOC when consumption was stratified with a biomarker of alcohol use-phospatidylethanol 16:0/18:1.

Methods: Cross-sectional study with three participating hospitals. Recruiting consecutive medical inpatients ≥18 years with regular alcohol consumption as screened by score ≥2 on the first question in AUDIT-C (N = 888). AUDIT-C score and SOC were assessed by questionnaires, and phospatidylethanol concentration in a blood sample. Odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals were calculated through a univariate logistic regression analysis for each variable, and multivariable logistic regression models were then fit to calculate the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.

Results: Distributions of SOC differed between the three risk-groups. Distribution of SOC was comparable whether assessed by phospatidylethanol or AUDIT-C.

Conclusions: Increased-risk consumers constitute the majority of those in action-the only stage associated with consecutive reduction in drinking. Potentially, these results can aid in reducing perceived barriers among health care professionals in screening and offering health advice to those with increased-risk consumption and inform further research on mediators in this subgroup.

Aims: This study sought to understand the subjective individual and collective benefits of alcohol use for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people in the UK.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey, co-produced with a TGD community advisory group, was open for responses from 1 February until 31 March 2022. Respondents were UK-based TGD adults who reported current or historical alcohol use. Those included in this sub-sample (n = 295) provided a valid response to one of two open-ended questions (OQ) concerning the subjective benefits of alcohol to TGD individuals (OQ1) and the perceived role of alcohol in UK TGD communities (OQ2). Data from these questions were collated (n = 455 responses) and coded using thematic analysis.

Results: An overarching theme was identified, 'belonging', under which two themes were developed to answer each question. For individuals, alcohol enhanced intimacy and relieved pain, and was described to have a role in bringing the TGD community together and facilitating gender exploration and affirmation.

Conclusion: TGD people experience a range of benefits from using alcohol, attributable to its anxiolytic and analgesic properties. Many respondents felt alcohol had a specific role in their communities, associated with the relative safety of alcohol-serving venues for TGD people.

This study employs an instrumental-variable approach to examine how county-level job shares influence the alcohol use among the working-aged individuals in the USA. Higher job shares in finance and other services are associated with a greater risk of binge drinking and alcohol use disorder, whereas higher shares in the construction and trade sectors appear to confer protective effects.

Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale score, but not Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, was associated with the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale score, in inpatients after alcohol detoxification. Disentangling the complex links between these key clinical dimensions need more detailed studies of insight according to the different deficit in cognitive functions observed in patients with alcohol-related cognitive impairment, as social cognition or meta-cognition.