Global production of synthetic polymers such as plastics is nearly 390 million tons/year, which is creating enormous challenges on a number of frontiers including environment, sustainable development and health. The non-degradability of plastics and petrochemical-based polymers is a huge environmental crisis despite being an industry with billions of dollars share in global economy. Water pollution due to synthetic plastics and related products is evident from the fact that 7 million tons of land based plastic debris enters oceans and water bodies annually endangering the sea life which is not only a concern for the aquatic environment but also for the sea food industry and eventually to human health. Eco-friendly and sustainable polymers from a number of living organisms can be used as an alternative to synthetic polymers. Biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, pectin, keratin, chitin, gelatin and polyhydroxyalkanoates can be obtained from natural biomass sources. All these biopolymers exhibit suitable physiochemical, thermal and mechanical properties that make them suitable for the production of bioplastics that are biobased and biodegradable in nature. Use of biopolymers is not limited to bioplastics but ranges from sustainable production of other products such as bio-implants, biofuels, and medicinal products. In this review, we have discussed comprehensively about the sources of biopolymers, their extraction and purification methods and the reasons that make them efficient biopolymers for the environment.
{"title":"Bioplastics from Biopolymers: An Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solution of Plastic Pollution","authors":"Faizan Muneer, Habibullah Nadeem, Amna Arif, Warda Zaheer","doi":"10.1134/S1811238221010057","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1811238221010057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global production of synthetic polymers such as plastics is nearly 390 million tons/year, which is creating enormous challenges on a number of frontiers including environment, sustainable development and health. The non-degradability of plastics and petrochemical-based polymers is a huge environmental crisis despite being an industry with billions of dollars share in global economy. Water pollution due to synthetic plastics and related products is evident from the fact that 7 million tons of land based plastic debris enters oceans and water bodies annually endangering the sea life which is not only a concern for the aquatic environment but also for the sea food industry and eventually to human health. Eco-friendly and sustainable polymers from a number of living organisms can be used as an alternative to synthetic polymers. Biopolymers such as starch, cellulose, pectin, keratin, chitin, gelatin and polyhydroxyalkanoates can be obtained from natural biomass sources. All these biopolymers exhibit suitable physiochemical, thermal and mechanical properties that make them suitable for the production of bioplastics that are biobased and biodegradable in nature. Use of biopolymers is not limited to bioplastics but ranges from sustainable production of other products such as bio-implants, biofuels, and medicinal products. In this review, we have discussed comprehensively about the sources of biopolymers, their extraction and purification methods and the reasons that make them efficient biopolymers for the environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5159386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) is a well-known aliphatic-aromatic biodegradable random co-polyester that is structurally composed of a chemical unit of butylene adipate and butylene terephthalate. It can be synthesized by a polycondensation reaction in the melt stage. However, the synthesis process is very much complicated because it requires a high esterification temperature as well as a vacuum to achieve a suitable molecular weight for different grade industrial applications. Additionally, the synthesis process gives the various side reactions that associate depolymerization with hydrolytic degradation, the color of polymer, tetrahydrofuran formation, etc. This short literature review deals with the various methods development of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) synthesis for commercial scale. Moreover, different grades of its synthesis are also investigated with chain extenders, branching agents, chemical functionalization and in-situ incorporation of nanocomposites.
{"title":"Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Polyester Synthesis Process and Product Development","authors":"Denial Mahata, Sangeetha Karthikeyan, Rahul Godse, Virendra Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1134/S1811238221010045","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S1811238221010045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poly(butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-terephthalate) is a well-known aliphatic-aromatic biodegradable random co-polyester that is structurally composed of a chemical unit of butylene adipate and butylene terephthalate. It can be synthesized by a polycondensation reaction in the melt stage. However, the synthesis process is very much complicated because it requires a high esterification temperature as well as a vacuum to achieve a suitable molecular weight for different grade industrial applications. Additionally, the synthesis process gives the various side reactions that associate depolymerization with hydrolytic degradation, the color of polymer, tetrahydrofuran formation, etc. This short literature review deals with the various methods development of poly(butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-terephthalate) synthesis for commercial scale. Moreover, different grades of its synthesis are also investigated with chain extenders, branching agents, chemical functionalization and in-situ incorporation of nanocomposites.</p>","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5155708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-30DOI: 10.1134/S181123822101001X
Al. Al. Berlin
The problems that have arisen in the process of research work when solving various applied and scientific problems are considered. Basically, this concerns the synthesis and various properties of polymers. Special attention is paid to phenomena, at first glance, mysterious, requiring a nontrivial approach to explain them. Only understanding the essence of the phenomenon itself makes it possible to obtain an answer and find an adequate qualitative and quantitative description of a new mystery of nature.
{"title":"Polymer Mysteries of Chemical Physics","authors":"Al. Al. Berlin","doi":"10.1134/S181123822101001X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S181123822101001X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The problems that have arisen in the process of research work when solving various applied and scientific problems are considered. Basically, this concerns the synthesis and various properties of polymers. Special attention is paid to phenomena, at first glance, mysterious, requiring a nontrivial approach to explain them. Only understanding the essence of the phenomenon itself makes it possible to obtain an answer and find an adequate qualitative and quantitative description of a new mystery of nature.</p>","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5150009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020046
A. L. Didenko, D. A. Kuznetsov, G. V. Vaganov, V. E. Smirnova, E. N. Popova, A. G. Ivanov, V. M. Svetlichnyi, V. E. Yudin, V. V. Kudryavtsev
{"title":"Multiblock Copoly(urethane–imide)s with the Properties of Thermoplastic Elastomers","authors":"A. L. Didenko, D. A. Kuznetsov, G. V. Vaganov, V. E. Smirnova, E. N. Popova, A. G. Ivanov, V. M. Svetlichnyi, V. E. Yudin, V. V. Kudryavtsev","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1134/S1811238220020046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4396504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020174
O. N. Zabegaeva, D. A. Sapozhnikov, Ya. S. Vygodskii
{"title":"Molecular Composites Based on Polyimides","authors":"O. N. Zabegaeva, D. A. Sapozhnikov, Ya. S. Vygodskii","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4400290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020058
N. N. Fateev, V. I. Solomakhin, B. A. Baiminov, A. V. Chuchalov, D. A. Sapozhnikov, Ya. S. Vygodskii
{"title":"Gas-Transport Properties of Polyimides with Various Side Groups","authors":"N. N. Fateev, V. I. Solomakhin, B. A. Baiminov, A. V. Chuchalov, D. A. Sapozhnikov, Ya. S. Vygodskii","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1134/S1811238220020058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4400315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020149
K. M. Skupov, I. I. Ponomarev, Yu. M. Vol’fkovich, A. D. Modestov, Iv. I. Ponomarev, Yu. A. Volkova, D. Yu. Razorenov, V. E. Sosenkin
{"title":"The Effect of the Stabilization and Carbonization Temperatures on the Properties of Microporous Carbon Nanofiber Cathodes for Fuel Cells on Polybenzimidazole Membrane","authors":"K. M. Skupov, I. I. Ponomarev, Yu. M. Vol’fkovich, A. D. Modestov, Iv. I. Ponomarev, Yu. A. Volkova, D. Yu. Razorenov, V. E. Sosenkin","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1134/S1811238220020149","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4401184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020150
I. A. Timoshkin, V. V. Aleshkevich, E. S. Afanas’eva, B. A. Bulgakov, A. V. Babkin, A. V. Kepman, V. V. Avdeev
{"title":"Heat-Resistant Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Based on a Copolymer of Bisphthalonitriles and Bisbenzonitrile","authors":"I. A. Timoshkin, V. V. Aleshkevich, E. S. Afanas’eva, B. A. Bulgakov, A. V. Babkin, A. V. Kepman, V. V. Avdeev","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4401187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S1811238220020010
A. Yu. Alent’ev, V. E. Ryzhikh, N. A. Belov
{"title":"Highly Permeable Polyheteroarylenes for Membrane Gas Separation: Recent Trends in Chemical Structure Design","authors":"A. Yu. Alent’ev, V. E. Ryzhikh, N. A. Belov","doi":"10.1134/S1811238220020010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S1811238220020010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4400291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-09DOI: 10.1134/S181123822002006X
I. V. Gofman, A. L. Nikolaeva, I. V. Abalov, E. M. Ivan’kova, I. V. Kuntzman, M. Ya. Goikhman, A. V. Yakimansky, T. O. Kozlova, A. E. Baranchikov, V. K. Ivanov
{"title":"Influence of Nanosized Cerium Oxide on the Thermal Characteristics of Aromatic Polyimide Films","authors":"I. V. Gofman, A. L. Nikolaeva, I. V. Abalov, E. M. Ivan’kova, I. V. Kuntzman, M. Ya. Goikhman, A. V. Yakimansky, T. O. Kozlova, A. E. Baranchikov, V. K. Ivanov","doi":"10.1134/S181123822002006X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/S181123822002006X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":740,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Science, Series C","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1134/S181123822002006X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"4401188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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