Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1038/s44221-026-00588-y
Three years after the launch of Nature Water, we assess our development as a journal and provide clearer guidance on the boundaries of our scope.
在《自然之水》创刊三年后，我们对期刊的发展进行了评估，并对我们的范围边界提供了更清晰的指导。
{"title":"Clarifying our remit as we enter a new phase","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44221-026-00588-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-026-00588-y","url":null,"abstract":"Three years after the launch of Nature Water, we assess our development as a journal and provide clearer guidance on the boundaries of our scope.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-026-00588-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanofiltration is an effective technology for producing clean water through the removal of harmful pathogens, micropollutants and ions. However, its dependence on a power supply and complex configuration hinder the deployment of nanofiltration systems in underserved regions. To support universal access to clean water in these regions, we have developed an ultrapermeable polyamide nanofiltration membrane that can be used in an electricity-free portable purifier. The membrane features a nature-inspired substrate that mimics the highly efficient fractal transport structures found in leaves and blood vessels. The polyamide nanofilm supported by this unique fractal substrate achieved a record-high permeance of 113.6 l m−2 h−1 bar−1, an order of magnitude higher than current commercial benchmarks. The design enabled rapid water purification by simple manual vacuum pumping, producing over 250 ml of pure water within 15 min using small palm-sized membrane disks with an area of 157 cm2. Furthermore, the nanofiltration membrane exhibited 98.0% Na2SO4 rejection, along with exceptional removal of pathogens (>99.9999%) and micropollutants (for example, 99.1% of perfluorooctanesulfonate). By delivering high-quality purified water without the need for any electricity, this portable purifier offers a practical solution that is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, focusing on clean water and sanitation. A membrane system operating without electricity and inspired by natural fractal transport patterns achieves exceptional nanofiltration performance, offering a simple and reliable source of potable water for decentralized communities.
{"title":"Fractal-inspired ultrapermeable membranes for electricity-free portable nanofiltration","authors":"Bowen Gan, Yaowen Hu, Wenyu Liu, Zhuting Wang, Qimao Gan, Zhe Yang, Qian Xiao, Peng-Fei Sun, Lu Elfa Peng, Chuyang Y. Tang","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00551-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00551-3","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofiltration is an effective technology for producing clean water through the removal of harmful pathogens, micropollutants and ions. However, its dependence on a power supply and complex configuration hinder the deployment of nanofiltration systems in underserved regions. To support universal access to clean water in these regions, we have developed an ultrapermeable polyamide nanofiltration membrane that can be used in an electricity-free portable purifier. The membrane features a nature-inspired substrate that mimics the highly efficient fractal transport structures found in leaves and blood vessels. The polyamide nanofilm supported by this unique fractal substrate achieved a record-high permeance of 113.6 l m−2 h−1 bar−1, an order of magnitude higher than current commercial benchmarks. The design enabled rapid water purification by simple manual vacuum pumping, producing over 250 ml of pure water within 15 min using small palm-sized membrane disks with an area of 157 cm2. Furthermore, the nanofiltration membrane exhibited 98.0% Na2SO4 rejection, along with exceptional removal of pathogens (>99.9999%) and micropollutants (for example, 99.1% of perfluorooctanesulfonate). By delivering high-quality purified water without the need for any electricity, this portable purifier offers a practical solution that is aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6, focusing on clean water and sanitation. A membrane system operating without electricity and inspired by natural fractal transport patterns achieves exceptional nanofiltration performance, offering a simple and reliable source of potable water for decentralized communities.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"68-77"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00572-y
Jiansuxuan Chen, Ruobin Dai
Underserved regions need electricity-free purifiers for clean water. Membranes with ultra-permeable nanofiltration performance present a promising route to delivering high-quality water purification without reliance on power or complex configuration.
{"title":"Purifying water with manual pumping","authors":"Jiansuxuan Chen, Ruobin Dai","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00572-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00572-y","url":null,"abstract":"Underserved regions need electricity-free purifiers for clean water. Membranes with ultra-permeable nanofiltration performance present a promising route to delivering high-quality water purification without reliance on power or complex configuration.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"12-13"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00565-x
Mathis Loïc Messager
Non-perennial rivers and streams that periodically cease to flow are ubiquitous but seldom mapped, let alone monitored. Scaling models that include even the tiniest rivulets estimate that up to 78% of the world’s watercourses naturally stop flowing at least one day per year.
{"title":"Scaling laws reveal the extent of Earth’s drying headwaters","authors":"Mathis Loïc Messager","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00565-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00565-x","url":null,"abstract":"Non-perennial rivers and streams that periodically cease to flow are ubiquitous but seldom mapped, let alone monitored. Scaling models that include even the tiniest rivulets estimate that up to 78% of the world’s watercourses naturally stop flowing at least one day per year.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantifying the fraction of a river network that does not flow year-round is crucial, as the wetting and drying of channels governs important hydrological and biogeochemical services of watersheds. However, this remains challenging due to limited experimental data and the difficulty of accurately representing the total length of rivers draining a landscape. Here we present new global estimates of non-perennial stream fractions by extrapolating low-resolution global simulations and detailed field observations from experimental sites spanning diverse climatic settings. Our findings show that non-perennial streams are far more prevalent than previously recognized, both regionally and globally. When small headwater streams are comprehensively accounted for, the global fraction of non-perennial channels rises above 0.7 (up to 0.78), with regional estimates in relatively humid regions such as Italy and the eastern USA exceeding 0.5. The study reveals that, owing to the abundance of small upland streams, the effect of channel wetting and drying in headwaters persists even in much larger basins. The systematic prevalence of non-perennial streams across different watershed sizes calls for a paradigm shift in water science, emphasizing the importance of adequately considering channel network dynamics in the assessment of hydrological, ecological and societal services provided by rivers. Understanding the prevalence of non-perennial streams is vital for assessing the hydrological and biogeochemical functions of watersheds, yet accurate quantification remains challenging. This study uses global simulations and field data to reveal that non-perennial streams are more widespread than previously thought, both regionally and globally, highlighting the importance of adequately considering channel network dynamics in water science.
{"title":"Headwater streams control the non-perennial fraction of the global river network","authors":"Gianluca Botter, Francesca Barone, Nicola Durighetto","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00549-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00549-x","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying the fraction of a river network that does not flow year-round is crucial, as the wetting and drying of channels governs important hydrological and biogeochemical services of watersheds. However, this remains challenging due to limited experimental data and the difficulty of accurately representing the total length of rivers draining a landscape. Here we present new global estimates of non-perennial stream fractions by extrapolating low-resolution global simulations and detailed field observations from experimental sites spanning diverse climatic settings. Our findings show that non-perennial streams are far more prevalent than previously recognized, both regionally and globally. When small headwater streams are comprehensively accounted for, the global fraction of non-perennial channels rises above 0.7 (up to 0.78), with regional estimates in relatively humid regions such as Italy and the eastern USA exceeding 0.5. The study reveals that, owing to the abundance of small upland streams, the effect of channel wetting and drying in headwaters persists even in much larger basins. The systematic prevalence of non-perennial streams across different watershed sizes calls for a paradigm shift in water science, emphasizing the importance of adequately considering channel network dynamics in the assessment of hydrological, ecological and societal services provided by rivers. Understanding the prevalence of non-perennial streams is vital for assessing the hydrological and biogeochemical functions of watersheds, yet accurate quantification remains challenging. This study uses global simulations and field data to reveal that non-perennial streams are more widespread than previously thought, both regionally and globally, highlighting the importance of adequately considering channel network dynamics in water science.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"25-35"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00549-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00547-z
Daniele Penna
Forested catchments are ‘hydrological hotspots’ in the world as they act as major sources of high-quality water on Earth and provide essential ecosystem services. Understanding their hydrological functioning is therefore critical for effective land, water and forest management. While field and modelling studies have often focused on individual catchments or multisite intercomparisons, a global analysis of runoff processes in forested catchments is currently lacking, limiting our understanding of how biotic and abiotic factors interact to control these processes across the world. Here data are synthesized from 691 globally distributed forested catchments to identify the main controls on runoff processes, streamflow response and streamflow prediction and assess how these controls vary with climate. Using this global dataset, seven classic hypotheses and an original one are tested. The results corroborate some theories while challenging others, offering new, process-based insights into the intertwined factors controlling runoff generation in forested catchments worldwide. Forested catchments are vital hydrological hotspots, yet a global analysis of their runoff processes remains elusive. This study synthesizes data from 691 forested catchments worldwide, testing eight hypotheses to reveal how biotic and abiotic factors influence runoff generation and providing new insights for land, water and forest management across diverse climates.
{"title":"Controls on runoff processes in forested catchments worldwide","authors":"Daniele Penna","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00547-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00547-z","url":null,"abstract":"Forested catchments are ‘hydrological hotspots’ in the world as they act as major sources of high-quality water on Earth and provide essential ecosystem services. Understanding their hydrological functioning is therefore critical for effective land, water and forest management. While field and modelling studies have often focused on individual catchments or multisite intercomparisons, a global analysis of runoff processes in forested catchments is currently lacking, limiting our understanding of how biotic and abiotic factors interact to control these processes across the world. Here data are synthesized from 691 globally distributed forested catchments to identify the main controls on runoff processes, streamflow response and streamflow prediction and assess how these controls vary with climate. Using this global dataset, seven classic hypotheses and an original one are tested. The results corroborate some theories while challenging others, offering new, process-based insights into the intertwined factors controlling runoff generation in forested catchments worldwide. Forested catchments are vital hydrological hotspots, yet a global analysis of their runoff processes remains elusive. This study synthesizes data from 691 forested catchments worldwide, testing eight hypotheses to reveal how biotic and abiotic factors influence runoff generation and providing new insights for land, water and forest management across diverse climates.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"102-114"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00570-0
Hilary McMillan
Forests cover almost a third of earth’s land and supply high-quality streamflow and groundwater. A global synthesis of forested catchments provides surprising insights into the importance of overland flow, soils and antecedent conditions.
{"title":"Forest streamflow driven by soils, topography and previous rains","authors":"Hilary McMillan","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00570-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00570-0","url":null,"abstract":"Forests cover almost a third of earth’s land and supply high-quality streamflow and groundwater. A global synthesis of forested catchments provides surprising insights into the importance of overland flow, soils and antecedent conditions.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"4-5"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00571-z
Xiao-feng Kang
Toxic metal contamination in water represents one of the most urgent yet underrecognized threats to public health and the environment. Now, a functionalized nanopore capable of simultaneously detecting ten divalent metal ions in water offers a transformative tool for environmental monitoring and public health protection.
{"title":"Ten hidden metals and a nanopore in water","authors":"Xiao-feng Kang","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00571-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00571-z","url":null,"abstract":"Toxic metal contamination in water represents one of the most urgent yet underrecognized threats to public health and the environment. Now, a functionalized nanopore capable of simultaneously detecting ten divalent metal ions in water offers a transformative tool for environmental monitoring and public health protection.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal elements, critical to diverse industrial applications, also pose substantial environmental pollution risks when mismanaged. Conventional metal ion detection methods, however, are limited by high operational costs, bulky equipment and poor portability for on-site analysis, suggesting the need for an accurate, cost-effective and portable sensing strategy that is capable of addressing various metal ions directly from a heterogeneous sample. In this study, we engineered a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A nanopore by incorporating an iminodiacetic acid ligand at its constriction site, creating a versatile sensor that is capable of simultaneously identifying ten divalent metal ions, namely, Sn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Ni2+. By integrating machine learning algorithms, this approach achieved a remarkable validation accuracy of 0.996. When applied to natural water samples, the strategy effectively demonstrated its practical utility for real-world environmental monitoring and metal ion detection. A portable and affordable sensor based on iminodiacetic acid-modified nanopores can effectively detect a wide array of divalent metal ions, even within complex natural water environments.
{"title":"Iminodiacetic acid modification enables nanopore identification of major divalent metal ions in natural water samples","authors":"Wen Sun, Tian Li, Zixuan Wang, Yunqi Xiao, Panke Zhang, Kefan Wang, Shuo Huang","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00544-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00544-2","url":null,"abstract":"Metal elements, critical to diverse industrial applications, also pose substantial environmental pollution risks when mismanaged. Conventional metal ion detection methods, however, are limited by high operational costs, bulky equipment and poor portability for on-site analysis, suggesting the need for an accurate, cost-effective and portable sensing strategy that is capable of addressing various metal ions directly from a heterogeneous sample. In this study, we engineered a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A nanopore by incorporating an iminodiacetic acid ligand at its constriction site, creating a versatile sensor that is capable of simultaneously identifying ten divalent metal ions, namely, Sn2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Ni2+. By integrating machine learning algorithms, this approach achieved a remarkable validation accuracy of 0.996. When applied to natural water samples, the strategy effectively demonstrated its practical utility for real-world environmental monitoring and metal ion detection. A portable and affordable sensor based on iminodiacetic acid-modified nanopores can effectively detect a wide array of divalent metal ions, even within complex natural water environments.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"58-67"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00559-9
Huanhuan Hu, Juntong Leng, Chong-Wen Zhou, Weihang Jia, Quan Chen, Yang Bai, Zhenhu Hu, Yuansheng Hu, Piet N. L. Lens, Rongrong Ding, Yang Mu, Lisha Zhen, Xinmin Zhan
Global nitrogen cycling is tightly governed by iron and sulfur biogeochemical processes in anoxic environments, while the mechanism of surface vacancy structures of iron sulfides in nitrate transformation remains unclear. Here we show that pyrrhotite with iron vacancies and a low Fe–S bond energy (1.35 eV) facilitates efficient electron transfer and microbial utilization of reduced sulfur to convert nitrate into dinitrogen. Conversely, FeS2, with strong Fe–S bonding (1.63 eV), shows minimal reactivity due to restricted electron mobility. FeS, with an intermediate bond energy (1.39 eV) and abundant sulfur vacancies, supports simultaneous abiotic nitrate-to-ammonium and microbial nitrate-to-dinitrogen conversions. These mineral-specific mechanisms regulate nitrogen transformations in anoxic systems such as wetlands and marine sediments, ultimately shaping global nitrogen cycling. Furthermore, tuning iron sulfide phases and vacancy structures offers potential strategies for sustainable wastewater treatment, steering nitrate removal towards nutrient recovery or benign dinitrogen production. Iron–sulfur minerals play critical roles in regulating nitrogen cycling under anoxic conditions. This study shows that pyrrhotite with abundant iron vacancies promotes electron transfer and microbial nitrate reduction to dinitrogen.
{"title":"Surface vacancy structure of iron sulfide critical to nitrogen transformation during denitrification","authors":"Huanhuan Hu, Juntong Leng, Chong-Wen Zhou, Weihang Jia, Quan Chen, Yang Bai, Zhenhu Hu, Yuansheng Hu, Piet N. L. Lens, Rongrong Ding, Yang Mu, Lisha Zhen, Xinmin Zhan","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00559-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00559-9","url":null,"abstract":"Global nitrogen cycling is tightly governed by iron and sulfur biogeochemical processes in anoxic environments, while the mechanism of surface vacancy structures of iron sulfides in nitrate transformation remains unclear. Here we show that pyrrhotite with iron vacancies and a low Fe–S bond energy (1.35 eV) facilitates efficient electron transfer and microbial utilization of reduced sulfur to convert nitrate into dinitrogen. Conversely, FeS2, with strong Fe–S bonding (1.63 eV), shows minimal reactivity due to restricted electron mobility. FeS, with an intermediate bond energy (1.39 eV) and abundant sulfur vacancies, supports simultaneous abiotic nitrate-to-ammonium and microbial nitrate-to-dinitrogen conversions. These mineral-specific mechanisms regulate nitrogen transformations in anoxic systems such as wetlands and marine sediments, ultimately shaping global nitrogen cycling. Furthermore, tuning iron sulfide phases and vacancy structures offers potential strategies for sustainable wastewater treatment, steering nitrate removal towards nutrient recovery or benign dinitrogen production. Iron–sulfur minerals play critical roles in regulating nitrogen cycling under anoxic conditions. This study shows that pyrrhotite with abundant iron vacancies promotes electron transfer and microbial nitrate reduction to dinitrogen.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"4 1","pages":"91-101"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146027658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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