Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00481-0
Alexander I. Wiechert, Gyoung Gug Jang, Costas Tsouris
Nuclear-fuel-cycle wastewater contains a considerable amount of uranium that must be removed. A new electron-buffering adsorbent provides an economically efficient means of recycling uranium to address remediation and fuel resource needs.
{"title":"Harvesting uranium from nuclear waste streams","authors":"Alexander I. Wiechert, Gyoung Gug Jang, Costas Tsouris","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00481-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00481-0","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear-fuel-cycle wastewater contains a considerable amount of uranium that must be removed. A new electron-buffering adsorbent provides an economically efficient means of recycling uranium to address remediation and fuel resource needs.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"852-853"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00474-z
Yang Liu, Changting Wang, Jinjuan Chen, Canjie Lin, Wenjie Kuang, Yekai Lian, Zhenle He, Zhen Wang, Jintong Lin, Khaled Bin Bandar, Saud Aldrees, Mohammed Alhussaini, Yifeng Shi, Jianping Cao, Bei Liu, Yi Jiang, Yetao Tang, Hanchao Zhang, Wenbin Wang, Peng Wang
High-purity salt extraction from saline water through conventional processes is complex and environmentally unsustainable. Here we propose a diffusion-driven selective crystallization strategy for high-purity salt production directly from source water with mixed salts. The essence of the strategy lies in purposefully suppressing non-ion-selective transfer processes (for example, convection) to harness differences in ion diffusion, thereby directing the targeted ion to selectively move to the crystallization surface. As a proof of concept, a floating porous membrane evaporator was designed, which universally achieved high-purity salt production (>99.10%) from saline water of mixed ions such as Na+/K+, Ba2+/K+ and Mg2+/Li+. Furthermore, the practical application potential of the strategy was demonstrated by the evaporator, which, in the absence of any pre- and posttreatment, successfully produced high-purity NaCl crystals (99.36%) out of real seawater in just one step. This strategy opens a new horizon for precise ion separation and enriches the toolbox of high-purity salt production. Extracting high-purity salt from saline water through conventional processes is complex and environmentally unsustainable. A diffusion-driven selective crystallization strategy that uses a precisely designed floating porous membrane to suppress non-ion-selective transfer enables simple and precise ion separation and high-purity salt production from mixed source solutions such as Na+/K+, Ba2+/K+ and Mg2+/Li+.
{"title":"Diffusion-driven selective crystallization of high-purity salt through simple and sustainable one-step evaporation","authors":"Yang Liu, Changting Wang, Jinjuan Chen, Canjie Lin, Wenjie Kuang, Yekai Lian, Zhenle He, Zhen Wang, Jintong Lin, Khaled Bin Bandar, Saud Aldrees, Mohammed Alhussaini, Yifeng Shi, Jianping Cao, Bei Liu, Yi Jiang, Yetao Tang, Hanchao Zhang, Wenbin Wang, Peng Wang","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00474-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00474-z","url":null,"abstract":"High-purity salt extraction from saline water through conventional processes is complex and environmentally unsustainable. Here we propose a diffusion-driven selective crystallization strategy for high-purity salt production directly from source water with mixed salts. The essence of the strategy lies in purposefully suppressing non-ion-selective transfer processes (for example, convection) to harness differences in ion diffusion, thereby directing the targeted ion to selectively move to the crystallization surface. As a proof of concept, a floating porous membrane evaporator was designed, which universally achieved high-purity salt production (>99.10%) from saline water of mixed ions such as Na+/K+, Ba2+/K+ and Mg2+/Li+. Furthermore, the practical application potential of the strategy was demonstrated by the evaporator, which, in the absence of any pre- and posttreatment, successfully produced high-purity NaCl crystals (99.36%) out of real seawater in just one step. This strategy opens a new horizon for precise ion separation and enriches the toolbox of high-purity salt production. Extracting high-purity salt from saline water through conventional processes is complex and environmentally unsustainable. A diffusion-driven selective crystallization strategy that uses a precisely designed floating porous membrane to suppress non-ion-selective transfer enables simple and precise ion separation and high-purity salt production from mixed source solutions such as Na+/K+, Ba2+/K+ and Mg2+/Li+.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"927-936"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental remediation of uranium-containing wastewater has emerged as a critical challenge in the nuclear industry, addressing both ecological protection and resource sustainability concerns. However, conventional adsorption methods suffer from slow kinetics, whereas electrochemical approaches are limited by the direct coupling between electron injection and uranyl ion reduction, leading to ion-blocking layers that severely impede remediation efficiency. Here we develop an electron-buffering rechargeable microelectrode adsorbent system that operates through a three-step cycle: electron storage, uranium extraction and adsorbent regeneration. This sequential process decouples electron injection from uranyl ion reduction by separating them in time and space. The microelectrode stores electrons in an environment free of competing ions and releases them in a controlled manner during uranium extraction. The Fe–O bonds on the surface serve as active sites for capturing uranyl ions and lowering their reduction overpotential, whereas the release of charge-balancing cations maintains surface electronegativity for efficient mass transfer. This synergistic integration achieves an initial extraction rate of 1,062 mg g−1 h−1 and a uranium capacity of 854 mg g−1, with nearly 100% electron utilization efficiency. Most importantly, when tested with actual uranium mine wastewater containing 0.545 ppm uranium, the system achieves 97.1% extraction efficiency and a capacity of 78.5 mg g−1 within 6 h, demonstrating its practical viability for environmental remediation. A synergistic approach for uranium extraction, a rechargeable microelectrode adsorbent system, integrates the functions of adsorption and electrochemical reduction, leading to an excellent extraction rate and high adsorption capacity.
{"title":"Electron-buffering rechargeable microelectrode adsorbents for rapid environmental remediation of uranium-containing wastewater","authors":"Sizhe Chen, Xiaojun Wang, Hongzhi Zheng, Ziwei Wang, Xiyang Wang, Zhichao Lin, Shijia Feng, Chuanfei Zhang, Tao Sun, Jia Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00471-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00471-2","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental remediation of uranium-containing wastewater has emerged as a critical challenge in the nuclear industry, addressing both ecological protection and resource sustainability concerns. However, conventional adsorption methods suffer from slow kinetics, whereas electrochemical approaches are limited by the direct coupling between electron injection and uranyl ion reduction, leading to ion-blocking layers that severely impede remediation efficiency. Here we develop an electron-buffering rechargeable microelectrode adsorbent system that operates through a three-step cycle: electron storage, uranium extraction and adsorbent regeneration. This sequential process decouples electron injection from uranyl ion reduction by separating them in time and space. The microelectrode stores electrons in an environment free of competing ions and releases them in a controlled manner during uranium extraction. The Fe–O bonds on the surface serve as active sites for capturing uranyl ions and lowering their reduction overpotential, whereas the release of charge-balancing cations maintains surface electronegativity for efficient mass transfer. This synergistic integration achieves an initial extraction rate of 1,062 mg g−1 h−1 and a uranium capacity of 854 mg g−1, with nearly 100% electron utilization efficiency. Most importantly, when tested with actual uranium mine wastewater containing 0.545 ppm uranium, the system achieves 97.1% extraction efficiency and a capacity of 78.5 mg g−1 within 6 h, demonstrating its practical viability for environmental remediation. A synergistic approach for uranium extraction, a rechargeable microelectrode adsorbent system, integrates the functions of adsorption and electrochemical reduction, leading to an excellent extraction rate and high adsorption capacity.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"937-948"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00467-y
Yanghua Duan, Ruoyu Wang, Amit N. Shocron, Menachem Elimelech
Reactive nanofiltration membranes integrate catalytic transformation with molecular separation to remove diverse aqueous contaminants. However, their development is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the interplay between solute mass transport and chemical reactions. Here we introduce key design principles by systematically evaluating their performance using a modelling approach. Efficient oxidant transport is essential for maximizing contaminant degradation. For membranes with surface-loaded catalysts, avoiding mass transport limitations ensures effective catalyst utilization, whereas for membranes with interior-loaded catalysts, optimizing oxidant partitioning enhances oxidant utilization efficiency. In addition, selective solute rejection reduces interference from natural organic matter, facilitating more selective contaminant transformation inside membrane pores. Consequently, contaminant transformation is dominated by surface-catalysed reactions at low permeate water fluxes, while interior-catalysed reactions dominate at high fluxes. However, rejecting both oxidants and contaminants does not enhance surface-catalysed treatment performance under an optimally designed scenario, highlighting the need for strategic design of membrane rejection. Beyond organic contaminant removal, nanofiltration membranes also minimize secondary contamination by rejecting the produced salts during the catalytic reactions. Furthermore, strategic selection of oxidant–catalyst pairs can enhance treatment performance by generating suitable reactive species. By establishing a theoretical framework for designing and optimizing reactive nanofiltration membranes, this study provides critical insights into the development of advanced water treatment technologies. A model is designed to analyse solute transport and catalytic reactions in reactive nanofiltration membranes by identifying key design principles for catalyst loading strategies, membrane properties and operating conditions.
{"title":"Design principles of catalytic reactive membranes for water treatment","authors":"Yanghua Duan, Ruoyu Wang, Amit N. Shocron, Menachem Elimelech","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00467-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00467-y","url":null,"abstract":"Reactive nanofiltration membranes integrate catalytic transformation with molecular separation to remove diverse aqueous contaminants. However, their development is hindered by an incomplete understanding of the interplay between solute mass transport and chemical reactions. Here we introduce key design principles by systematically evaluating their performance using a modelling approach. Efficient oxidant transport is essential for maximizing contaminant degradation. For membranes with surface-loaded catalysts, avoiding mass transport limitations ensures effective catalyst utilization, whereas for membranes with interior-loaded catalysts, optimizing oxidant partitioning enhances oxidant utilization efficiency. In addition, selective solute rejection reduces interference from natural organic matter, facilitating more selective contaminant transformation inside membrane pores. Consequently, contaminant transformation is dominated by surface-catalysed reactions at low permeate water fluxes, while interior-catalysed reactions dominate at high fluxes. However, rejecting both oxidants and contaminants does not enhance surface-catalysed treatment performance under an optimally designed scenario, highlighting the need for strategic design of membrane rejection. Beyond organic contaminant removal, nanofiltration membranes also minimize secondary contamination by rejecting the produced salts during the catalytic reactions. Furthermore, strategic selection of oxidant–catalyst pairs can enhance treatment performance by generating suitable reactive species. By establishing a theoretical framework for designing and optimizing reactive nanofiltration membranes, this study provides critical insights into the development of advanced water treatment technologies. A model is designed to analyse solute transport and catalytic reactions in reactive nanofiltration membranes by identifying key design principles for catalyst loading strategies, membrane properties and operating conditions.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"949-962"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00473-0
Peter Raymond, Noah Planavsky, Christopher T. Reinhard
The application of limestone to croplands has the potential to remove atmospheric CO2 while improving crop yields and restoring ecosystems from the acidification associated with industrialization.
{"title":"Using carbonates for carbon removal","authors":"Peter Raymond, Noah Planavsky, Christopher T. Reinhard","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00473-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00473-0","url":null,"abstract":"The application of limestone to croplands has the potential to remove atmospheric CO2 while improving crop yields and restoring ecosystems from the acidification associated with industrialization.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"844-847"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-06DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00482-z
Navid B. Saleh
Technology alone cannot solve the water pollution crisis in local and Indigenous communities. Its potential must be reconciled with the ethos of those it aims to serve and with the historical mistrust bred by extractive practices.
{"title":"Empathic design as a platform for nano-enabled water treatment","authors":"Navid B. Saleh","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00482-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00482-z","url":null,"abstract":"Technology alone cannot solve the water pollution crisis in local and Indigenous communities. Its potential must be reconciled with the ethos of those it aims to serve and with the historical mistrust bred by extractive practices.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"842-843"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00469-w
Hang Liu, Renqi Wang, Chengzhi Hu, Michael J. Plewa, Chao Liu
Tyre-related chemicals, which enter the aquatic environment through surface runoff, are of growing concern owing to their high ecotoxicity and ubiquitous occurrence. However, their toxicological effects in drinking water remain unknown. Here, using Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity as the metric, we found that chloramine, chlorine and ozone disinfection substantially elevated the cytotoxicity of tyre-impacted water (5.0-, 4.0- and 1.4-fold increases, respectively). These were 3.1–6.0 times as high as disinfected pristine lake waters. Toxicity correlates with halogenated (especially brominated and iodinated) products formed from reactions between additives and disinfectants based on non-target analysis. Thirty-three chemicals (for example, benzothiazoles, phenols, benzophenones and arylamines) accounting for <5% of total carbon mass and their transformation products contributed to 25–36% of the cytotoxicity of disinfected tyre-impacted water. The cytotoxicity of drinking water could be substantially elevated in extreme precipitation events. This research advances our understanding of toxicological effects from tyre-related chemicals for drinking-water sources with intensive tyre particle impact, suggesting the need for pretreatment strategies and environmentally benign tyre additives. Although tyre-related chemicals are raising concerns, information about their toxicity after water disinfection is still lacking. Data on Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity now show that chloramine, chlorine and ozone disinfection substantially elevated the cytotoxicity of tyre-impacted water.
{"title":"Unveiling the mammalian cell cytotoxicity of tyre-impacted water in disinfection","authors":"Hang Liu, Renqi Wang, Chengzhi Hu, Michael J. Plewa, Chao Liu","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00469-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00469-w","url":null,"abstract":"Tyre-related chemicals, which enter the aquatic environment through surface runoff, are of growing concern owing to their high ecotoxicity and ubiquitous occurrence. However, their toxicological effects in drinking water remain unknown. Here, using Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity as the metric, we found that chloramine, chlorine and ozone disinfection substantially elevated the cytotoxicity of tyre-impacted water (5.0-, 4.0- and 1.4-fold increases, respectively). These were 3.1–6.0 times as high as disinfected pristine lake waters. Toxicity correlates with halogenated (especially brominated and iodinated) products formed from reactions between additives and disinfectants based on non-target analysis. Thirty-three chemicals (for example, benzothiazoles, phenols, benzophenones and arylamines) accounting for <5% of total carbon mass and their transformation products contributed to 25–36% of the cytotoxicity of disinfected tyre-impacted water. The cytotoxicity of drinking water could be substantially elevated in extreme precipitation events. This research advances our understanding of toxicological effects from tyre-related chemicals for drinking-water sources with intensive tyre particle impact, suggesting the need for pretreatment strategies and environmentally benign tyre additives. Although tyre-related chemicals are raising concerns, information about their toxicity after water disinfection is still lacking. Data on Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity now show that chloramine, chlorine and ozone disinfection substantially elevated the cytotoxicity of tyre-impacted water.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"902-912"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00470-3
Sitao Liu, Liang Wu
Engineered wood electrodes combined with pulsed electrochemistry enable efficient hydrogen peroxide generation and iron cycling from ambient air. This strategy greatly improves electro-Fenton stability, energy efficiency and pollutant removal in scalable wastewater treatment systems.
{"title":"Electro-Fenton with a wooden core","authors":"Sitao Liu, Liang Wu","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00470-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00470-3","url":null,"abstract":"Engineered wood electrodes combined with pulsed electrochemistry enable efficient hydrogen peroxide generation and iron cycling from ambient air. This strategy greatly improves electro-Fenton stability, energy efficiency and pollutant removal in scalable wastewater treatment systems.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 8","pages":"850-851"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00476-x
Authors of manuscripts submitted from August 2025 will be able to elect for the review reports and rebuttal letters to be published with their papers.
2025年8月以后投稿的作者可选择随论文发表的评审报告和反驳信。
{"title":"Transparent peer review coming to Nature Water","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00476-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00476-x","url":null,"abstract":"Authors of manuscripts submitted from August 2025 will be able to elect for the review reports and rebuttal letters to be published with their papers.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 7","pages":"748-748"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00476-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-21DOI: 10.1038/s44221-025-00475-y
Micro- and nanoplastics dispersed in the environment can affect entire ecosystems. It’s time to reach an international agreement to contain plastic contamination and avert dramatic consequences.
{"title":"The not-so-hidden threats of plastic pollution","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s44221-025-00475-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s44221-025-00475-y","url":null,"abstract":"Micro- and nanoplastics dispersed in the environment can affect entire ecosystems. It’s time to reach an international agreement to contain plastic contamination and avert dramatic consequences.","PeriodicalId":74252,"journal":{"name":"Nature water","volume":"3 7","pages":"747-747"},"PeriodicalIF":24.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44221-025-00475-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145122976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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