Spatial perspective-taking is predicted to include two crucial processes: the detachment of representational self and the self-representation movement. This study shows the features of these processes in three age groups: 36 children aged 5–6 years (13 girls), 29 students aged 19–24 years (20 women), and 33 adults aged 60–84 years (14 women). Participants performed a video game task of spatial perspective-taking. Their response times and eye movements were measured. Reaction latency (RL) data were gathered from the stimulus presentation to the beginning of the gaze movement as the detachment. The remaining time (RT) calculated from the perspective of operation time minus RL was measured as the self-representation movement. A two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the RTs. Significant main effects of age group in RTs revealed that the child group was significantly slower than the students’ and older adults’ groups. Older adults were significantly slower than students. In a two-way mixed design ANOVA conducted on the RLs, a significant main effect of age group in RLs revealed that the child group was significantly slower than the students’ and older adults’ groups. The results suggest that the core of spatial perspective-taking comprises the anticipated processes.
{"title":"Features of Two Embodied Processes in Spatial Perspective-Taking Across the Lifespan","authors":"Masayuki Watanabe, Himiko Ozawa","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0137","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spatial perspective-taking is predicted to include two crucial processes: the detachment of representational self and the self-representation movement. This study shows the features of these processes in three age groups: 36 children aged 5–6 years (13 girls), 29 students aged 19–24 years (20 women), and 33 adults aged 60–84 years (14 women). Participants performed a video game task of spatial perspective-taking. Their response times and eye movements were measured. Reaction latency (RL) data were gathered from the stimulus presentation to the beginning of the gaze movement as the detachment. The remaining time (RT) calculated from the perspective of operation time minus RL was measured as the self-representation movement. A two-way mixed-design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted on the RTs. Significant main effects of age group in RTs revealed that the child group was significantly slower than the students’ and older adults’ groups. Older adults were significantly slower than students. In a two-way mixed design ANOVA conducted on the RLs, a significant main effect of age group in RLs revealed that the child group was significantly slower than the students’ and older adults’ groups. The results suggest that the core of spatial perspective-taking comprises the anticipated processes.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140520982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The start of the Covid-19 vaccine rollout in early 2021 was accompanied by miscommunication from medical and political actors and decision-makers with regard to its availability. In central European countries, it was not clear when and to what extent vaccines would be available to the public. As our main hypothesis, we assumed that uncertainty about the availability of vaccines (vs certainty), as they were stated in media communication, might affect vaccination acceptance in conspiracy believers positively, who are otherwise assumed to have a low acceptance of vaccination. In a large preregistered online study (N = 659), we did not find evidence that media communication relates to vaccination acceptance, but conspiracy believers tended to accept the vaccine more if they were given the option to choose their preferred vaccine. This latter exploratory finding could be confirmed in a follow-up study (N = 199).
{"title":"“I Have Some Serious Doubts About this Vaccine…” – Generic Conspiracy Beliefs Predict the Acceptance of the Covid-19 Vaccination","authors":"Hilmar Brohmer, Sonja Walcher","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The start of the Covid-19 vaccine rollout in early 2021 was accompanied by miscommunication from medical and political actors and decision-makers with regard to its availability. In central European countries, it was not clear when and to what extent vaccines would be available to the public. As our main hypothesis, we assumed that uncertainty about the availability of vaccines (vs certainty), as they were stated in media communication, might affect vaccination acceptance in conspiracy believers positively, who are otherwise assumed to have a low acceptance of vaccination. In a large preregistered online study (N = 659), we did not find evidence that media communication relates to vaccination acceptance, but conspiracy believers tended to accept the vaccine more if they were given the option to choose their preferred vaccine. This latter exploratory finding could be confirmed in a follow-up study (N = 199).","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140516381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Identifying the contexts of episodes of (un)healthy food/drink intake could inform strategies for eating more healthily. This study assessed memories of recent episodes of healthy and unhealthy eating from adults in Mexico. For each (un)healthy eating episode participants recalled place, time of day, people present and food/drink intake. Categories were formed for the contextual features and foods/drinks that were reported, then the relative frequency of each category was tested between healthy and unhealthy eating episodes. Overall, there was a large set of categories of (un)healthy food/drink choices, and there were more healthy eating episodes with family at home and unhealthy eating episodes with friends out of home. However, as expected, a more specific context as well as food/drink intake was identified for each sort of recalled (un)healthy eating episode of the day. Additionally, eating out of home, later in the day and with people present were features related to higher estimated energy content across (un)healthy eating episodes. These findings support the assessment of self-reported memories of recent eating episodes to generate evidence that contribute to contexts that support healthy eating habits.
{"title":"Contextual Specificity of (Un)Healthy Food/Drink Intake in Everyday Life: A Study Based on Episodic Memories","authors":"A. Laguna-Camacho","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Identifying the contexts of episodes of (un)healthy food/drink intake could inform strategies for eating more healthily. This study assessed memories of recent episodes of healthy and unhealthy eating from adults in Mexico. For each (un)healthy eating episode participants recalled place, time of day, people present and food/drink intake. Categories were formed for the contextual features and foods/drinks that were reported, then the relative frequency of each category was tested between healthy and unhealthy eating episodes. Overall, there was a large set of categories of (un)healthy food/drink choices, and there were more healthy eating episodes with family at home and unhealthy eating episodes with friends out of home. However, as expected, a more specific context as well as food/drink intake was identified for each sort of recalled (un)healthy eating episode of the day. Additionally, eating out of home, later in the day and with people present were features related to higher estimated energy content across (un)healthy eating episodes. These findings support the assessment of self-reported memories of recent eating episodes to generate evidence that contribute to contexts that support healthy eating habits.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47554087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The arts are used clinically in a wide variety of applications, spanning from physical therapy to psychotherapy. We present a theoretical analysis of these clinical applications that is grounded in a unified model of the arts. Such an approach is based on an understanding of the relationships among the various art forms and how the arts are able to impact non-art functions via transfer effects. A unified model helps to clarify the distinction between near and far transfer in the clinical uses of the arts. The empirical evidence suggests that art applications for physical therapy tend to be based on near-transfer effects and show high specificity for the employed art forms. By contrast, art applications for psychotherapy tend to be based on far transfer and show less specificity for the employed art forms. We argue that a theory of the clinical uses of the arts has to be predicated on a unified model of the arts themselves. Such a model provides a rational basis for understanding how art forms are able to bring about their clinical effects.
{"title":"Toward a New Science of the Clinical Uses of the Arts","authors":"Steven Brown, Jacob Cameirao","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The arts are used clinically in a wide variety of applications, spanning from physical therapy to psychotherapy. We present a theoretical analysis of these clinical applications that is grounded in a unified model of the arts. Such an approach is based on an understanding of the relationships among the various art forms and how the arts are able to impact non-art functions via transfer effects. A unified model helps to clarify the distinction between near and far transfer in the clinical uses of the arts. The empirical evidence suggests that art applications for physical therapy tend to be based on near-transfer effects and show high specificity for the employed art forms. By contrast, art applications for psychotherapy tend to be based on far transfer and show less specificity for the employed art forms. We argue that a theory of the clinical uses of the arts has to be predicated on a unified model of the arts themselves. Such a model provides a rational basis for understanding how art forms are able to bring about their clinical effects.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49384455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Previous research indicates that nature and nature representations might have positive effects and noise negative effects on various facets of life, such as performance, perceived life quality, and physical and mental health. In this intervention, we observed whether posters showing a representation of nature (forests) can be used to reduce actual noise, perceived noise, and state anxiety in university library users. Measurements were taken twice daily for a 5-day period pre-intervention (before posters were installed) and again during the intervention, when posters were installed. No significant differences were found for perceived or actual noise levels or for self-report state anxiety levels between pre-intervention and intervention phase. Correlations between actual and perceived noise, and actual noise and state anxiety, were small in their magnitude and non-significant, with the exception of state anxiety and perceived noise during the intervention phase, suggesting a weak positive relationship. Finally, in hierarchical linear regression models, actual and perceived (overall and talking) noise and intervention phase were non-significant predictors of state anxiety. Small effect sizes of nature representations on state anxiety, as well as actual and perceived noise, suggest posters of forests to not be an effective intervention for anxiety and actual and perceived noise reduction in a university library.
{"title":"No Effect of Forest Representations on State Anxiety, Actual and Perceived Noise","authors":"M. Korbmacher, Lynn Wright","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0134","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Previous research indicates that nature and nature representations might have positive effects and noise negative effects on various facets of life, such as performance, perceived life quality, and physical and mental health. In this intervention, we observed whether posters showing a representation of nature (forests) can be used to reduce actual noise, perceived noise, and state anxiety in university library users. Measurements were taken twice daily for a 5-day period pre-intervention (before posters were installed) and again during the intervention, when posters were installed. No significant differences were found for perceived or actual noise levels or for self-report state anxiety levels between pre-intervention and intervention phase. Correlations between actual and perceived noise, and actual noise and state anxiety, were small in their magnitude and non-significant, with the exception of state anxiety and perceived noise during the intervention phase, suggesting a weak positive relationship. Finally, in hierarchical linear regression models, actual and perceived (overall and talking) noise and intervention phase were non-significant predictors of state anxiety. Small effect sizes of nature representations on state anxiety, as well as actual and perceived noise, suggest posters of forests to not be an effective intervention for anxiety and actual and perceived noise reduction in a university library.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47614486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marie-Luise Augsten, S. J. Eder, Christian Büsel, Christian Valuch, U. Ansorge
Abstract The question whether nonconscious processing could involve higher-level, semantic representations is of broad interest. Here, we demonstrate semantic processing of task-relevant and task-irrelevant features of nonconscious primes within a novel, empirical test bed. In two experiments, musicians were visually primed with musical note triads varying in mode (i.e., major vs minor) and position (i.e., the arrangement of notes within a triad). The task required to discriminate only the mode in the following auditory target chord. In two experimental blocks, primes were either consciously visible or masked, respectively. Response times for auditory discrimination of the modes (relevant dimension) of heard triads were measured. Crucially, the targets also varied with respect to mode and position, creating different grades of congruency with the visual primes. Based on the Theory of Event Coding, we expected and found interactions between relevant and irrelevant semantic characteristics of masked primes, illustrating that even irrelevant prime meaning was processed. Moreover, our results indicated that both task-relevant and task-irrelevant prime characteristics are processed in nonconscious conditions only, and that practice in ignoring uninformative conscious primes can be transferred to a subsequent block. In conclusion, this study demonstrates cross-modal, automatic semantic processing using a novel approach to study such effects.
{"title":"Influences of Music Reading on Auditory Chord Discrimination: A Novel Test Bed for Nonconscious Processing of Irrelevant Prime Meaning","authors":"Marie-Luise Augsten, S. J. Eder, Christian Büsel, Christian Valuch, U. Ansorge","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0132","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The question whether nonconscious processing could involve higher-level, semantic representations is of broad interest. Here, we demonstrate semantic processing of task-relevant and task-irrelevant features of nonconscious primes within a novel, empirical test bed. In two experiments, musicians were visually primed with musical note triads varying in mode (i.e., major vs minor) and position (i.e., the arrangement of notes within a triad). The task required to discriminate only the mode in the following auditory target chord. In two experimental blocks, primes were either consciously visible or masked, respectively. Response times for auditory discrimination of the modes (relevant dimension) of heard triads were measured. Crucially, the targets also varied with respect to mode and position, creating different grades of congruency with the visual primes. Based on the Theory of Event Coding, we expected and found interactions between relevant and irrelevant semantic characteristics of masked primes, illustrating that even irrelevant prime meaning was processed. Moreover, our results indicated that both task-relevant and task-irrelevant prime characteristics are processed in nonconscious conditions only, and that practice in ignoring uninformative conscious primes can be transferred to a subsequent block. In conclusion, this study demonstrates cross-modal, automatic semantic processing using a novel approach to study such effects.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42153364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Franziska Eichert, Wolfgang Mack
Abstract Multitasking research in the laboratory is dominated by extremely simplistic dual-task paradigms. Although dual-tasks allow for some variations, they do not compare well to more complex everyday task settings. This study expands a classical dual-task paradigm by adding a third task. The dual-tasks and the triple-task always consisted of the same three single tasks. The aim was to investigate the effects of the combinations of the three single-tasks and in which manner response times and costs increased. Stimulus-response pairings were varied either once within participants (E1) or between participants (E2). Our results showed that the increase in response time from dual-tasks to triple-tasks was only 43% of the increase from single-tasks to dual-tasks suggesting a non-linear cost of adding tasks. Moreover, response times in each subtask were higher in triple-task situations compared to single-task or dual-task situations. This is in contrast to classical dual-tasks, in which typically only one of the two responses is delayed. Cognitively, for costs in triple-tasks, unlike in dual-tasks, task coordination seems to play a larger role compared to the classically suggested relationships between stimulus and response in terms of their modality- and ideomotor-compatibility which we will discuss. Overall, the study demonstrates that current multitasking research is limited in its generalizability by focusing only on dual-tasks and would benefit from research with more complex task settings.
{"title":"Expanding dual-task research by a triple-task","authors":"Maximilian Stefani, Marian Sauter, Franziska Eichert, Wolfgang Mack","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Multitasking research in the laboratory is dominated by extremely simplistic dual-task paradigms. Although dual-tasks allow for some variations, they do not compare well to more complex everyday task settings. This study expands a classical dual-task paradigm by adding a third task. The dual-tasks and the triple-task always consisted of the same three single tasks. The aim was to investigate the effects of the combinations of the three single-tasks and in which manner response times and costs increased. Stimulus-response pairings were varied either once within participants (E1) or between participants (E2). Our results showed that the increase in response time from dual-tasks to triple-tasks was only 43% of the increase from single-tasks to dual-tasks suggesting a non-linear cost of adding tasks. Moreover, response times in each subtask were higher in triple-task situations compared to single-task or dual-task situations. This is in contrast to classical dual-tasks, in which typically only one of the two responses is delayed. Cognitively, for costs in triple-tasks, unlike in dual-tasks, task coordination seems to play a larger role compared to the classically suggested relationships between stimulus and response in terms of their modality- and ideomotor-compatibility which we will discuss. Overall, the study demonstrates that current multitasking research is limited in its generalizability by focusing only on dual-tasks and would benefit from research with more complex task settings.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48854014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Based on internal predictions, action-errors can be detected relatively early. Different kinds of sensory feedback further provide information about the occurrence of errors later on. To investigate the mechanisms underlying error detection in copy-typing, ten-finger-typists and hunt-and-peck-typists copy typed with and without visibility of the screen and keyboard. We expected that error detection evolves in slower typing before, during, and after an error. Results showed that more errors were reported with visible screen than with covered screen in both groups underpinning the importance of distal action-effects for error detection. Importantly, ten-finger-typists showed pre-error-slowing in the inter-keystroke-intervals (IKIs) before reported errors, but hunt-and-peck-typists did not. In both groups, error-slowing was observed in the last IKI before both reported and unreported errors. Hence, internal predictions play a role in error detection in both groups, but in ten-finger-typists, internal models may be more precise, leading to earlier error detection. Alternatively, slowing down may increase the probability of detecting errors. Finally, in both groups post-error-slowing indicates that sensory feedback from performing keystrokes contributes to error detection. In conclusion, feedback from distal action-effects (i.e., the screen), movement related feedback, and predictive mechanisms contribute to error detection in typing.
{"title":"A little doubt saves many mistakes: Early and late error detection in copy-typing","authors":"S. Dahm, M. Rieger","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on internal predictions, action-errors can be detected relatively early. Different kinds of sensory feedback further provide information about the occurrence of errors later on. To investigate the mechanisms underlying error detection in copy-typing, ten-finger-typists and hunt-and-peck-typists copy typed with and without visibility of the screen and keyboard. We expected that error detection evolves in slower typing before, during, and after an error. Results showed that more errors were reported with visible screen than with covered screen in both groups underpinning the importance of distal action-effects for error detection. Importantly, ten-finger-typists showed pre-error-slowing in the inter-keystroke-intervals (IKIs) before reported errors, but hunt-and-peck-typists did not. In both groups, error-slowing was observed in the last IKI before both reported and unreported errors. Hence, internal predictions play a role in error detection in both groups, but in ten-finger-typists, internal models may be more precise, leading to earlier error detection. Alternatively, slowing down may increase the probability of detecting errors. Finally, in both groups post-error-slowing indicates that sensory feedback from performing keystrokes contributes to error detection. In conclusion, feedback from distal action-effects (i.e., the screen), movement related feedback, and predictive mechanisms contribute to error detection in typing.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46192889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nina-Maria Fronhofer, C. Herbert, V. Durand, A. Alvergne, M. Raymond, M. Barkat-Defradas
Abstract Sexual prejudice and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies, and numerous studies have tried to pinpoint its sociocultural underpinnings. However, most research has operationalized sexual prejudice via self-report measures or via implicit association tests (IATs), although it surfaces in language use and can be traced in spontaneous speech. Here, we report results from an experimental study investigating sexual prejudice in a corpus of spontaneous speech samples. Specifically, we tested in a context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach which attitudes (negative vs. positive) and emotions (joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) were voiced by the participants in response to picture prompts displaying homosexual couples. We also considered the sociocultural basis of prejudicial attitudes, in particular the effects of the participants’ cultural background (France vs. Maghreb), age and gender. We find strong effects of cultural background and gender both on the frequency of negative vs. positive attitudes expressed, and on discrete emotion categories, namely that male Maghrebian participants were more negative and conveyed more fear. The results are discussed in the context of current diversity approaches in France and their implications for potential prejudice regulation strategies. We further discuss in how far our context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach advances research on sexual prejudice.
{"title":"Fear and cultural background drive sexual prejudice in France – a sentiment analysis approach","authors":"Nina-Maria Fronhofer, C. Herbert, V. Durand, A. Alvergne, M. Raymond, M. Barkat-Defradas","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sexual prejudice and its negative consequences remain major issues in Western societies, and numerous studies have tried to pinpoint its sociocultural underpinnings. However, most research has operationalized sexual prejudice via self-report measures or via implicit association tests (IATs), although it surfaces in language use and can be traced in spontaneous speech. Here, we report results from an experimental study investigating sexual prejudice in a corpus of spontaneous speech samples. Specifically, we tested in a context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach which attitudes (negative vs. positive) and emotions (joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust) were voiced by the participants in response to picture prompts displaying homosexual couples. We also considered the sociocultural basis of prejudicial attitudes, in particular the effects of the participants’ cultural background (France vs. Maghreb), age and gender. We find strong effects of cultural background and gender both on the frequency of negative vs. positive attitudes expressed, and on discrete emotion categories, namely that male Maghrebian participants were more negative and conveyed more fear. The results are discussed in the context of current diversity approaches in France and their implications for potential prejudice regulation strategies. We further discuss in how far our context-sensitive sentiment analysis approach advances research on sexual prejudice.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44925202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josephine Halama, Tina Frenzel, Laura Hofmann, Constanze Klose, Nathalie Seifert, Kathrin Telega, Franziska Bocklisch
Abstract The phenomenon of the privacy paradox states that people are concerned about their data, but do not behave accordingly by avoiding disclosure of personal data, for instance, when using social media. Since findings about the influence of privacy concerns on privacy-related behavior are controversial, the present study investigates whether social norms or individual privacy concerns provide a better explanation of disclosure behavior. Therefore, a social media app dummy was developed and the social norm manipulated by altering the amount and the sensitivity of information provided in a fictitious app user profile. Regarding social norm factors, the results of the online experiment (N = 42) revealed that only the sensitivity of the data in the dummy profile demonstrated a medium effect on the amount of personal data given by the participants. Considering individual factors, the less concerned individuals were about their privacy, the higher were the amount and the degree of sensitivity of the personal information participants disclosed. In addition, participants differentiated between sensitive or non-sensitive information when disclosing their data. They disclosed sensitive information significantly less often, regardless of the dummy profile they saw. Altogether, the study results do not support the privacy paradox and demonstrate implications for media education.
{"title":"Is There a Privacy Paradox in Digital Social Media Use? The Role of Privacy Concerns and Social Norms","authors":"Josephine Halama, Tina Frenzel, Laura Hofmann, Constanze Klose, Nathalie Seifert, Kathrin Telega, Franziska Bocklisch","doi":"10.1515/psych-2022-0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2022-0128","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The phenomenon of the privacy paradox states that people are concerned about their data, but do not behave accordingly by avoiding disclosure of personal data, for instance, when using social media. Since findings about the influence of privacy concerns on privacy-related behavior are controversial, the present study investigates whether social norms or individual privacy concerns provide a better explanation of disclosure behavior. Therefore, a social media app dummy was developed and the social norm manipulated by altering the amount and the sensitivity of information provided in a fictitious app user profile. Regarding social norm factors, the results of the online experiment (N = 42) revealed that only the sensitivity of the data in the dummy profile demonstrated a medium effect on the amount of personal data given by the participants. Considering individual factors, the less concerned individuals were about their privacy, the higher were the amount and the degree of sensitivity of the personal information participants disclosed. In addition, participants differentiated between sensitive or non-sensitive information when disclosing their data. They disclosed sensitive information significantly less often, regardless of the dummy profile they saw. Altogether, the study results do not support the privacy paradox and demonstrate implications for media education.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41341724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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