Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献_第2页

Study of the Total Phenolic Content, Total Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Digestibility of Novel Wheat Crackers Enriched with Cereal, Legume and Agricultural By-Product Flours 富含谷类、豆类和农副产品面粉的新型小麦脆片的总酚含量、总抗氧化活性和体外消化性研究

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020017

D. Chatziharalambous, Chrysoula Kaloteraki, Panagiota Potsaki, Olga Papagianni, Konstantinos Giannoutsos, D. I. Koukoumaki, D. Sarris, K. Gkatzionis, A. Koutelidakis

Wheat-flour crackers represent a staple snack option, although they lack nutritional value. Agricultural by-products such as olive and grape seeds, cereals such as barley and legumes such as lupine and chickpea are rich in bioactive compounds; therefore, flours obtained from those could represent a better option for bakery products fortification. The purpose of the present study was the investigation of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity before and after the baking of wheat crackers enriched with 10–30% olive seed, 10–30% grape seed, 10–40% lupine, 10–30% barley and 20–60% and 80% chickpea flours and the evaluation of the predicted bioavailability after in vitro digestion of crackers demonstrating the highest values. Crackers and doughs were processed and analyzed using Folin–Ciocâlteu and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. Crackers with the highest properties were subjected to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Baking resulted in an increase in total phenolics and antioxidant activity in the majority of crackers. Olive and grape seed flour crackers demonstrated the highest antioxidant properties. Following in vitro digestion, 30% olive seed flour crackers retained the majority of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Crackers enriched with 30% olive seed flour could represent a healthy functional bakery snack regarding their increased antioxidant properties.

小麦粉饼干是一种主要的零食选择，尽管它们缺乏营养价值。农业副产品如橄榄和葡萄籽，谷物如大麦和豆类如羽扇豆和鹰嘴豆富含生物活性化合物;因此，从中获得的面粉可能是烘焙产品强化的更好选择。研究了添加10-30%橄榄籽、10-30%葡萄籽、10-40%羽扇豆粉、10-30%大麦粉、20-60%鹰嘴豆粉和80%鹰嘴豆粉的小麦脆饼烘烤前后总酚含量和抗氧化活性的变化，并对脆饼体外消化后的生物利用度进行了预测。用folin - ciocalteu和铁还原抗氧化能力(FRAP)法分别对饼干和面团进行加工和分析。对性能最好的饼干进行体外胃肠道消化。烘烤使大多数饼干的总酚类物质和抗氧化活性增加。橄榄和葡萄籽面粉饼干表现出最高的抗氧化性能。体外消化后，30%的橄榄籽面粉饼干保留了大部分的多酚和抗氧化活性。富含30%橄榄籽面粉的饼干可以代表一种健康的功能性烘焙零食，因为它们具有增强的抗氧化性能。

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引用次数: 0

Flow Cytometry of Oxygen and Oxygen-Related Cellular Stress 氧和氧相关细胞应激的流式细胞术

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020016

B. Jávega, Guadalupe Herrera, A. Martínez-Romero, J. O'connor

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are unstable and highly reactive molecular forms that play physiological roles in cell signaling and immune defense. However, when ROS generation is not properly balanced by antioxidant defenses, a pathological condition known as oxidative stress arises, in association with the onset and progression of many diseases and conditions, including degeneration and aging. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in biomedicine are actively investigated using different approaches, among which flow cytometry (FCM) and other single-cell, fluorescence-based techniques are most frequent. FCM is an analytical method that measures light scattering and emission of multiple fluorescences by single cells or microscopic particles at a very fast rate. To assess the specific role of ROS in oxidative stress, it is essential to detect and characterize these species accurately. However, the detection and quantitation of individual intracellular ROS and parameters of oxidative stress using fluorogenic substrates and fluorescent probes are still a challenge, because of biological and methodological issues. In this review, we present and discuss a series of complementary strategies to detect ROS or to focus on other endpoints of oxidative stress. Based on our results, we propose some recommendations for proper design of cytometric studies of oxidative stress in order to prevent or minimize the limitations and experimental errors of such approaches.

活性氧(ROS)是一种不稳定的高活性分子形式，在细胞信号传导和免疫防御中发挥生理作用。然而，当ROS的产生不能通过抗氧化防御得到适当的平衡时，一种称为氧化应激的病理状况就会出现，与许多疾病和病症的发生和进展有关，包括变性和衰老。生物医学中氧化应激的生物标志物正在使用不同的方法进行积极的研究，其中流式细胞术(FCM)和其他单细胞、荧光技术最为常见。FCM是以非常快的速度测量单个细胞或微观颗粒的光散射和多重荧光发射的分析方法。为了评估ROS在氧化应激中的具体作用，有必要准确地检测和表征这些物种。然而，由于生物学和方法学的问题，使用荧光底物和荧光探针检测和定量单个细胞内ROS和氧化应激参数仍然是一个挑战。在这篇综述中，我们提出并讨论了一系列互补的策略来检测ROS或关注氧化应激的其他终点。基于我们的研究结果，我们提出了一些建议，以正确设计氧化应激细胞分析研究，以防止或尽量减少这种方法的局限性和实验误差。

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引用次数: 1

Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Brain Injury: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutics. 脑损伤中线粒体氧化应激的机制：从病理生理学到治疗学。

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-07 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020012

Andrew Nguyen, Anjali B Patel, Ivelina P Kioutchoukova, Michael J Diaz, Brandon Lucke-Wold

Mitochondrial oxidative stress has been implicated in various forms of brain injury, both traumatic and non-traumatic. Due to its oxidative demand, the brain is intimately dependent on its mitochondrial functioning. However, there remains appreciable heterogeneity in the development of these injuries regarding ROS and their effect on the sequelae. These include traumatic insults such as TBIs and intracranial hemorrhaging secondary to this. In a different vein, such injuries may be attributed to other etiologies such as infection, neoplasm, or spontaneous hemorrhage (strokes, aneurysms). Clinically, the manner of treatment may also be adjusted in relation to each injury and its unique progression in the context of ROS. In the current review, then, the authors highlight the role of mitochondrial ROS in various forms of brain injury, emphasizing both the collective and unique elements of each form. Lastly, these narratives are met with the current therapeutic landscape and the role of emerging therapies in treating reactive oxygen species in brain injuries.

线粒体氧化应激与各种形式的脑损伤有关，包括创伤性和非创伤性脑损伤。由于其氧化需求，大脑密切依赖于线粒体的功能。然而，在 ROS 及其对后遗症的影响方面，这些损伤的发展仍存在明显的异质性。其中包括创伤性损伤，如创伤性脑损伤和继发的颅内出血。从另一个角度看，这些损伤也可能是由于感染、肿瘤或自发性出血（中风、动脉瘤）等其他病因造成的。在临床上，治疗方式也可能会根据每种损伤及其在 ROS 背景下的独特进展而有所调整。因此，在本综述中，作者强调了线粒体 ROS 在各种脑损伤中的作用，同时强调了每种脑损伤的共同和独特因素。最后，作者还介绍了目前的治疗方法以及新兴疗法在治疗脑损伤中的活性氧方面所起的作用。

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive Assessment of the Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Selected Ethnobotanical Plants 少数民族植物抗氧化和抗癌潜力的综合评价

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-05-22 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020015

M. Das, Neelu Singh, Paulraj Rajamani

Globally, among different types of cancers, breast cancer is identified as the chief cause of mortality among females, and it is a challenge to find new effective treatment strategies with minimal side effects and increased efficacy. Plants are an integral part of the traditional indigenous healthcare system and are becoming the concrete source of new drug discovery. Thus, there is a need to obtain a scientific basis for applying traditionally used plants in cancer treatments that may harbour novel phytochemicals. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of selected plants of ethnobotanical importance. Five plants of ethnobotanical importance were selected and screened to determine their antioxidant potential through various in vitro free radical scavenging assays (such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging), ferric chelation, and total antioxidant potential, and the total phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated for the selected plants. In contrast, the anticancer potential of crude plant extracts was assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) against different breast cancer (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435S) and hepatic cancer cell lines (HepG2), and human PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) were used for toxicity studies. The MTT results showed that among all of the crude plant extracts (CAN = Etlingera linguiformis, SES = Sesbania grandiflora, LEX = Smilax ovalifolia, DES = Desmodium triflorum, and CA = Chenopodium album), it was CAN and LEX that showed the best cytotoxic potential on exposed breast cancer cell lines in contrast to SES, DES, and CA. In addition, at the selected dosages that were exposed to breast cancer cells, none of the extracts from any of the five plants showed any cytotoxicity against human PBMCs. Thus, the crude extracts can be explored further for chemopreventive and anticancer activity on murine models to understand their underlying mechanism for effective cancer management.

在全球不同类型的癌症中，乳腺癌被确定为女性死亡的主要原因，寻找副作用最小、疗效更高的新的有效治疗策略是一项挑战。植物是传统土著医疗保健系统的一个组成部分，并且正在成为新药发现的具体来源。因此，有必要获得将传统植物应用于癌症治疗的科学基础，这些植物可能含有新的植物化学物质。因此，本研究旨在探讨筛选出的具有民族植物学意义的植物的抗氧化和抗癌潜力。筛选了5种具有民族植物学意义的植物，通过各种体外自由基清除(如DPPH、ABTS、羟基和超氧自由基清除)、铁螯合和总抗氧化潜力测定了它们的抗氧化潜力，并估计了所选植物的总酚和总黄酮含量。相比之下，采用MTT(3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑)对不同乳腺癌(MCF-7、MDA-MB-231和MDA-MB-435S)和肝癌细胞系(HepG2)的抗癌潜力进行了评估，并使用人外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)进行了毒性研究。MTT结果表明，在所有植物粗提物(CAN = Etlingera linguiformis, SES = Sesbania grantiflora, LEX = Smilax ovalifolia, DES = Desmodium triflorum, CA = Chenopodium album)中，CAN和LEX对暴露于乳腺癌细胞系的细胞毒作用优于SES, DES和CA。此外，在选定的暴露于乳腺癌细胞的剂量下，五种植物提取物均未显示出对人体PBMCs的细胞毒性。因此，可以进一步探索粗提物在小鼠模型上的化学预防和抗癌活性，以了解其有效治疗癌症的潜在机制。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of Varying Blood Flow Restriction Cuff Size and Material on Arterial, Venous and Calf Muscle Pump-Mediated Blood Flow 不同血流限制袖带尺寸和材料对动脉、静脉和小腿肌肉泵介导的血流的影响

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-05-20 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020014

Steven B. Machek, Dillon R. Harris, J. Heileson, Dylan T. Wilburn, Jeffrey S. Forsse, D. Willoughby

Blood flow restriction (BFR) may become ineffective or potentially dangerous without sufficient standardization. The purpose of this investigation was therefore to (1) assess the viability of multiple sizes of a novel BFR cuff to determine arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) and (2) compare resting arterial, venous and calf muscle pump (cMP)-mediated blood flow between the aforementioned conditions and a commonly employed wide-rigid, tourniquet-style cuff. In randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover fashion, 20 apparently healthy males (18–40 years) donned a widely employed wide-rigid (WR) cuff, along with the largest (NE) and manufacturer-recommended sizes (NER) of a novel narrow-elastic cuff. Participants subsequently assessed AOP, as well as (at 80%AOP) arterial, venous, and venous cMP flow relative to baseline values via ultrasound. All analyses were performed at a significance level of p < 0.05. Analyses revealed a significant condition effect for AOP (p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.907) whereby WR was significantly lower than both NE and NER; in addition, the latter two did not differ. Compared with baseline, there were no statistically significant differences between cuffs for either arterial or cMP-mediated blood flow. Unsurprisingly, no participants demonstrated venous blood flow at 80% AOP. These findings support the viability of a novel narrow-elastic BFR product, evidenced by consistent AOP acquisition and equivocal blood flow parameters.

如果没有足够的标准化，血流量限制(BFR)可能会变得无效或潜在危险。因此，本研究的目的是:(1)评估多种尺寸的新型BFR袖带的可行性，以确定动脉闭塞压(AOP);(2)比较静息动脉、静脉和小腿肌肉泵(cMP)介导的血流在上述条件下与常用的宽刚性止血带式袖带之间的差异。在随机、平衡和交叉时尚中，20名明显健康的男性(18-40岁)戴上了广泛使用的宽刚性(WR)袖带，以及最大(NE)和制造商推荐尺寸(NER)的新型窄弹性袖带。参与者随后通过超声评估AOP，以及相对于基线值的动脉、静脉和静脉cMP流量(在80%AOP时)。所有分析均以p < 0.05的显著性水平进行。分析显示AOP的条件效应显著(p < 0.001;ηp2 = 0.907)，其中WR显著低于NE和NER;此外，后两者并无不同。与基线相比，袖口之间动脉或cmp介导的血流没有统计学上的显著差异。不出所料，没有参与者表现出静脉血流达到80% AOP。这些发现支持了一种新型窄弹性BFR产品的可行性，证明了一致的AOP获取和模棱两可的血流参数。

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引用次数: 0

Mitochondria-Stimulating and Antioxidant Effects of Slovak Propolis Varieties on Bovine Spermatozoa 斯洛伐克蜂胶品种对牛精子线粒体的刺激和抗氧化作用

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3020013

E. Tvrdá, J. Árvay, M. Ďuračka, M. Kačániová

Propolis is a natural honeybee product, which is known for its beneficial pharmacological effects and use in traditional medicine. This study aspired to investigate the chemical and antioxidant properties of five propolis specimens, followed by the analysis of their in vitro impact on bovine spermatozoa vitality and oxidative profile. Semen samples from 10 breeding bulls were incubated in the absence or presence of 50 µg/mL propolis extracts, and selected sperm quality parameters including motility, mitochondrial activity, cAMP concentration, NAD+/NADH ratio, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide production were assessed at 2 h and 24 h. Sperm motion behavior and mitochondrial function were stabilized particularly in the presence of propolis collected from Hrabské and Litpovský Hrádok, Slovakia. At the same time, all propolis specimens acted as significant ROS quenchers and stabilized the oxidative milieu of the sperm cultures. Our data suggest that propolis may stabilize the mitochondrial function of spermatozoa while preventing excessive oxidative insults, thereby showing the potential to sustain the sperm motility of extended semen.

蜂胶是一种天然的蜜蜂产品，以其有益的药理作用和在传统医学中的应用而闻名。本研究旨在研究五种蜂胶样品的化学和抗氧化特性，然后分析它们对牛精子活力和氧化特性的体外影响。10头种公牛的精液样本在不存在或存在50µg/mL蜂胶提取物的情况下孵育，并在2小时和24小时评估选定的精子质量参数，包括活力、线粒体活性、cAMP浓度、NAD+/NADH比率、活性氧（ROS）和超氧化物产生。精子的运动行为和线粒体功能得到了稳定，尤其是在斯洛伐克Hrabské和LitpovskýHrádok采集的蜂胶存在的情况下。同时，所有蜂胶标本都起到了重要的ROS猝灭剂的作用，并稳定了精子培养物的氧化环境。我们的数据表明，蜂胶可以稳定精子的线粒体功能，同时防止过度氧化损伤，从而显示出维持延长精液精子活力的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

The On/Off History of Hydrogen in Medicine: Will the Interest Persist This Time Around? 氢在医学上的断断续续的历史：这一次人们的兴趣会持续吗？

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-03-14 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3010011

Tyler W. LeBaron, K. Ohno, J. Hancock

Over 2000 publications including more than 100 human studies seem to indicate that humans have only recently benefited from or known about the medical effects of H2 within the past 15 years. However, we have unknowingly benefited from H2 since the dawn of time, from H2-producing bacteria to the use of naturally occurring hydrogen-rich waters. Moreover, the first writings on the therapeutic effects of H2 date to around 1793. Since then, papers appeared sporadically in the literature every few decades but never exploded until Ohsawa et al. again demonstrated hydrogen’s therapeutic effects in 2007. This landmark paper appears to have been the spark that ignited the medical interest in hydrogen. Although H2 was used in the 1880s to locate intestinal perforations, in the 1940s in deep sea diving, and in the 1960s to measure blood flow, H2 was largely viewed as biologically inert. This review highlights the history of hydrogen in the genesis/evolution of life and its medicinal and non-medicinal use in humans. Although hydrogen medicine has a long and erratic history, perhaps future history will show that, this time around, these 15 years of ignited interest resulted in a self-sustaining explosion of its unique medical effects.

包括100多项人类研究在内的2000多份出版物似乎表明，在过去15年中，人类最近才从H2的医学影响中受益或了解H2的医学作用。然而，自时间出现以来，我们在不知不觉中从H2中受益，从产生H2的细菌到使用天然富含氢气的水。此外，关于H2治疗效果的第一篇文章可以追溯到1793年左右。从那时起，每隔几十年就有论文偶尔出现在文献中，但直到2007年Ohsawa等人再次证明氢的治疗作用，论文才爆炸。这篇具有里程碑意义的论文似乎点燃了人们对氢的医学兴趣。尽管H2在19世纪80年代被用于定位肠道穿孔，在40年代被用于深海潜水，在60年代被用于测量血流量，但H2在很大程度上被认为是生物惰性的。这篇综述重点介绍了氢在生命起源/进化中的历史及其在人类中的药用和非药用用途。尽管氢医学有着漫长而不稳定的历史，但也许未来的历史会表明，这一次，这15年的兴趣点燃导致了其独特医学效果的自我维持爆炸。

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引用次数: 1

Effects of Acute Red Spinach Extract Ingestion on Repeated Sprint Performance in Division I NCAA Female Soccer Athletes 急性摄入红菠菜提取物对NCAA一级女子足球运动员重复冲刺成绩的影响

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3010010

Mary V. Raymond, Taylor M. Yount, R. Rogers, C. Ballmann

Red spinach extract is high in inorganic nitrate/nitrite (NO3/NO2) which has been shown to enhance vascular function, cognition, and physical performance. To date, there have been no investigations as to whether red spinach extract serves as an effective strategy to improve repeated exercise performance, which is applicable to many sports and activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acute red spinach extract ingestion on repeated sprint ability in female athletes. Eleven Division I NCAA female athletes (ages 18–24) were recruited. In a double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced design, participants completed two separate visits each with a different treatment: placebo (placebo; tomato juice) or red spinach extract (~400 mg nitrate). For each trial, participants consumed their respective treatment two hours before exercise. Following a warm-up, participants completed 3 × 15 s Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WAnTs) separated by 2 min of recovery. A capillary blood sample was obtained pre-exercise to measure NO2 concentrations. Performance outcomes, heart rate (heart rate), and rate of perceived exertion were measured following each WAnT. Blood lactate (La-) was obtained prior to exercise (PRE) and after the completion of the repeated sprints (POST). Each visit was separated by a minimal recovery period of 72 h. Mean power (p = 0.204), peak power (p = 0.067), heart rate (p = 0.151), and rate of perceived exertion (p = 0.379) were not significantly different between treatments. POST La- concentration was significantly higher with red spinach extract when compared to the placebo (p = 0.030). Furthermore, the fatigue index (p = 0.018) was significantly lower with red spinach extract. The results do not support the use of red spinach extract for the enhancement of power output during repeated anaerobic exercise. However, it may result in improved La-/H+ removal from the muscle, thereby combating physical fatigue.

红菠菜提取物富含无机硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐（NO3/NO2），可增强血管功能、认知和身体机能。到目前为止，还没有研究红菠菜提取物是否是改善重复运动表现的有效策略，这种策略适用于许多运动和活动。本研究旨在探讨急性摄入红菠菜提取物对女运动员重复短跑能力的影响。招募了11名NCAA一级女子运动员（年龄18-24岁）。在一项双盲、随机、平衡的设计中，参与者完成了两次单独的访问，每次访问都有不同的治疗：安慰剂（安慰剂；番茄汁）或红菠菜提取物（约400 mg硝酸盐）。对于每个试验，参与者在运动前两小时服用各自的治疗药物。热身后，参与者完成了3×15s的Wingate厌氧测试（WAnTs），间隔2分钟的恢复。在运动前获得毛细管血样以测量NO2浓度。在每次WAnT后测量表现结果、心率（心率）和感知用力率。在运动（PRE）之前和重复短跑（POST）完成之后获得血液乳酸（La-）。每次就诊间隔72小时的最短恢复期。治疗之间的平均功率（p=0.204）、峰值功率（p=0.067）、心率（p=0.151）和感知用力率（p=0.379）没有显著差异。与安慰剂相比，红菠菜提取物的POST La浓度显著升高（p=0.030）。此外，红菠菜提取液的疲劳指数显著降低（p=0.018）。研究结果不支持在重复无氧运动中使用红菠菜提取物来提高功率输出。然而，它可能会改善肌肉中La-/H+的去除，从而对抗身体疲劳。

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引用次数: 0

Biochemical and Enzymatic Analyses to Understand the Accumulation of γ-Aminobutyric Acid in Wheat Grown under Flooding Stress 洪水胁迫下小麦γ-氨基丁酸积累的生化和酶学分析

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3010009

S. Komatsu, Natsuru Nishiyama, Azzahrah Diniyah

Flooding induces low-oxygen stress, which reduces plant growth. The activity of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt is crucial for plant stress adaptation, in which it acts by changing cytosolic pH, limiting reactive oxygen species production, regulating nitrogen metabolism, and bypassing steps in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. GABA accumulates under osmotic stress as well as flooding stress. To clarify the dynamic roles of GABA accumulation in wheat under flooding stress, biochemical and enzymatic analyses were performed using a plant-derived smoke solution (PDSS), which rescued wheat growth from flooding stress. Alcohol dehydrogenase abundance increased under flooding stress; however, under the same conditions, pyruvic acid content increased only following PDSS application. Glutamic acid content increased under flooding stress, but decreased following the application of PDSS after 2 days of flooding. Glutamate decarboxylase abundance and GABA content increased under flooding stress, and further increased after 1 day of application of PDSS. Succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase accumulated after 2 days of flooding. These results suggest that flooding stress increases GABA content along with the increase and decrease of glutamate decarboxylase and succinyl semialdehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Additionally, PDSS increased GABA content along with the increase of glutamate decarboxylase abundance at the initial stage of application.

洪水引起低氧胁迫，从而降低植物生长。γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)分流的活性对植物适应逆境至关重要，它通过改变细胞质pH、限制活性氧的产生、调节氮代谢和绕过三羧酸循环的步骤来发挥作用。GABA在渗透胁迫和淹水胁迫下均有积累。为了阐明小麦在洪水胁迫下GABA积累的动态作用，利用植物源性烟雾溶液(PDSS)进行了生化和酶学分析。洪水胁迫下乙醇脱氢酶丰度增加;而在相同条件下，只有施用PDSS后，丙酮酸含量才有所增加。谷氨酸含量在淹水胁迫下升高，但在淹水2 d后施用PDSS后下降。谷氨酸脱羧酶丰度和GABA含量在淹水胁迫下升高，在施用PDSS 1 d后进一步升高。淹水2天后琥珀酰半醛脱氢酶积累。综上所述，水淹胁迫使谷氨酸脱羧酶和琥珀酰半醛脱氢酶的含量分别升高和降低，GABA含量也随之升高。此外，在施用初期，随着谷氨酸脱羧酶丰度的增加，PDSS增加了GABA含量。

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引用次数: 1

The Underexplored Landscape of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 Alpha and Potential Roles in Tumor Macrophages: A Review. 低氧诱导因子 2 Alpha 的未充分探索景观及在肿瘤巨噬细胞中的潜在作用：综述。

Oxygen (Basel, Switzerland)

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 Epub Date: 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.3390/oxygen3010005

Kayla J Steinberger, Timothy D Eubank

Low tissue oxygenation, termed hypoxia, is a characteristic of solid tumors with negative consequences. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) accumulate in hypoxic tumor regions and correlate with worse outcomes in cancer patients across several tumor types. Thus, the molecular mechanism in which macrophages respond to low oxygen tension has been increasingly investigated in the last decade. Hypoxia stabilizes a group of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) reported to drive transcriptional programs involved in cell survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis. Though both tumor macrophage HIF-1α and HIF-2α correlate with unfavorable tumor microenvironments, most research focuses on HIF-1α as the master regulator of hypoxia signaling, because HIF-1α expression was originally identified in several cancer types and correlates with worse outcome in cancer patients. The relative contribution of each HIFα subunit to cell phenotypes is poorly understood especially in TAMs. Once thought to have overlapping roles, recent investigation of macrophage HIF-2α has demonstrated a diverse function from HIF-1α. Little work has been published on the differential role of hypoxia-dependent macrophage HIF-2α when compared to HIF-1α in the context of tumor biology. This review highlights cellular HIF-2α functions and emphasizes the gap in research investigating oxygen-dependent functions of tumor macrophage HIF-2α.

组织含氧量低（称为缺氧）是实体瘤的一个特征，会带来不良后果。肿瘤相关巨噬细胞（TAMs）在低氧肿瘤区域聚集，与多种肿瘤类型癌症患者的预后恶化相关。因此，在过去十年中，人们对巨噬细胞应对低氧张力的分子机制进行了越来越多的研究。据报道，低氧可稳定一组低氧诱导转录因子（HIFs），从而驱动涉及细胞存活、新陈代谢和血管生成的转录程序。虽然肿瘤巨噬细胞的 HIF-1α 和 HIF-2α 都与不利的肿瘤微环境有关，但大多数研究都把 HIF-1α 作为缺氧信号的主要调节因子，因为 HIF-1α 的表达最初是在几种癌症类型中发现的，而且与癌症患者的不良预后有关。人们对每种 HIFα 亚基对细胞表型的相对贡献知之甚少，尤其是在 TAMs 中。曾被认为具有重叠作用的巨噬细胞 HIF-2α 最近的研究表明其功能与 HIF-1α 不同。与 HIF-1α 相比，缺氧依赖性巨噬细胞 HIF-2α 在肿瘤生物学中的不同作用鲜有论述。这篇综述突出了细胞 HIF-2α 的功能，并强调了研究肿瘤巨噬细胞 HIF-2α 的氧依赖性功能方面的空白。

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引用次数: 0