Dušan Veličković, Rosalie K Chu, Corinna Henkel, Annika Nyhuis, Nannan Tao, Jennifer E Kyle, Joshua N Adkins, Christopher R Anderton, Vanessa Paurus, Kent Bloodsworth, Lisa M Bramer, Dale S Cornett, Wayne R Curtis, Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
Membrane lipids serve as substrates for the generation of numerous signaling lipids when plants are exposed to environmental stresses, and jasmonic acid, an oxidized product of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linolenic acid), has been recognized as the essential signal in wound-induced gene expression. Yet, the contribution of individual membrane lipids in linolenic acid generation is ill-defined. In this work, we performed spatial lipidomic experiments to track lipid changes that occur locally at the sight of leaf injury to better understand the potential origin of linolenic and linoleic acids from individual membrane lipids. The central veins of tomato leaflets were crushed using surgical forceps, leaves were cryosectioned and analyzed by two orthogonal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging platforms for insight into lipid spatial distribution. Significant changes in lipid composition are only observed 30 min after wounding, while after 60 min lipidome homeostasis has been re-established. Phosphatidylcholines exhibit a variable pattern of spatial behavior in individual plants. Among lysolipids, lysophosphatidylcholines strongly co-localize with the injured zone of wounded leaflets, while, for example, lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (16:1) accumulated preferentially toward the apex in the injured zone of wounded leaflets. In contrast, two other LPGs (LPG [18:3] and LPG [18:2]) are depleted in the injured zone. Our high-resolution co-localization imaging analyses suggest that linolenic acids are predominantly released from PCs with 16_18 fatty acid composition along the entire leaf, while it seems that in the apex zone PG (16:1_18:3) significantly contributes to the linolenic acid pool. These results also indicate distinct localization and/or substrate preferences of phospholipase isoforms in leaf tissue.
{"title":"Preserved and variable spatial-chemical changes of lipids across tomato leaves in response to central vein wounding reveals potential origin of linolenic acid in signal transduction cascade.","authors":"Dušan Veličković, Rosalie K Chu, Corinna Henkel, Annika Nyhuis, Nannan Tao, Jennifer E Kyle, Joshua N Adkins, Christopher R Anderton, Vanessa Paurus, Kent Bloodsworth, Lisa M Bramer, Dale S Cornett, Wayne R Curtis, Kristin E Burnum-Johnson","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Membrane lipids serve as substrates for the generation of numerous signaling lipids when plants are exposed to environmental stresses, and jasmonic acid, an oxidized product of 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acids (e.g., linolenic acid), has been recognized as the essential signal in wound-induced gene expression. Yet, the contribution of individual membrane lipids in linolenic acid generation is ill-defined. In this work, we performed spatial lipidomic experiments to track lipid changes that occur locally at the sight of leaf injury to better understand the potential origin of linolenic and linoleic acids from individual membrane lipids. The central veins of tomato leaflets were crushed using surgical forceps, leaves were cryosectioned and analyzed by two orthogonal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging platforms for insight into lipid spatial distribution. Significant changes in lipid composition are only observed 30 min after wounding, while after 60 min lipidome homeostasis has been re-established. Phosphatidylcholines exhibit a variable pattern of spatial behavior in individual plants. Among lysolipids, lysophosphatidylcholines strongly co-localize with the injured zone of wounded leaflets, while, for example, lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) (16:1) accumulated preferentially toward the apex in the injured zone of wounded leaflets. In contrast, two other LPGs (LPG [18:3] and LPG [18:2]) are depleted in the injured zone. Our high-resolution co-localization imaging analyses suggest that linolenic acids are predominantly released from PCs with 16_18 fatty acid composition along the entire leaf, while it seems that in the apex zone PG (16:1_18:3) significantly contributes to the linolenic acid pool. These results also indicate distinct localization and/or substrate preferences of phospholipase isoforms in leaf tissue.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9583077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paula Thitz, Ann E Hagerman, Tendry R Randriamanana, Virpi Virjamo, Minna Kosonen, Mika Lännenpää, Tommi Nyman, Lauri Mehtätalo, Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
Accumulation of certain phenolics is a well-known response of plants to enhanced UVB radiation (280-315 nm), but few experiments have compared the relative importance of different phenolic groups for UVB resilience. To study how an altered phenolic profile affects the responses and resilience of silver birch (Betula pendula) to enhanced UVB, we used RNA interference (RNAi) targeting dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), or anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) to change the accumulation of phenolics. The unmodified control line and RNAi-modified plants were grown for 51 days under ambient or +32% enhanced UVB dose in a greenhouse. RNAi greatly affected phenolic profile and plant growth. There were no interactive effects of RNAi and UVB on growth or photosynthesis, which indicates that the RNAi and unmodified control plants were equally resilient. UVB enhancement led to an accumulation of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins, and an increase in the density of stem glands and glandular trichomes on upper leaf surfaces in both the control and RNAi-modified plants. Our results do not indicate a photoprotective role for condensed tannins. However, decreased growth of high-flavonoid low-tannin DFRi and ANRi plants implies that the balance of flavonoids and condensed tannins might be important for normal plant growth.
{"title":"Genetic modification of the flavonoid pathway alters growth and reveals flexible responses to enhanced UVB - Role of foliar condensed tannins.","authors":"Paula Thitz, Ann E Hagerman, Tendry R Randriamanana, Virpi Virjamo, Minna Kosonen, Mika Lännenpää, Tommi Nyman, Lauri Mehtätalo, Sari Kontunen-Soppela, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accumulation of certain phenolics is a well-known response of plants to enhanced UVB radiation (280-315 nm), but few experiments have compared the relative importance of different phenolic groups for UVB resilience. To study how an altered phenolic profile affects the responses and resilience of silver birch (<i>Betula pendula</i>) to enhanced UVB, we used RNA interference (RNAi) targeting dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), or anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) to change the accumulation of phenolics. The unmodified control line and RNAi-modified plants were grown for 51 days under ambient or +32% enhanced UVB dose in a greenhouse. RNAi greatly affected phenolic profile and plant growth. There were no interactive effects of RNAi and UVB on growth or photosynthesis, which indicates that the RNAi and unmodified control plants were equally resilient. UVB enhancement led to an accumulation of foliar flavonoids and condensed tannins, and an increase in the density of stem glands and glandular trichomes on upper leaf surfaces in both the control and RNAi-modified plants. Our results do not indicate a photoprotective role for condensed tannins. However, decreased growth of high-flavonoid low-tannin DFRi and ANRi plants implies that the balance of flavonoids and condensed tannins might be important for normal plant growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10036","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9583079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interaction Insights: A new category for a growing journal.","authors":"Wayne Dawson","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10033","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9591404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alicja Babst-Kostecka, Wojciech J Przybyłowicz, Barbara Seget, Jolanta Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz
Vegetative tissues of metal(loid)-hyperaccumulating plants are widely used to study plant metal homeostasis and adaptation to metalliferous soils, but little is known about these mechanisms in their seeds. We explored essential element allocation to Arabidopsis halleri seeds, a species that faces a particular trade-off between meeting nutrient requirements and minimizing toxicity risks.Combining advanced elemental mapping (micro-particle induced X-ray emission) with chemical analyses of plant and soil material, we investigated natural variation in Zn allocation to A. halleri seeds from non-metalliferous and metalliferous locations. We also assessed the tissue-level distribution and concentration of other nutrients to identify possible disorders in seed homeostasis.Unexpectedly, the highest Zn concentration was found in seeds of a non-metalliferous lowland location, whereas concentrations were relatively low in all other seed samples-including metallicolous ones. The abundance of other nutrients in seeds was unaffected by metalliferous site conditions.Our findings depict contrasting strategies of Zn allocation to A. halleri seeds: increased delivery at lowland non-metalliferous locations (a likely natural selection toward enhanced Zn-hyperaccumulation in vegetative tissues) versus limited translocation at metalliferous sites where external Zn concentrations are toxic for non-tolerant plants. Both strategies are worth exploring further to resolve metal homeostasis mechanisms and their effects on seed development and nutrition.
{"title":"Zinc allocation to and within <i>Arabidopsis halleri</i> seeds: Different strategies of metal homeostasis in accessions under divergent selection pressure.","authors":"Alicja Babst-Kostecka, Wojciech J Przybyłowicz, Barbara Seget, Jolanta Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10032","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vegetative tissues of metal(loid)-hyperaccumulating plants are widely used to study plant metal homeostasis and adaptation to metalliferous soils, but little is known about these mechanisms in their seeds. We explored essential element allocation to <i>Arabidopsis halleri</i> seeds, a species that faces a particular trade-off between meeting nutrient requirements and minimizing toxicity risks.Combining advanced elemental mapping (micro-particle induced X-ray emission) with chemical analyses of plant and soil material, we investigated natural variation in Zn allocation to <i>A. halleri</i> seeds from non-metalliferous and metalliferous locations. We also assessed the tissue-level distribution and concentration of other nutrients to identify possible disorders in seed homeostasis.Unexpectedly, the highest Zn concentration was found in seeds of a non-metalliferous lowland location, whereas concentrations were relatively low in all other seed samples-including metallicolous ones. The abundance of other nutrients in seeds was unaffected by metalliferous site conditions.Our findings depict contrasting strategies of Zn allocation to <i>A. halleri</i> seeds: increased delivery at lowland non-metalliferous locations (a likely natural selection toward enhanced Zn-hyperaccumulation in vegetative tissues) versus limited translocation at metalliferous sites where external Zn concentrations are toxic for non-tolerant plants. Both strategies are worth exploring further to resolve metal homeostasis mechanisms and their effects on seed development and nutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9591406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paul K K Adu-Gyamfi, Abraham Akpertey, Michael Barnnor, Atta Ofori, Francis Padi
High cropping efficiency implies that high yields are obtained from reasonably sized trees. We studied the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) of selected cashew clones of Brazilian (A), Beninese (BE), and Ghanaian (SG) background for cropping efficiency and nut weight in the early years of bearing. Using North Carolina II mating design, four clones were crossed as males to three best clones recommended for farmers. The 12 F1 progenies were evaluated in the field at Wenchi (2012-2018) for increase in trunk cross-sectional area at the vegetative (TCSAv) and reproductive (TCSAr) stages, canopy spread in the east-west (CSew) and north-south (CSns) directions, nut yield (NY), nut weight (NW), and cropping efficiency (CE) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cropping efficiencies were in the range of 30.8-67.4 g/cm2/year while nut weight and nut yield varied from 5.9 to 10.5 g/year and 477.8 to 939.4 kg ha-1 year-1 in the fourth to sixth years after planting, respectively. The Beninese progenies outperformed the Brazilian progenies for cropping efficiency. GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.47 (CE) to 0.80 (NW). Canopy spread in the north-south direction correlated (rg = 0.98; p ≤ .001) strongly with cropping efficiency at the genotypic level. Among males, BE203 showed positive GCA effects for cropping efficiency, TCSAv, and nut yield, whereas A2 and SG273 showed positive GCA effects for nut weight. Among females, SG287 showed negative GCA effects for TCSAr. Our study provides evidence that, cashew tree size and nut quality are under genetic control and the identified clones represent a suitable genetic resource pool to increase productivity.
{"title":"Genotypic characterization of cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L.) clones using agro-morphological traits.","authors":"Paul K K Adu-Gyamfi, Abraham Akpertey, Michael Barnnor, Atta Ofori, Francis Padi","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>High cropping efficiency implies that high yields are obtained from reasonably sized trees. We studied the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) of selected cashew clones of Brazilian (A), Beninese (BE), and Ghanaian (SG) background for cropping efficiency and nut weight in the early years of bearing. Using North Carolina II mating design, four clones were crossed as males to three best clones recommended for farmers. The 12 F<sub>1</sub> progenies were evaluated in the field at Wenchi (2012-2018) for increase in trunk cross-sectional area at the vegetative (TCSAv) and reproductive (TCSAr) stages, canopy spread in the east-west (CSew) and north-south (CSns) directions, nut yield (NY), nut weight (NW), and cropping efficiency (CE) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cropping efficiencies were in the range of 30.8-67.4 g/cm<sup>2</sup>/year while nut weight and nut yield varied from 5.9 to 10.5 g/year and 477.8 to 939.4 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> year<sup>-1</sup> in the fourth to sixth years after planting, respectively. The Beninese progenies outperformed the Brazilian progenies for cropping efficiency. GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.47 (CE) to 0.80 (NW). Canopy spread in the north-south direction correlated (<i>rg</i> = 0.98; <i>p ≤ </i>.001) strongly with cropping efficiency at the genotypic level. Among males, BE203 showed positive GCA effects for cropping efficiency, TCSAv, and nut yield, whereas A2 and SG273 showed positive GCA effects for nut weight. Among females, SG287 showed negative GCA effects for TCSAr. Our study provides evidence that, cashew tree size and nut quality are under genetic control and the identified clones represent a suitable genetic resource pool to increase productivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9591409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannon L J Bayliss, Liam O Mueller, Ian M Ware, Jennifer A Schweitzer, Joseph K Bailey
The objective of this study was to understand how genetic variation in a riparian species, Populus angustifolia, affects mass and energy exchange between the land and atmosphere across ~1,700 km of latitude of the western United States. To examine the potential for large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks in hydrologic processes driven by geographic differences in plant population traits, we use a physical hydrology model, paired field, and greenhouse observations of plant traits, and stable isotope compositions of soil, stem, and leaf water of P. angustifolia populations. Populations show patterns of local adaptation in traits related to landscape hydrologic functioning-a 47% difference in stomatal density in greenhouse conditions and a 74% difference in stomatal ratio in the field. Trait and stable isotope differences reveal that populations use water differently which is related to historical landscape hydrologic functioning (evapotranspiration and streamflow). Overall, results suggest that populations from landscapes with different hydrologic histories will differ in their ability to maintain favorable water balance with changing atmospheric demands for water, with ecosystem consequences.
{"title":"Plant genetic variation drives geographic differences in atmosphere-plant-ecosystem feedbacks.","authors":"Shannon L J Bayliss, Liam O Mueller, Ian M Ware, Jennifer A Schweitzer, Joseph K Bailey","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to understand how genetic variation in a riparian species, <i>Populus angustifolia</i>, affects mass and energy exchange between the land and atmosphere across ~1,700 km of latitude of the western United States. To examine the potential for large-scale land-atmosphere feedbacks in hydrologic processes driven by geographic differences in plant population traits, we use a physical hydrology model, paired field, and greenhouse observations of plant traits, and stable isotope compositions of soil, stem, and leaf water of <i>P. angustifolia</i> populations. Populations show patterns of local adaptation in traits related to landscape hydrologic functioning-a 47% difference in stomatal density in greenhouse conditions and a 74% difference in stomatal ratio in the field. Trait and stable isotope differences reveal that populations use water differently which is related to historical landscape hydrologic functioning (evapotranspiration and streamflow). Overall, results suggest that populations from landscapes with different hydrologic histories will differ in their ability to maintain favorable water balance with changing atmospheric demands for water, with ecosystem consequences.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9591402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Knowledge Mushonga, Joachim M Steyn, Wijnand J Swart, Jacquie E van der Waals
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) give a mechanistic understanding on how soil properties established by previous plant species go on to influence the performance of the same or different species in monoculture, intercropping or crop rotation systems. We hypothesized that different dryland crops such as Zea mays L., Helianthus annuus L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., and Glycine max L. (Merr.) will have soil legacies that are related to the crop type. We used a two-phase experiment to test plant performance in soils previously cultivated with the same or different plant species under greenhouse conditions. The positive plant growth for all species in their own soil microbiota suggests that mutualists had a greater impact on plant performance than pathogens. The consistent positive soil-feedback results of P. vulgaris were strongly associated with their own beneficial soil microbiota, meaning that the conditioning phase legacy of mutualists and decomposers were more significant than pathogens under monoculture. Despite successful nodulation in sterilized and inoculated soils, G. max unexpectedly showed neutral and insignificant positive plant feedbacks, respectively. Helianthus annuus was superior to other crop species in creating active carbon stocks and an enzymatically active soil for the next crop. Microbial biomass results suggest that raising fungal relative to bacterial biomass can be achieved by increasing the frequency of H. annuus in rotation sequences. However, more studies are necessary to evaluate whether these elevated ratios promote or depress plant performance under field conditions. This study showed that relative to other dryland crops, H. annuus seems to have the potential of increasing fungal to bacterial ratios, raising legacies in active carbon stocks and soil microbial activity that may be crucial to successional planting in dryland systems.
植物-土壤反馈(psf)提供了对以前植物物种建立的土壤特性如何在单作、间作或作物轮作系统中继续影响相同或不同物种的表现的机制理解。我们假设不同的旱地作物如玉米(Zea mays L.)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus L.)、菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)和甘氨酸(Glycine max L.)会有与作物类型相关的土壤遗传。我们采用了两个阶段的试验来测试以前在温室条件下种植相同或不同植物物种的土壤中的植物性能。所有物种在各自的土壤微生物群中都有良好的植物生长,这表明共生菌对植物性能的影响大于病原体。土壤正反馈结果的一致性与其自身有益的土壤微生物群密切相关,这意味着共生菌和分解者的调节阶段遗产比单一栽培下的病原体更显著。尽管在无菌和接种土壤上结瘤成功,但G. max出人意料地分别表现出中性和不显著的正植物反馈。一年生向日葵在为下一茬作物创造活性碳储量和酶活性土壤方面优于其他作物。微生物生物量结果表明,通过增加轮作序列中黄杨的频率可以提高真菌相对于细菌的生物量。然而,需要更多的研究来评估这些增加的比例在田间条件下是促进还是抑制植物的生长。本研究表明,相对于其他旱地作物,黄花蒿似乎具有提高真菌与细菌比例、提高活性碳储量和土壤微生物活性的潜力,这可能对旱地系统的演替至关重要。
{"title":"Plant-soil feedback responses of four dryland crop species under greenhouse conditions.","authors":"Knowledge Mushonga, Joachim M Steyn, Wijnand J Swart, Jacquie E van der Waals","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) give a mechanistic understanding on how soil properties established by previous plant species go on to influence the performance of the same or different species in monoculture, intercropping or crop rotation systems. We hypothesized that different dryland crops such as <i>Zea mays</i> L., <i>Helianthus annuus</i> L., <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L., and <i>Glycine max</i> L. (Merr.) will have soil legacies that are related to the crop type. We used a two-phase experiment to test plant performance in soils previously cultivated with the same or different plant species under greenhouse conditions. The positive plant growth for all species in their own soil microbiota suggests that mutualists had a greater impact on plant performance than pathogens. The consistent positive soil-feedback results of <i>P. vulgaris</i> were strongly associated with their own beneficial soil microbiota, meaning that the conditioning phase legacy of mutualists and decomposers were more significant than pathogens under monoculture. Despite successful nodulation in sterilized and inoculated soils, <i>G. max</i> unexpectedly showed neutral and insignificant positive plant feedbacks, respectively. <i>Helianthus annuus</i> was superior to other crop species in creating active carbon stocks and an enzymatically active soil for the next crop. Microbial biomass results suggest that raising fungal relative to bacterial biomass can be achieved by increasing the frequency of <i>H. annuus</i> in rotation sequences. However, more studies are necessary to evaluate whether these elevated ratios promote or depress plant performance under field conditions. This study showed that relative to other dryland crops, <i>H. annuus</i> seems to have the potential of increasing fungal to bacterial ratios, raising legacies in active carbon stocks and soil microbial activity that may be crucial to successional planting in dryland systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10035","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9964033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Land carbon cycle components in an Earth system model (ESM) play a crucial role in the projections of forest ecosystem responses to climate/environmental changes. Evaluating models from the viewpoint of observations is essential for an improved understanding of model performance and for identifying uncertainties in their outputs. Herein, we evaluated the land net primary production (NPP) for circumboreal forests simulated with 10 ESMs in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project by comparisons with observation‐based indexes for forest productivity, namely, the composite version 3G of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3g) and tree‐ring width index (RWI). These indexes show similar patterns in response to past climate change over the forests, i.e., a one‐year time lag response and smaller positive responses to past climate changes in comparison with the land NPP simulated by the ESMs. The latter showed overly positive responses to past temperature and/or precipitation changes in comparison with the NDVI3g and RWI. These results indicate that ESMs may overestimate the future forest NPP of circumboreal forests (particularly for inland dry regions, such as inner Alaska and Canada, and eastern Siberia, and for hotter, southern regions, such as central Europe) under the expected increases in both average global temperature and precipitation, which are common to all current ESMs.
{"title":"Excessive positive response of model-simulated land net primary production to climate changes over circumboreal forests.","authors":"Shunsuke Tei, Atsuko Sugimoto","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Land carbon cycle components in an Earth system model (ESM) play a crucial role in the projections of forest ecosystem responses to climate/environmental changes. Evaluating models from the viewpoint of observations is essential for an improved understanding of model performance and for identifying uncertainties in their outputs. Herein, we evaluated the land net primary production (NPP) for circumboreal forests simulated with 10 ESMs in Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project by comparisons with observation‐based indexes for forest productivity, namely, the composite version 3G of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3g) and tree‐ring width index (RWI). These indexes show similar patterns in response to past climate change over the forests, i.e., a one‐year time lag response and smaller positive responses to past climate changes in comparison with the land NPP simulated by the ESMs. The latter showed overly positive responses to past temperature and/or precipitation changes in comparison with the NDVI3g and RWI. These results indicate that ESMs may overestimate the future forest NPP of circumboreal forests (particularly for inland dry regions, such as inner Alaska and Canada, and eastern Siberia, and for hotter, southern regions, such as central Europe) under the expected increases in both average global temperature and precipitation, which are common to all current ESMs.","PeriodicalId":74457,"journal":{"name":"Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/pei3.10025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9592187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}