Pub Date : 2001-05-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984637
Virginia Carlson, Debra K Olson
A market survey of occupational health and safety professionals was performed to assess their interest in course work offered through distance education, using technology-enhanced learning methods such as the Internet or CD-ROM. A random sample of 800 active and student members of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, and the American Society of Safety Engineers from the eight-state Midwest region were queried through a mail survey. Respondents expressed a high likeliness (87.4%) to participate in distance education opportunities for the purposes of continuing education and academic degree. The areas of study interest selected most often were occupational health (73%), injury prevention and control (60%), and industrial hygiene (53%). More than three-quarters of respondents (79%) said that an on-campus component was not important to their learning experience. The majority of respondents (68%) indicated that they were reimbursed for the cost of education with significant differences identified by association. Occupational health and safety professionals are interested in distance education using technology-enhanced learning (TEL) methodologies for meeting their educational needs. TEL/distance education, built on a tested educational approach, should be implemented and outcomes shared to increase the body of knowledge regarding these teaching strategies as they pertain to occupational health and safety professionals.
{"title":"Technology-enhanced learning/distance education: market survey of occupational health and safety professionals.","authors":"Virginia Carlson, Debra K Olson","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984637","url":null,"abstract":"A market survey of occupational health and safety professionals was performed to assess their interest in course work offered through distance education, using technology-enhanced learning methods such as the Internet or CD-ROM. A random sample of 800 active and student members of the American Industrial Hygiene Association, the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses, and the American Society of Safety Engineers from the eight-state Midwest region were queried through a mail survey. Respondents expressed a high likeliness (87.4%) to participate in distance education opportunities for the purposes of continuing education and academic degree. The areas of study interest selected most often were occupational health (73%), injury prevention and control (60%), and industrial hygiene (53%). More than three-quarters of respondents (79%) said that an on-campus component was not important to their learning experience. The majority of respondents (68%) indicated that they were reimbursed for the cost of education with significant differences identified by association. Occupational health and safety professionals are interested in distance education using technology-enhanced learning (TEL) methodologies for meeting their educational needs. TEL/distance education, built on a tested educational approach, should be implemented and outcomes shared to increase the body of knowledge regarding these teaching strategies as they pertain to occupational health and safety professionals.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87343962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984624
J. Martonik, Edith Nash, E. Grossman
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has regulated occupational exposure to asbestos since 1971. Since issuing its first asbestos standard, OSHA has modified it several times in response to new information about the health risk of exposure and concern expressed by workers and public health groups. As each modification has reduced worker exposure and disease risk, each also has introduced new concepts including emphasis on ancillary provisions in standards regulating occupational exposure to toxic substances to enhance worker health; medical removal protection; two attempts at emergency temporary standards; use of historical and objective exposure data to assess worker exposure; the need to eliminate significant risk of disease posed by asbestos; and the presumption of hazard in absence of exposure information. These and other advances have affected all subsequent OSHA standards aimed at reducing occupational exposure to toxic substances.
{"title":"The history of OSHA's asbestos rule makings and some distinctive approaches that they introduced for regulating occupational exposure to toxic substances.","authors":"J. Martonik, Edith Nash, E. Grossman","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984624","url":null,"abstract":"The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has regulated occupational exposure to asbestos since 1971. Since issuing its first asbestos standard, OSHA has modified it several times in response to new information about the health risk of exposure and concern expressed by workers and public health groups. As each modification has reduced worker exposure and disease risk, each also has introduced new concepts including emphasis on ancillary provisions in standards regulating occupational exposure to toxic substances to enhance worker health; medical removal protection; two attempts at emergency temporary standards; use of historical and objective exposure data to assess worker exposure; the need to eliminate significant risk of disease posed by asbestos; and the presumption of hazard in absence of exposure information. These and other advances have affected all subsequent OSHA standards aimed at reducing occupational exposure to toxic substances.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88830441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984627
Mary K. Salazar, C. Connon, T. Takaro, N. Beaudet, S. Barnhart
The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of a group of hazardous waste workers about their workplace hazards and to understand their beliefs and attitudes about the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE). There were two phases of data collection: (1) interviews to identify factors that influence respirator use and (2) a written survey to evaluate the importance of these factors. This article describes the findings from the written survey completed by 255 eligible respondents (return rate = 46.5%, 255/548). Subjects used a weighting system to score 18 identified factors that influence the use of RPE. Scores were compared according to type of respirator, frequency of use, and associated health symptoms. The factors that had the most positive influence on respirator use were concern about work exposure, fit-testing, and training. The most negative influences were communication, personal comfort, effect on vision, structural environment, and fatigue. More frequent users (once per month or more) were significantly more likely to view fit-testing, health effects, and effects on vision negatively than were less frequent users. Persons who reported health symptoms associated with respirator use had more negative scores than persons without health symptoms. Workers categorized as laborers were more likely to be frequent respirator users and to wear supplied-air respirators, and were significantly more likely to view vulnerability to disease negatively, than were other worker groups. The findings from this study indicate that respiratory protection programs must extend beyond training and education; to be maximally effective, health professionals must be responsive to the specific concerns of the workers.
{"title":"An evaluation of factors affecting hazardous waste workers' use of respiratory protective equipment.","authors":"Mary K. Salazar, C. Connon, T. Takaro, N. Beaudet, S. Barnhart","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984627","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of a group of hazardous waste workers about their workplace hazards and to understand their beliefs and attitudes about the use of respiratory protective equipment (RPE). There were two phases of data collection: (1) interviews to identify factors that influence respirator use and (2) a written survey to evaluate the importance of these factors. This article describes the findings from the written survey completed by 255 eligible respondents (return rate = 46.5%, 255/548). Subjects used a weighting system to score 18 identified factors that influence the use of RPE. Scores were compared according to type of respirator, frequency of use, and associated health symptoms. The factors that had the most positive influence on respirator use were concern about work exposure, fit-testing, and training. The most negative influences were communication, personal comfort, effect on vision, structural environment, and fatigue. More frequent users (once per month or more) were significantly more likely to view fit-testing, health effects, and effects on vision negatively than were less frequent users. Persons who reported health symptoms associated with respirator use had more negative scores than persons without health symptoms. Workers categorized as laborers were more likely to be frequent respirator users and to wear supplied-air respirators, and were significantly more likely to view vulnerability to disease negatively, than were other worker groups. The findings from this study indicate that respiratory protection programs must extend beyond training and education; to be maximally effective, health professionals must be responsive to the specific concerns of the workers.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84457264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984623
R. Huang, J. L. Chen, Y. K. Chen, C. C. Chen, W. Yeh, C. W. Chen
The flow patterns of an exterior circular hood subject to the influence of various uniform cross drafts were experimentally studied in an apparatus consisting of hood-model/wind-tunnel assembly. A two-component laser Doppler anemometer was employed to measure the velocity field on the symmetry plane. The streamline patterns were obtained from the measured velocity data. The cross draft caused a characteristic envelope similar to a half Rankine body-of-revolution to form in the flow field. The boundary of the envelope is described by a dividing streamline. All streamlines within the envelope lead to the opening; those outside the envelope evolve to the downstream area. The normalized geometry of the capture envelope is theoretically justified and correlated by modifying the potential theory of point-sink-plus-rectilinear-flow. The domain and shape of the envelope enclosing the hood opening are determined primarily by the velocity ratio between the cross draft and hood suction. The correlated formula is applicable to design the hood parameters, including the sizes of opening and flange as well as the location of contaminant sources.
{"title":"The capture envelope of a flanged circular hood in cross drafts.","authors":"R. Huang, J. L. Chen, Y. K. Chen, C. C. Chen, W. Yeh, C. W. Chen","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984623","url":null,"abstract":"The flow patterns of an exterior circular hood subject to the influence of various uniform cross drafts were experimentally studied in an apparatus consisting of hood-model/wind-tunnel assembly. A two-component laser Doppler anemometer was employed to measure the velocity field on the symmetry plane. The streamline patterns were obtained from the measured velocity data. The cross draft caused a characteristic envelope similar to a half Rankine body-of-revolution to form in the flow field. The boundary of the envelope is described by a dividing streamline. All streamlines within the envelope lead to the opening; those outside the envelope evolve to the downstream area. The normalized geometry of the capture envelope is theoretically justified and correlated by modifying the potential theory of point-sink-plus-rectilinear-flow. The domain and shape of the envelope enclosing the hood opening are determined primarily by the velocity ratio between the cross draft and hood suction. The correlated formula is applicable to design the hood parameters, including the sizes of opening and flange as well as the location of contaminant sources.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78678167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984625
A. Watson, P. Valberg
Carbon blacks are manufactured under controlled conditions for commercial use primarily in the rubber, painting, and printing industries. In contrast, soots are unwanted byproducts from the combustion of carbon-based materials for the generation of energy or heat, or for the disposal of waste. Unfortunately, the terms carbon black and soot often have been used interchangeably; however, carbon black is physically and chemically distinct from soot. Greater than 97% of carbon black consists of elemental carbon arranged as aciniform particulate. Depending on the type of soot, the relative amount of carbon (< 60% of the total particle mass), the type of particulate carbon, and particle characteristics (size, shape, and heterogeneity) can vary considerably. For both carbon black and soot, other elements and chemical compounds are associated with the particulate carbon. Total inorganics (ash) represent < 1% of the carbon black particle mass. Organic compounds can be extracted from particle surfaces (solvent extractable fraction [SOF]), and for carbon black, also are < 1% of the particle mass. Soots have much greater percentages of ash, SOF, or both, than carbon black. There has been concern about the adsorbed organic compounds because of potential biologic activity. For carbon black, the SOF is strongly adherent to carbon surfaces and is not released by biological fluids. The types of organic compounds consist primarily of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and are not as biologically potent as those compounds present in soot. Thus, carbon black is distinctly different from soot, and when discussing potential health effects, care must be taken to differentiate between the two types of carbon-based particles.
{"title":"Carbon black and soot: two different substances.","authors":"A. Watson, P. Valberg","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984625","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon blacks are manufactured under controlled conditions for commercial use primarily in the rubber, painting, and printing industries. In contrast, soots are unwanted byproducts from the combustion of carbon-based materials for the generation of energy or heat, or for the disposal of waste. Unfortunately, the terms carbon black and soot often have been used interchangeably; however, carbon black is physically and chemically distinct from soot. Greater than 97% of carbon black consists of elemental carbon arranged as aciniform particulate. Depending on the type of soot, the relative amount of carbon (< 60% of the total particle mass), the type of particulate carbon, and particle characteristics (size, shape, and heterogeneity) can vary considerably. For both carbon black and soot, other elements and chemical compounds are associated with the particulate carbon. Total inorganics (ash) represent < 1% of the carbon black particle mass. Organic compounds can be extracted from particle surfaces (solvent extractable fraction [SOF]), and for carbon black, also are < 1% of the particle mass. Soots have much greater percentages of ash, SOF, or both, than carbon black. There has been concern about the adsorbed organic compounds because of potential biologic activity. For carbon black, the SOF is strongly adherent to carbon surfaces and is not released by biological fluids. The types of organic compounds consist primarily of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and are not as biologically potent as those compounds present in soot. Thus, carbon black is distinctly different from soot, and when discussing potential health effects, care must be taken to differentiate between the two types of carbon-based particles.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87449646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984616
R. Rota, G. Nano, L. Canossa
Open surface tanks often are used in industrial practice. When harmful substances are involved, control of worker exposure requires the use of a local ventilation system. The push-pull system, among others, involves a jet of air that is blown from one side of the tank and collected by an exhaust hood on the opposite side; this system can save up to 50% of the ventilation air. Several guidelines are available for design of such a ventilation system, mainly based on experimental results. However, their validity is confined inside a narrow operating window. In this work a mathematical model developed based on computational fluid dynamics has been used to extend the validity of the existing guidelines outside the range in which they have been validated, with particular reference to tank width and to the velocity of the air drafts.
{"title":"Design guidelines for push-pull ventilation systems through computational fluid dynamics modeling.","authors":"R. Rota, G. Nano, L. Canossa","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984616","url":null,"abstract":"Open surface tanks often are used in industrial practice. When harmful substances are involved, control of worker exposure requires the use of a local ventilation system. The push-pull system, among others, involves a jet of air that is blown from one side of the tank and collected by an exhaust hood on the opposite side; this system can save up to 50% of the ventilation air. Several guidelines are available for design of such a ventilation system, mainly based on experimental results. However, their validity is confined inside a narrow operating window. In this work a mathematical model developed based on computational fluid dynamics has been used to extend the validity of the existing guidelines outside the range in which they have been validated, with particular reference to tank width and to the velocity of the air drafts.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83216808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984620
I. Welling, T. Mielo, J. Räisänen, M. Hyvärinen, T. Liukkonen, T. Nurkka, P. Lonka, C. Rosenberg, Y. Peltonen, U. Svedberg, P. Jäppinen
This article describes an experimental study of terpene emission rates during fresh pine and spruce sawing and processing. Total terpene emission was determined by summing the product of the exhaust airflow rate and the mean concentration in the exhaust. Terpene concentrations were measured at fixed sampling points between the sawing lines. Terpene emission during pine sawing was found to be around 10 times greater than that during spruce sawing. The emission rates given here can be used to predict emission rates for various production rates. The predicted emission rates can be used in mass balance models to predict concentrations or required airflow rates to achieve the target concentration level.
{"title":"Characterization and control of terpene emissions in Finnish sawmills.","authors":"I. Welling, T. Mielo, J. Räisänen, M. Hyvärinen, T. Liukkonen, T. Nurkka, P. Lonka, C. Rosenberg, Y. Peltonen, U. Svedberg, P. Jäppinen","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984620","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes an experimental study of terpene emission rates during fresh pine and spruce sawing and processing. Total terpene emission was determined by summing the product of the exhaust airflow rate and the mean concentration in the exhaust. Terpene concentrations were measured at fixed sampling points between the sawing lines. Terpene emission during pine sawing was found to be around 10 times greater than that during spruce sawing. The emission rates given here can be used to predict emission rates for various production rates. The predicted emission rates can be used in mass balance models to predict concentrations or required airflow rates to achieve the target concentration level.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76004049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984619
S. Tanaka, Y. Tsuda, S. Kitamura, M. Shimada, H. Arito, Y. Seki
This study was intended to develop a simple method using a gas detector tube to detect the end of the service lives of chemical cartridges for organic solvent vapors. The practical usefulness of this method was confirmed by two series of experimental observations of cartridge service lives: (1) The breakthrough times for six organic solvents were determined by passing a test airflow through a cartridge, and the concentration at each breakthrough was measured with a gas chromatograph (GC). These GC-obtained concentrations were compared with the migrated vapor concentrations through each broken cartridge measured with a gas detector tube. (2) CS2 breakthrough of the cartridges used on 32 viscose rayon workers were measured with detector tubes, after which the residual service life of each cartridge was determined. In laboratory experiments the released concentrations detected by the gas detector tube were approximately equal to the final leak concentrations measured by GC. In a field survey the used cartridges exhibiting a stain of CS2 from detector tubes for concentrations greater than 4 ppm were found not to have enough residual adsorption capacity for CS2. Migrated concentrations of CS2 measured with detector tubes were found to be a reasonable predictor of remaining service life.
{"title":"A simple method for detecting breakthroughs in used chemical cartridges.","authors":"S. Tanaka, Y. Tsuda, S. Kitamura, M. Shimada, H. Arito, Y. Seki","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984619","url":null,"abstract":"This study was intended to develop a simple method using a gas detector tube to detect the end of the service lives of chemical cartridges for organic solvent vapors. The practical usefulness of this method was confirmed by two series of experimental observations of cartridge service lives: (1) The breakthrough times for six organic solvents were determined by passing a test airflow through a cartridge, and the concentration at each breakthrough was measured with a gas chromatograph (GC). These GC-obtained concentrations were compared with the migrated vapor concentrations through each broken cartridge measured with a gas detector tube. (2) CS2 breakthrough of the cartridges used on 32 viscose rayon workers were measured with detector tubes, after which the residual service life of each cartridge was determined. In laboratory experiments the released concentrations detected by the gas detector tube were approximately equal to the final leak concentrations measured by GC. In a field survey the used cartridges exhibiting a stain of CS2 from detector tubes for concentrations greater than 4 ppm were found not to have enough residual adsorption capacity for CS2. Migrated concentrations of CS2 measured with detector tubes were found to be a reasonable predictor of remaining service life.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77651428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984628
W. Rudzinski, J. Yin, E. England, G. Carlton, R. Key-Schwartz, J. Lesage
A polyurethane foam sponge impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazine in dimethylsulfoxide was mounted in both cassette and inhalable organic monitor samplers and these were then compared with a dual-filter cassette. The samplers were used for the collection of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and oligomers during actual spray-painting operations. The dual filter cassettes were positioned on a mannequin. The polyurethane foam cassette (PUF CAS) and polyurethane foam inhalable organic monitor (PUF IOM) samplers were positioned on a cart in the same maximum overspray area. Data from this pilot study suggest that there is no significant difference (P < 0.05, n = 6) in the amount of HDI monomer obtained with the PUF IOM sampler when compared with the amount obtained from the dual filter cassette. The data also suggest that the PUF IOM sampler yields a higher amount of HDI oligomer than either the dual filter cassette or the PUF CAS sampler, neither of which exhibited a significant difference (P < 0.05, n = 6) from each other.
在二甲基亚砜中浸渍1-(2-甲氧基苯基)哌嗪的聚氨酯泡沫海绵安装在盒式和可吸入式有机监测采样器中，然后与双过滤盒式进行比较。在实际喷漆操作中，样品用于收集六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)单体和低聚物。双滤盒放置在人体模型上。将聚氨酯泡沫盒(PUF CAS)和聚氨酯泡沫可吸入有机监测仪(PUF IOM)采样器放置在相同的最大过喷区域的手推车上。本中试研究的数据表明，与双滤盒相比，PUF IOM取样器获得的HDI单体数量没有显著差异(P < 0.05, n = 6)。数据还表明，PUF IOM取样器比双滤盒或PUF CAS取样器产生更多的HDI低聚物，两者之间均没有显着差异(P < 0.05, n = 6)。
{"title":"A comparison of solid sampler methods for the determination of hexamethylene-based isocyanates in spray-painting operations.","authors":"W. Rudzinski, J. Yin, E. England, G. Carlton, R. Key-Schwartz, J. Lesage","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984628","url":null,"abstract":"A polyurethane foam sponge impregnated with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazine in dimethylsulfoxide was mounted in both cassette and inhalable organic monitor samplers and these were then compared with a dual-filter cassette. The samplers were used for the collection of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) monomer and oligomers during actual spray-painting operations. The dual filter cassettes were positioned on a mannequin. The polyurethane foam cassette (PUF CAS) and polyurethane foam inhalable organic monitor (PUF IOM) samplers were positioned on a cart in the same maximum overspray area. Data from this pilot study suggest that there is no significant difference (P < 0.05, n = 6) in the amount of HDI monomer obtained with the PUF IOM sampler when compared with the amount obtained from the dual filter cassette. The data also suggest that the PUF IOM sampler yields a higher amount of HDI oligomer than either the dual filter cassette or the PUF CAS sampler, neither of which exhibited a significant difference (P < 0.05, n = 6) from each other.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91502634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-03-01DOI: 10.1080/15298660108984617
M. Nicas
Turbulent eddy diffusion models are used to describe a continuous concentration gradient with distance from an in-room contaminant emission source. A refined diffusion model termed the Drivas model also accounts for contaminant reflection by wall surfaces and partially accounts for removal by exhaust air. This article develops two models based on Markov chains to describe indoor air contaminant dispersion by turbulent diffusion and advection, and removal by the exhaust airflow. Markov model I is equivalent to the Drivas model and is computationally simple. Markov model II can provide more realism by accounting for the locations of air inlets and outlets, advective flow patterns, in-room reflective surfaces, and contaminant removal mechanisms at specific room positions. The price paid for this greater realism is greater computational complexity. Both Markov models are explicitly probabilistic and estimate the expected concentration values at given room positions.
{"title":"Modeling turbulent diffusion and advection of indoor air contaminants by Markov chains.","authors":"M. Nicas","doi":"10.1080/15298660108984617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15298660108984617","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulent eddy diffusion models are used to describe a continuous concentration gradient with distance from an in-room contaminant emission source. A refined diffusion model termed the Drivas model also accounts for contaminant reflection by wall surfaces and partially accounts for removal by exhaust air. This article develops two models based on Markov chains to describe indoor air contaminant dispersion by turbulent diffusion and advection, and removal by the exhaust airflow. Markov model I is equivalent to the Drivas model and is computationally simple. Markov model II can provide more realism by accounting for the locations of air inlets and outlets, advective flow patterns, in-room reflective surfaces, and contaminant removal mechanisms at specific room positions. The price paid for this greater realism is greater computational complexity. Both Markov models are explicitly probabilistic and estimate the expected concentration values at given room positions.","PeriodicalId":7449,"journal":{"name":"AIHAJ : a journal for the science of occupational and environmental health and safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88146825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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