In recent years, organs‐on‐chips have been arousing great interest for their bionic and stable construction of crucial human organs in vitro. Compared with traditional animal models and two‐dimensional cell models, organs‐on‐chips could not only overcome the limitations of species difference and poor predict ability but also be capable of reappearing the complex cell‐cell interaction, tissue interface, biofluid and other physiological conditions of humans. Therefore, organs‐on‐chips have been regarded as promising and powerful tools in diverse fields such as biology, chemistry, medicine and so on. In this perspective, we present a review of organs‐on‐chips for biomedical applications. After introducing the key elements and manufacturing craft of organs‐on‐chips, we intend to review their cut‐edging applications in biomedical fields, incorporating biological analysis, drug development, robotics and so on. Finally, the emphasis is focused on the perspectives of organs‐on‐chips.
{"title":"Developing organs‐on‐chips for biomedical applications","authors":"Lingyu Sun, Hanxu Chen, Dongyu Xu, Rui Liu, Yuanjin Zhao","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20240009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20240009","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, organs‐on‐chips have been arousing great interest for their bionic and stable construction of crucial human organs in vitro. Compared with traditional animal models and two‐dimensional cell models, organs‐on‐chips could not only overcome the limitations of species difference and poor predict ability but also be capable of reappearing the complex cell‐cell interaction, tissue interface, biofluid and other physiological conditions of humans. Therefore, organs‐on‐chips have been regarded as promising and powerful tools in diverse fields such as biology, chemistry, medicine and so on. In this perspective, we present a review of organs‐on‐chips for biomedical applications. After introducing the key elements and manufacturing craft of organs‐on‐chips, we intend to review their cut‐edging applications in biomedical fields, incorporating biological analysis, drug development, robotics and so on. Finally, the emphasis is focused on the perspectives of organs‐on‐chips.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"26 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141117337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xinyuan Li, Guo Chen, Xiangle Zhou, Xiang Peng, Mao Li, Daihui Chen, Haitao Yu, W. Shi, Chunlin Zhang, Yang Li, Zhenwei Feng, Yuhua Mei, Li Li, Simin Liang, Weiyang He, Xin Gou, Jie Li
Ferroptosis is a predominant contributor to graft kidney ischemia‒reperfusion injury (IRI), resulting in delayed graft function (DGF). However, much less is known about the early predicting biomarkers and therapeutic targets of DGF, especially aiming at ferroptosis. Here, we propose a precise predicting model for DGF, relying on the Akirin1 level in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from recipient urine 48 h after kidney transplant. In addition, we decipher a new molecular mechanism whereby Akirin1 induces ferroptosis by strengthening TP53‐mediated suppression of SLC7A11 during the graft kidney IRI process, that is, Akirin1 activates the EGR1/TP53 axis and inhibits MDM2‐mediated TP53 ubiquitination, accordingly upregulating TP53 in two ways. Meanwhile, we present the first evidence that miR‐136‐5p enriched in EVs secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UM‐EVs) confers robust protection against ferroptosis and graft kidney IRI by targeted inhibition of Akirin1 but knockout of miR‐136‐5p in UM sharply mitigates the protection of UM‐EVs. The functional and mechanistic regulation of Akirin1 is further corroborated in an allograft kidney transplant model in wild‐type and Akirin1‐knockout mice. In summary, these findings suggest that Akirin1, which prominently induces ferroptosis, is a pivotal biomarker and target for early diagnosis and treatment of graft kidney IRI and DGF after kidney transplant.
{"title":"Roles of Akirin1 in early prediction and treatment of graft kidney ischemia‒reperfusion injury","authors":"Xinyuan Li, Guo Chen, Xiangle Zhou, Xiang Peng, Mao Li, Daihui Chen, Haitao Yu, W. Shi, Chunlin Zhang, Yang Li, Zhenwei Feng, Yuhua Mei, Li Li, Simin Liang, Weiyang He, Xin Gou, Jie Li","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230043","url":null,"abstract":"Ferroptosis is a predominant contributor to graft kidney ischemia‒reperfusion injury (IRI), resulting in delayed graft function (DGF). However, much less is known about the early predicting biomarkers and therapeutic targets of DGF, especially aiming at ferroptosis. Here, we propose a precise predicting model for DGF, relying on the Akirin1 level in extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from recipient urine 48 h after kidney transplant. In addition, we decipher a new molecular mechanism whereby Akirin1 induces ferroptosis by strengthening TP53‐mediated suppression of SLC7A11 during the graft kidney IRI process, that is, Akirin1 activates the EGR1/TP53 axis and inhibits MDM2‐mediated TP53 ubiquitination, accordingly upregulating TP53 in two ways. Meanwhile, we present the first evidence that miR‐136‐5p enriched in EVs secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UM‐EVs) confers robust protection against ferroptosis and graft kidney IRI by targeted inhibition of Akirin1 but knockout of miR‐136‐5p in UM sharply mitigates the protection of UM‐EVs. The functional and mechanistic regulation of Akirin1 is further corroborated in an allograft kidney transplant model in wild‐type and Akirin1‐knockout mice. In summary, these findings suggest that Akirin1, which prominently induces ferroptosis, is a pivotal biomarker and target for early diagnosis and treatment of graft kidney IRI and DGF after kidney transplant.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"292 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140751254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingbo Li, Lingyu Sun, Feika Bian, Stephen J. Pandol, Ling Li
The islet of Langerhans, functioning as a “mini organ”, plays a vital role in regulating endocrine activities due to its intricate structure. Dysfunction in these islets is closely associated with the development of diabetes mellitus (DM). To offer valuable insights for DM research and treatment, various approaches have been proposed to create artificial islets or islet organoids with high similarity to natural islets, under the collaborative effort of biologists, clinical physicians, and biomedical engineers. This review investigates the design and fabrication of artificial islets considering both biological and tissue engineering aspects. It begins by examining the natural structures and functions of native islets and proceeds to analyze the protocols for generating islets from stem cells. The review also outlines various techniques used in crafting artificial islets, with a specific focus on hydrogel‐based ones. Additionally, it provides a concise overview of the materials and devices employed in the clinical applications of artificial islets. Throughout, the primary goal is to develop artificial islets, thereby bridging the realms of developmental biology, clinical medicine, and tissue engineering.
{"title":"Emerging approaches for the development of artificial islets","authors":"Jingbo Li, Lingyu Sun, Feika Bian, Stephen J. Pandol, Ling Li","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230042","url":null,"abstract":"The islet of Langerhans, functioning as a “mini organ”, plays a vital role in regulating endocrine activities due to its intricate structure. Dysfunction in these islets is closely associated with the development of diabetes mellitus (DM). To offer valuable insights for DM research and treatment, various approaches have been proposed to create artificial islets or islet organoids with high similarity to natural islets, under the collaborative effort of biologists, clinical physicians, and biomedical engineers. This review investigates the design and fabrication of artificial islets considering both biological and tissue engineering aspects. It begins by examining the natural structures and functions of native islets and proceeds to analyze the protocols for generating islets from stem cells. The review also outlines various techniques used in crafting artificial islets, with a specific focus on hydrogel‐based ones. Additionally, it provides a concise overview of the materials and devices employed in the clinical applications of artificial islets. Throughout, the primary goal is to develop artificial islets, thereby bridging the realms of developmental biology, clinical medicine, and tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"16 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Global health faces an immense burden from infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular protozoan parasites such as the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and malaria, respectively. These pathogens propagate through the infection of human host cells. The first stage of this host cell infection mechanism is cell attachment, which typically involves interactions between the infectious agent and surface components on the host cell membranes, specifically heparan sulfate (HS) and/or sialic acid (SA). Hence, nanoparticles (NPs) which contain or mimic HS/SA that can directly bind to the pathogen surface and inhibit cell infection are emerging as potential candidates for an alternative anti‐infection therapeutic strategy. These NPs can be prepared from metals, soft matter (lipid, polymer, and dendrimer), DNA, and carbon‐based materials among others and can be designed to include aspects of multivalency, broad‐spectrum activity, biocidal mechanisms, and multifunctionality. This review provides an overview of such anti‐pathogen nanomedicines beyond drug delivery. Nanoscale inhibitors acting against viruses and obligate intracellular protozoan parasites are discussed. In the future, the availability of broadly applicable nanotherapeutics would allow early tackling of existing and upcoming viral diseases. Invasion inhibitory NPs could also provide urgently needed effective treatments for protozoan parasitic infections.
{"title":"Pathogen‐binding nanoparticles to inhibit host cell infection by heparan sulfate and sialic acid dependent viruses and protozoan parasites","authors":"A. Najer","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230046","url":null,"abstract":"Global health faces an immense burden from infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular protozoan parasites such as the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and malaria, respectively. These pathogens propagate through the infection of human host cells. The first stage of this host cell infection mechanism is cell attachment, which typically involves interactions between the infectious agent and surface components on the host cell membranes, specifically heparan sulfate (HS) and/or sialic acid (SA). Hence, nanoparticles (NPs) which contain or mimic HS/SA that can directly bind to the pathogen surface and inhibit cell infection are emerging as potential candidates for an alternative anti‐infection therapeutic strategy. These NPs can be prepared from metals, soft matter (lipid, polymer, and dendrimer), DNA, and carbon‐based materials among others and can be designed to include aspects of multivalency, broad‐spectrum activity, biocidal mechanisms, and multifunctionality. This review provides an overview of such anti‐pathogen nanomedicines beyond drug delivery. Nanoscale inhibitors acting against viruses and obligate intracellular protozoan parasites are discussed. In the future, the availability of broadly applicable nanotherapeutics would allow early tackling of existing and upcoming viral diseases. Invasion inhibitory NPs could also provide urgently needed effective treatments for protozoan parasitic infections.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140087550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immune engineering, a burgeoning field within regenerative medicine, involves a spectrum of strategies to optimize the intricate interplay between tissue regenerative biomaterials and the host tissue. These strategies are applied across different types of biomaterials and various disease models, which encompasses finely modulating the immune response at the levels of immune cells and factors, aiming to mitigate adverse effects like fibrosis and persistent inflammation that may arise at the injury site and consequently promote tissue regeneration. With the continuous progress in electrospinning technology, the immunoregulatory capabilities of electrospun fibers have gained substantial attention over the years. Electrospun fibers, with their extracellular matrix‐like characteristics, high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, and reliable pharmaceutical compound capacity, have emerged as key players among tissue engineering materials. This review specifically focuses on the role of electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering, emphasizing their unique design strategies. Notably, electrospinning actively engages in immune engineering by modulating immune responses through four essential strategies: (i) surface modification, (ii) drug loading, (iii) physicochemical parameters, and (iv) biological grafting. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms of the immune system in injured tissues while unveiling the key strategies adopted by electrospun fibers to orchestrate immune regulation. Furthermore, the review explores the current developmental trends and limitations concerning the immunoregulatory function of electrospun fibers, aiming to drive the advancements in electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering to its full potential.
{"title":"Electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering in regenerative medicine","authors":"Yiru Xu, Qimanguli Saiding, Xue Zhou, Juan Wang, Wenguo Cui, Xinliang Chen","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230034","url":null,"abstract":"Immune engineering, a burgeoning field within regenerative medicine, involves a spectrum of strategies to optimize the intricate interplay between tissue regenerative biomaterials and the host tissue. These strategies are applied across different types of biomaterials and various disease models, which encompasses finely modulating the immune response at the levels of immune cells and factors, aiming to mitigate adverse effects like fibrosis and persistent inflammation that may arise at the injury site and consequently promote tissue regeneration. With the continuous progress in electrospinning technology, the immunoregulatory capabilities of electrospun fibers have gained substantial attention over the years. Electrospun fibers, with their extracellular matrix‐like characteristics, high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, and reliable pharmaceutical compound capacity, have emerged as key players among tissue engineering materials. This review specifically focuses on the role of electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering, emphasizing their unique design strategies. Notably, electrospinning actively engages in immune engineering by modulating immune responses through four essential strategies: (i) surface modification, (ii) drug loading, (iii) physicochemical parameters, and (iv) biological grafting. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the intricate mechanisms of the immune system in injured tissues while unveiling the key strategies adopted by electrospun fibers to orchestrate immune regulation. Furthermore, the review explores the current developmental trends and limitations concerning the immunoregulatory function of electrospun fibers, aiming to drive the advancements in electrospun fiber‐based immune engineering to its full potential.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"76 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140433677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chen Zheng, Xuan Wu, Ming Liu, Yulong Lan, Qian Liu, Erya Cai, Zhiyong Liao, Jianliang Shen
Bacterial infection can impede the healing of chronic wounds, particularly diabetic wounds. The high‐sugar environment of diabetic wounds creates a favorable condition for bacterial growth, posing a challenge to wound healing. In clinical treatment, the irregular shape of the wound and the poor mechanical properties of traditional gel adjuvants make them susceptible to mechanical shear and compression, leading to morphological changes and fractures, and difficult to adapt to irregular wounds. Traditional gel adjuvants are prepared in advance, while in situ gel is formed at the site of administration after drug delivery in a liquid state, which can better fit the shape of the wound. Therefore, this study developed an in situ HA/GCA/Fe2+‐GOx gel using a photothermal‐enhanced Fenton reaction to promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The generation of ·OH has an antibacterial effect while promoting the formation of the gel, achieving a dual effect. The addition of double‐bonded adamantane (Ada) interacts with the host‐guest effect of graphene oxide and the double‐bond polymerization of HAMA gel, making the entire gel system more complete. At the same time, the storage modulus (G′) of the gel increased from 130 to 330 Pa, enhancing the mechanical properties of the gel. This enables the gel to have better injectability and self‐healing effects. The addition of GOx can consume glucose at the wound site, providing a good microenvironment for the repair of diabetic wounds. The gel has good biocompatibility and in a diabetic rat wound model infected with S. aureus, it can effectively kill bacteria at the wound site and promote wound repair. Meanwhile, the inflammation of wounds treated with HA/GCA/Fe2+‐GOx + NIR was lighter compared to untreated wounds. Therefore, this study provides a promising strategy for treating bacterial‐infected diabetic wounds.
{"title":"Photothermal‐enhanced in situ supramolecular hydrogel promotes bacteria‐infected wound healing in diabetes","authors":"Chen Zheng, Xuan Wu, Ming Liu, Yulong Lan, Qian Liu, Erya Cai, Zhiyong Liao, Jianliang Shen","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230047","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial infection can impede the healing of chronic wounds, particularly diabetic wounds. The high‐sugar environment of diabetic wounds creates a favorable condition for bacterial growth, posing a challenge to wound healing. In clinical treatment, the irregular shape of the wound and the poor mechanical properties of traditional gel adjuvants make them susceptible to mechanical shear and compression, leading to morphological changes and fractures, and difficult to adapt to irregular wounds. Traditional gel adjuvants are prepared in advance, while in situ gel is formed at the site of administration after drug delivery in a liquid state, which can better fit the shape of the wound. Therefore, this study developed an in situ HA/GCA/Fe2+‐GOx gel using a photothermal‐enhanced Fenton reaction to promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The generation of ·OH has an antibacterial effect while promoting the formation of the gel, achieving a dual effect. The addition of double‐bonded adamantane (Ada) interacts with the host‐guest effect of graphene oxide and the double‐bond polymerization of HAMA gel, making the entire gel system more complete. At the same time, the storage modulus (G′) of the gel increased from 130 to 330 Pa, enhancing the mechanical properties of the gel. This enables the gel to have better injectability and self‐healing effects. The addition of GOx can consume glucose at the wound site, providing a good microenvironment for the repair of diabetic wounds. The gel has good biocompatibility and in a diabetic rat wound model infected with S. aureus, it can effectively kill bacteria at the wound site and promote wound repair. Meanwhile, the inflammation of wounds treated with HA/GCA/Fe2+‐GOx + NIR was lighter compared to untreated wounds. Therefore, this study provides a promising strategy for treating bacterial‐infected diabetic wounds.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"22 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140436161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weiwei Chen, Min Nie, Jingjing Gan, Nan Xia, Dandan Wang, Lingyun Sun
Cell sheet technology has emerged as a novel scaffold‐free approach for cell‐based therapies in regenerative medicine. Techniques for harvesting cell sheets are essential to preserve the integrity of living cell sheets. This review provides an overview of fundamental technologies to fabricate cell sheets and recent advances in cell sheet‐based tissue engineering. In addition to the commonly used temperature‐responsive systems, we introduce alternative approaches, such as ROS‐induced, magnetic‐controlled, and light‐induced cell sheet technologies. Moreover, we discuss the modification of the cell sheet to improve its function, including stacking, genetic modification, and vascularization. With the significant advances in cell sheet technology, cell sheets have been widely applied in various tissues and organs, including but not limited to the lung, cornea, cartilage, periodontium, heart, and liver. This review further describes both the preclinical and clinical applications of cell sheets. We believe that the progress in cell sheet technology would further propel its biomedical applications.
{"title":"Tailoring cell sheets for biomedical applications","authors":"Weiwei Chen, Min Nie, Jingjing Gan, Nan Xia, Dandan Wang, Lingyun Sun","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230038","url":null,"abstract":"Cell sheet technology has emerged as a novel scaffold‐free approach for cell‐based therapies in regenerative medicine. Techniques for harvesting cell sheets are essential to preserve the integrity of living cell sheets. This review provides an overview of fundamental technologies to fabricate cell sheets and recent advances in cell sheet‐based tissue engineering. In addition to the commonly used temperature‐responsive systems, we introduce alternative approaches, such as ROS‐induced, magnetic‐controlled, and light‐induced cell sheet technologies. Moreover, we discuss the modification of the cell sheet to improve its function, including stacking, genetic modification, and vascularization. With the significant advances in cell sheet technology, cell sheets have been widely applied in various tissues and organs, including but not limited to the lung, cornea, cartilage, periodontium, heart, and liver. This review further describes both the preclinical and clinical applications of cell sheets. We believe that the progress in cell sheet technology would further propel its biomedical applications.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"36 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140452863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, an encouraging breakthrough in the synthesis of immobilized enzymes in flower‐shaped called “organic‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs)” with greatly enhanced catalytic activity and stability were reported. Although, these hNFs were discovered by accident, the enzymes exhibited highly enhanced catalytic activities and stabilities in the hNFs compared with the free and conventionally immobilized enzymes. Herein, we rationally utilized the catalytic activity of the hNFs for analytical applications. In this comprehensive review, we covered the design and use of the hNFs as novel versatile sensors for electrochemical, colorimetric/optical and immunosensors‐based detection strategies in analytical perspective.
{"title":"Role of pretty nanoflowers as novel versatile analytical tools for sensing in biomedical and bioanalytical applications","authors":"Şeyma Dadı, I. Ocsoy","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230040","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, an encouraging breakthrough in the synthesis of immobilized enzymes in flower‐shaped called “organic‐inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs)” with greatly enhanced catalytic activity and stability were reported. Although, these hNFs were discovered by accident, the enzymes exhibited highly enhanced catalytic activities and stabilities in the hNFs compared with the free and conventionally immobilized enzymes. Herein, we rationally utilized the catalytic activity of the hNFs for analytical applications. In this comprehensive review, we covered the design and use of the hNFs as novel versatile sensors for electrochemical, colorimetric/optical and immunosensors‐based detection strategies in analytical perspective.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"40 27","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140465135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent advancements in soft robotics have been emerging as an exciting paradigm in engineering due to their inherent compliance, safe human interaction, and ease of adaptation with wearable electronics. Soft robotic devices have the potential to provide innovative solutions and expand the horizons of possibilities for biomedical applications by bringing robots closer to natural creatures. In this review, we survey several promising soft robot technologies, including flexible fluidic actuators, shape memory alloys, cable‐driven mechanisms, magnetically driven mechanisms, and soft sensors. Selected applications of soft robotic devices as medical devices are discussed, such as surgical intervention, soft implants, rehabilitation and assistive devices, soft robotic exosuits, and prosthetics. We focus on how soft robotics can improve the effectiveness, safety and patient experience for each use case, and highlight current research and clinical challenges, such as biocompatibility, long‐term stability, and durability. Finally, we discuss potential directions and approaches to address these challenges for soft robotic devices to move toward real clinical translations in the future.
{"title":"Pioneering healthcare with soft robotic devices: A review","authors":"Yuzhe Wang, Zhen Xie, Huishi Huang, Xinquan Liang","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230045","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advancements in soft robotics have been emerging as an exciting paradigm in engineering due to their inherent compliance, safe human interaction, and ease of adaptation with wearable electronics. Soft robotic devices have the potential to provide innovative solutions and expand the horizons of possibilities for biomedical applications by bringing robots closer to natural creatures. In this review, we survey several promising soft robot technologies, including flexible fluidic actuators, shape memory alloys, cable‐driven mechanisms, magnetically driven mechanisms, and soft sensors. Selected applications of soft robotic devices as medical devices are discussed, such as surgical intervention, soft implants, rehabilitation and assistive devices, soft robotic exosuits, and prosthetics. We focus on how soft robotics can improve the effectiveness, safety and patient experience for each use case, and highlight current research and clinical challenges, such as biocompatibility, long‐term stability, and durability. Finally, we discuss potential directions and approaches to address these challenges for soft robotic devices to move toward real clinical translations in the future.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"29 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140464916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yun Zhao, Minxiong Li, Jiayi Mao, Yinghong Su, Xin Huang, Wenzheng Xia, Xiangfeng Leng, T. Zan
Effectively eliminating apoptotic cells is precisely controlled by a variety of signaling molecules and a phagocytic effect known as efferocytosis. Abnormalities in efferocytosis may bring about the development of chronic conditions, including angiocardiopathy, chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. During wound healing, failure of efferocytosis leads to the collection of apoptosis, the release of necrotic material and chronic wounds that are difficult to heal. In addition to the traditional phagocytes‐macrophages, other important cell species including dendritic cells, neutrophils, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes contribute to wounding healing. This review summarizes how efferocytosis‐mediated immunomodulation plays a repair‐promoting role in wound healing, providing new insights for patients suffering from various cutaneous wounds.
{"title":"Immunomodulation of wound healing leading to efferocytosis","authors":"Yun Zhao, Minxiong Li, Jiayi Mao, Yinghong Su, Xin Huang, Wenzheng Xia, Xiangfeng Leng, T. Zan","doi":"10.1002/smmd.20230036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/smmd.20230036","url":null,"abstract":"Effectively eliminating apoptotic cells is precisely controlled by a variety of signaling molecules and a phagocytic effect known as efferocytosis. Abnormalities in efferocytosis may bring about the development of chronic conditions, including angiocardiopathy, chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. During wound healing, failure of efferocytosis leads to the collection of apoptosis, the release of necrotic material and chronic wounds that are difficult to heal. In addition to the traditional phagocytes‐macrophages, other important cell species including dendritic cells, neutrophils, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes contribute to wounding healing. This review summarizes how efferocytosis‐mediated immunomodulation plays a repair‐promoting role in wound healing, providing new insights for patients suffering from various cutaneous wounds.","PeriodicalId":74816,"journal":{"name":"Smart medicine","volume":"510 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140480032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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