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The use of virtual reality in the treatment of mental disorders such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder 利用虚拟现实技术治疗恐惧症和创伤后应激障碍等精神疾病
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100351
Liana Spytska
Mental disorders, such as phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are a serious health problem that significantly impacts people's quality of life. These disorders can significantly impair the quality of life of patients, so studying ways to treat them using modern methods is important and relevant. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and potential of using virtual reality (VR) technology in the treatment of phobias and PTSD. The methods used in the study include analytical, comparative, and systematization methods. The study has shown that cognitive behavioural therapy and exposure therapy are the main treatments for these disorders. The use of VR in the treatment of mental disorders, including phobias and PTSD, opens up new opportunities for safe and effective exposure to stressful stimuli. It was found that the benefits of using VR in the treatment of mental disorders include safe exposure, an individualized approach to treatment, and the ability to create realistic simulations of stressful situations. The study confirmed that the use of VR in the treatment of phobias allows patients to gradually get used to phobic stimuli and change their negative perceptions and reactions to them. The use of VR in the treatment of PTSD has significant potential, allowing the application of various techniques, including exposure, gradual desensitization, cognitive behavioural therapy, therapeutic recovery, meditation, and relaxation, to alleviate the symptoms of the disorder and improve the quality of life of patients. The findings of the study can serve as a basis for improving clinical practice in psychotherapy and psychiatry, allowing for more effective and individualized care for patients with disorders.
恐惧症和创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)等精神障碍是严重影响人们生活质量的健康问题。这些疾病会严重影响患者的生活质量,因此研究如何利用现代方法治疗这些疾病具有重要的现实意义。本研究的目的是评估使用虚拟现实(VR)技术治疗恐惧症和创伤后应激障碍的有效性和潜力。研究采用的方法包括分析法、比较法和系统化法。研究表明,认知行为疗法和暴露疗法是治疗这些疾病的主要方法。利用虚拟现实技术治疗恐惧症和创伤后应激障碍等精神障碍,为安全有效地暴露于应激刺激开辟了新的机会。研究发现,使用虚拟现实技术治疗精神障碍的好处包括安全暴露、个性化的治疗方法以及能够创造逼真的应激情境模拟。研究证实,使用 VR 治疗恐惧症可以让患者逐渐适应恐惧症刺激,并改变他们对这些刺激的负面看法和反应。使用 VR 治疗创伤后应激障碍具有巨大的潜力,可以应用各种技术,包括暴露、逐渐脱敏、认知行为疗法、治疗恢复、冥想和放松,以减轻该障碍的症状,提高患者的生活质量。研究结果可作为改进心理治疗和精神病学临床实践的依据,从而为失调症患者提供更有效和个性化的护理。
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引用次数: 0
Intersectional trends in poor mental health and health inequities across the US 全美心理健康状况不佳和健康不平等的交叉趋势
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100349
Kieran Blaikie , Stephen J. Mooney , Heather D. Hill , Isaac C. Rhew , Anjum Hajat

Though mental distress poses a large and growing threat to population health, our understanding of how its social distribution has changed over time and what these changes imply for mental health equity is limited. To address this, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to non-parametrically describe how age-standardized prevalence of frequent mental distress (FMD) and social inequities in FMD have changed in the United States between 1993 and 2019 for intersectional social groups defined by ethnicity, race, sex, educational attainment, and household poverty status. We find that age-standardized FMD prevalence has increased for almost all social groups, that health inequities between more and less privileged groups have mostly widened in absolute terms but narrowed relatively, and that relying solely on common group FMD summaries masks substantial heterogeneity across intersectional subgroups. Our findings show an urgent need to address the sociopolitical determinants of mental distress, prioritizing policies which would address the growing inequitable burden experienced by those less privileged.

尽管精神痛苦对人口健康构成了巨大且日益严重的威胁,但我们对其社会分布如何随时间推移而发生变化以及这些变化对精神健康公平的影响的了解却很有限。为了解决这个问题,我们利用行为风险因素监测系统的数据,以非参数的方式描述了 1993 年至 2019 年期间,在美国,根据民族、种族、性别、教育程度和家庭贫困状况界定的交叉社会群体中,频繁精神痛苦(FMD)的年龄标准化流行率和 FMD 的社会不平等是如何变化的。我们发现,几乎所有社会群体的年龄标准化 FMD 患病率都有所上升,特权较多群体与特权较少群体之间的健康不平等在绝对值上大多有所扩大,但相对有所缩小,而且仅仅依靠共同群体的 FMD 总结掩盖了跨部门亚群体之间的实质性异质性。我们的研究结果表明,亟需解决精神痛苦的社会政治决定因素,优先制定政策,解决弱势群体所承受的日益加重的不公平负担。
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引用次数: 0
Unstable states and the biologization of mental illness 不稳定状态和精神疾病的生物化
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100348
Lauren N. Yan , Elizabeth A. Durham , Yulia E. Chentsova Dutton

We critically examine how biological narratives of mental illness mediate relations between personal experiences and socio-structural conditions of distress in crisis contexts. Using three case studies of contemporary crises in Russia, the Republic of Cameroon, and Bangladesh, we showcase the ways in which biological meanings of mental illness carry political and structural significance as authorities employ “biologization” for political ends. In Russia, biologization is strategically useful to authorities seeking to control a populace, as chronic “conditions” can be “treated” indefinitely. In Cameroon, state psychiatrists in Yaoundé incentivize patient citizenship through biological frameworks of illness and intervention. In Bangladesh, the embodied presence of Rohingya refugees is a medium by which they can engage politically; therapeutic intervention becomes a site of political consensus in which Rohingya enact a “fictive biological citizenship.” Biologization of mental illness forms a basis for reinforcing or challenging the power of the state and the meaning of citizenship in distinct ways across these three contexts, highlighting the importance of attending to its political implications as it is invoked in frameworks of diagnosis, explanation, prognosis, and treatment in global contexts of ostensible crisis.

我们以批判的眼光审视了在危机背景下,精神病的生物学叙事是如何调节个人经历与社会结构困境之间的关系的。通过对俄罗斯、喀麦隆共和国和孟加拉国当代危机的三个案例研究,我们展示了当当局为政治目的而采用 "生物化 "时,精神疾病的生物学意义如何具有政治和结构意义。在俄罗斯,"生物化 "在战略上有利于当局控制民众,因为慢性 "疾病 "可以被无限期地 "治疗"。在喀麦隆,雅温得的国立精神病学家通过疾病和干预的生物学框架来激励病人的公民权。在孟加拉国,罗兴亚难民的肉身存在是他们参与政治的媒介;治疗干预成为政治共识的场所,罗兴亚人在其中建立了 "虚构的生物公民身份"。在这三种背景下,精神疾病的生物化以不同的方式构成了加强或挑战国家权力和公民权意义的基础,这突出了在全球表面危机的背景下,当诊断、解释、预后和治疗框架中援引生物化时,关注其政治含义的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Why suicidal thoughts may not lead to suicide mortality among young people in Hong Kong 为什么自杀念头未必会导致香港青少年自杀死亡
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100346
Sirui Lu , Lisa S.H. Ho , F.Y. Florence Cheung , Joyce Liu , Paul S.F. Yip

Intro

Suicide is a public health concern globally. While suicide ideation and suicide attempts are strong risk factors for fatal suicide, most people with suicidal thoughts do not proceed to making a suicide attempt, and most people who have survived a suicide attempt do not eventually die by suicide. Researchers have established theories that describe an ideation-to-action framework, distinguishing suicide attempts from suicide ideation. Understanding this distinction is vital for developing and implementing effective suicide prevention strategies. It highlights the importance of early identification and intervention, and the need for ongoing mental health support and resources for individuals at risk of suicide.

Methods

Sixteen participants with suicide ideation were interviewed to explore what protected against death by suicide despite different levels of suicidal thoughts.

Results

Three recurrent themes were identified from interviewees’ stories: 1) suicidal thoughts as a space; 2) fear and concerns; and 3) coping strategies.

Conclusion

We found synchronicity between our findings and common clinical intervention strategies that highlight protective factors in promoting mental health and saving lives from at-risk groups.

自杀是全球关注的公共卫生问题。虽然自杀念头和自杀未遂是致命自杀的重要风险因素,但大多数有自杀念头的人并不会自杀未遂,而大多数自杀未遂后幸存的人最终也不会死于自杀。研究人员已经建立了从意念到行动的理论框架,将自杀未遂与自杀意念区分开来。了解这一区别对于制定和实施有效的自杀预防策略至关重要。方法对 16 名有自杀意念的参与者进行了访谈,以探讨在不同程度的自杀想法下,是什么保护了他们免遭自杀死亡:结论我们发现,我们的研究结果与常见的临床干预策略是一致的,都强调了促进心理健康和挽救高危人群生命的保护因素。
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引用次数: 0
Historical and contemporary psychotherapy practices in Uganda 乌干达历史上和当代的心理治疗实践
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100347
Julius Kikooma , Kizito Wamala , Jane Namusoke , Joseph Mugarura
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引用次数: 0
A measure to gauge psychological pain: Assessing convergent construct validity and internal consistency of the Psychache Scale in the Cambodian context 衡量心理痛苦的量表:评估柬埔寨背景下心理痛苦量表的收敛结构效度和内部一致性
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100345
Panha Pich , Elena Lesley , Quynh-Anh Ngoc Nguyen , Craig Higson-Smith , Sokha Sieng

The following study was conducted in order to assess convergent construct validity and internal consistency of a Khmer-language adaptation of the Psychache Scale, a 13-item self-report instrument used to assess subjective experiences of psychological pain. The Psychache Scale (PAS) was translated into Khmer and back-translated to verify accurate meaning. The Khmer translation was corrected to address cultural and linguistic nuances for the Cambodian population and piloted among 121 students and recent graduates. The final Khmer version of the PAS showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.928). Results also showed that scores on the Psychache Scale were strongly associated with related concepts of depression (r2 = 0.545, p = 0.000), anxiety (r2 = 0.438, p = 0.000), stress (r2 = 0.459, p = 0.000), and Baksbat, a Cambodian-specific cultural concept of distress (r2 = 0.549, p = 0.000). Contrary to a priori hypotheses, the Psychache Scale was also negatively and statistically significantly associated with age (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 20.561, df = 4, p = 0.000) and was negatively statistically significantly related to education level (Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 13.053, df = 2 p = 0.001). Given these results, the Psychache Scale shows potential clinical utility in the Cambodian context, though future research may consider how psychological pain differs according to age and education levels.

心理痛苦量表是一种用于评估心理痛苦主观体验的自我报告工具,共有 13 个项目,以下研究旨在评估高棉语改编版心理痛苦量表的收敛构造有效性和内部一致性。心理痛苦量表 (PAS) 已被翻译成高棉语,并进行了回译以验证其准确含义。高棉语译文针对柬埔寨人在文化和语言上的细微差别进行了校正,并在 121 名学生和应届毕业生中进行了试用。最终的高棉语版 PAS 显示出较高的内部一致性(Cronbach's alpha = 0.928)。结果还显示,心理痛苦量表的得分与抑郁(r2 = 0.545,p = 0.000)、焦虑(r2 = 0.438,p = 0.000)、压力(r2 = 0.459,p = 0.000)和 Baksbat(柬埔寨特有的痛苦文化概念)等相关概念密切相关(r2 = 0.549,p = 0.000)。与先验假设相反,心理痛苦量表与年龄呈显著负相关(Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 20.561,df = 4,p = 0.000),与教育程度呈显著负相关(Kruskal-Wallis χ2 = 13.053,df = 2,p = 0.001)。鉴于这些结果,心理痛苦量表在柬埔寨显示出了潜在的临床实用性,不过未来的研究可能会考虑心理痛苦在年龄和教育水平上的差异。
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引用次数: 0
Water quality and unseen health outcomes: A cross-sectional study on arsenic contamination, subclinical disease and psychosocial distress in Bangladesh 水质与看不见的健康后果:关于孟加拉国砷污染、亚临床疾病和社会心理压力的横断面研究
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100344
Nameerah Khan , Sonia Ferdous Hoque , Zahid Hayat Mahmud , Mohammad Rafiqul Islam , Mohammad Atique Ul Alam , Md Shafiqul Islam , Katrina Jane Charles

Health risks from water quality pose a major threat to billions of people globally. Most microbial contaminants have short subclinical periods, compared to chemical contaminants that can take years to manifest, which can translate to less attention in the policy sphere. Complex water quality issues in Bangladesh, including arsenic contamination, offer an ideal case study to highlight the wide-ranging health and social impacts of perceived and invisible contaminants. This paper presents a cross-sectional study where two tools are explored for understanding the less visible health impacts of water contamination: (1) measuring subclinical disease via nail arsenic measurements (n = 899) to better ascertain chronic exposure; and (2) understanding the relationship between water quality and psychosocial distress (n = 876), for men and women across three sites with varying water quality issues. Applying generalised linear regression models, subclinical arsenic showed strong positive correlation with water arsenic, while the relationship between severity of psychosocial distress and water arsenic was modified by perceived risk from arsenic. Subclinical disease was much more prevalent than what current exposure through drinking water would indicate, with 65.3% of participants having nail arsenic levels above the 1 μg/g cut-off for unexposed individuals (spanning across sites with average water arsenic as low as 2.51 μg/L and as high as 379 μg/L). Further demonstrating the breadth of unseen outcomes of water contamination, uncertainty was the most commonly expressed component of distress, followed by worry, fear, suffering, and lack of choice. The presence of psychosocial distress underscores how experiences of contaminated water go beyond physiological illnesses, while the use of subclinical biomarkers can shift the understanding of disease and provide a useful way of leveraging policy change by pinpointing exactly where and by whom intervention is needed.

水质带来的健康风险对全球数十亿人构成重大威胁。大多数微生物污染物的亚临床期很短,相比之下,化学污染物可能需要数年才能显现,这可能导致政策领域对其关注较少。孟加拉国复杂的水质问题(包括砷污染)为我们提供了一个理想的案例研究,以强调可见和不可见污染物对健康和社会的广泛影响。本文介绍了一项横断面研究,通过两种工具来了解水污染对健康的影响:(1) 通过指甲测量砷含量来测量亚临床疾病(n = 899),以更好地确定慢性暴露;(2) 了解水质与心理社会困扰之间的关系(n = 876),研究对象为三个存在不同水质问题的地点的男性和女性。应用广义线性回归模型,亚临床砷与水砷呈强烈的正相关,而社会心理压力的严重程度与水砷之间的关系则因感知到的砷风险而有所改变。亚临床疾病的发病率远高于目前通过饮用水接触砷的情况,65.3%的参与者指甲中的砷含量超过了未接触砷的 1 微克/克临界值(跨越了平均水砷含量低至 2.51 微克/升、高至 379 微克/升的不同地点)。不确定性是最常见的困扰因素,其次是担忧、恐惧、痛苦和缺乏选择,这进一步表明了水污染所造成的不可见结果的广泛性。社会心理压力的存在强调了受污染水的经历如何超出了生理疾病的范畴,而亚临床生物标志物的使用可以改变人们对疾病的认识,并通过准确定位需要干预的地点和对象,为政策变革提供有用的杠杆。
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引用次数: 0
Snakes and Ladders: The experience of being referred to and seen by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services 蛇与梯子被转介到儿童和青少年心理健康服务机构并在那里就诊的经历
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100343
Kristina L. Newman , Kapil Sayal , Colleen Ewart , Alexandra Lang , Anupam Bhardwaj , Bernadka Dubicka , Tamsin Marshall , Louise Thomson

Background

Referral processes in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) have been reported as stressful and inadequate by young people and parents/carers, who struggle during waiting periods for the referral outcome decision. The Covid19 pandemic was an unprecedented time of distress for young people, parents/carers, and healthcare staff, with increased mental health challenges and stretched staff having to adapt modes of care, thus exacerbating difficulties for CAMHS.

Aim

This qualitative study aimed to capture the unique lived experiences of young people, parents/carers, and CAMHS staff during the referral process in the peak of the Covid19 pandemic.

Methods

As part of the STADIA trial, between 2020 and 2022, 109 semi-structured interviews across 8 NHS sites were conducted with young people (aged 16–17), parents/carers, and NHS staff including clinicians, commissioners, managers, and researchers embedded in clinical services. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes were elicited to express young people, staff, and parents/carer experiences of the referral process, CAMHS, and the impact of Covid19: 1) referral as a starting point; 2) changes to methods of appointment delivery and their effect on CAMHS experience; and 3) experiences and evaluation of services.

Conclusion

Although CAMHS was seen as the pinnacle of mental health support, there was dissatisfaction with waiting times, limited communication, unclear referral processes, and limited clinical capacity and resources for young people, parent/carers, and staff. Covid19 forced CAMHS into adapting to a hybrid model of care, increasing accessibility for young people, parents/carers and staff and highlighting areas for improvement. Secure and consistent support and increases in staff resources are essential to address challenges with CAMHS delivery and improve the experiences of young people, parent/carers, and staff.

背景儿童和青少年心理健康服务(CAMHS)的转介过程一直被青少年和家长/监护人认为是紧张和不充分的,他们在等待转介结果决定的过程中十分挣扎。Covid19 大流行给青少年、家长/监护人和医护人员带来了前所未有的困扰,心理健康挑战增加,医护人员不得不调整护理模式,从而加剧了 CAMHS 的困难。作为 STADIA 试验的一部分,在 2020 年至 2022 年期间,我们在 8 个国家医疗服务体系中对青少年(16-17 岁)、家长/监护人和国家医疗服务体系的工作人员(包括临床医生、专员、管理人员和临床服务中的研究人员)进行了 109 次半结构化访谈。结果通过三个主题来表达年轻人、工作人员和家长/监护人对转介过程、CAMHS 以及 Covid19 的影响的体验:1)将转介作为起点;2)预约提供方法的改变及其对 CAMHS 体验的影响;以及 3)对服务的体验和评估。结论虽然 CAMHS 被视为心理健康支持的顶峰,但人们对等待时间、有限的沟通、不明确的转介流程、有限的临床能力以及为青少年、家长/看护人和员工提供的资源表示不满。Covid19 迫使 CAMHS 适应混合护理模式,提高了青少年、家长/监护人和工作人员的可及性,并突出了需要改进的地方。要解决儿童和青少年保健服务所面临的挑战,并改善青少年、家长/监护人和工作人员的体验,就必须提供安全、持续的支持,并增加人力资源。
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引用次数: 0
Impact, feasibility, and acceptability of CREATORS: An arts-based pilot intervention to reduce mental-health-related stigma among youth in Hyderabad, India CREATORS 的影响、可行性和可接受性:基于艺术的试点干预措施,减少印度海得拉巴青少年中与心理健康有关的污名化现象
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100339
Shivani Mathur Gaiha , Antonio Gasparrini , Mirja Koschorke , Usha Raman , Mark Petticrew , Tatiana Taylor Salisbury

Background

Mental-health-related stigma prevents youth from seeking help for mental health problems. Limited studies in low- and middle-income countries assess the effect of arts-based education in reducing such stigma among youth, thereby leaving a gap in evidence-based, age- and culturally-appropriate interventions.

Objective

To evaluate the impact, feasibility, and acceptability of CREATORS, an arts-based educational program on reducing mental-health-related stigma among youth in India.

Methods

We conducted a mixed-methods, pre-post control group study among college-going adolescents in Hyderabad, India. At baseline and post-intervention (after six weeks), we examined differences in intended behavior towards people with mental health problems.

Results

Our study involved 432 participants across three study groups: participants creating art on the theme of mental-health-related stigma over six weeks (n = 123), a student audience viewing 2-h arts show by participants (n = 244), and a control group (n = 65). Between baseline and post-test, participants creating art showed significantly lower stigma towards people with mental health problems compared to members of the control group (coefficient = 1.55, 95%CI 0.06–3.04, p = 0.041). Participants found the intervention useful and enjoyable (>95%; n = 773 across six weeks). Participants identified that collaborative creation of art made the subject of mental health interesting and relatable.

Conclusions

Participating in an arts-based educational program was associated with significantly lower mental-health-related stigma among youth compared to a control group in the short term. High acceptability of the program demonstrates the utility of arts-based education to address mental-health-related stigma. With community partners and artists as facilitators, our program may support mental health specialists in mental health promotion.

背景与心理健康有关的耻辱感阻碍了青少年寻求心理健康问题的帮助。在低收入和中等收入国家,对基于艺术的教育在减少青少年心理健康相关污名方面的效果进行评估的研究非常有限,因此在基于证据的、适合不同年龄和文化的干预措施方面存在空白。结果我们的研究涉及三个研究小组的 432 名参与者:参与者在六周内创作以心理健康相关污名为主题的艺术作品(人数 = 123),学生观众观看参与者表演的 2 小时艺术表演(人数 = 244),以及对照组(人数 = 65)。在基线和后测期间,与对照组相比,艺术创作参与者对心理健康问题患者的成见明显减少(系数 = 1.55,95%CI 0.06-3.04,p = 0.041)。参与者认为干预有用且令人愉快(>95%; n = 773,为期六周)。结论与对照组相比,参加艺术教育项目能在短期内显著降低青少年与心理健康相关的耻辱感。该计划的高接受度证明了艺术教育在解决心理健康相关污名化问题上的实用性。有了社区合作伙伴和艺术家的协助,我们的项目可以支持心理健康专家促进心理健康。
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引用次数: 0
Black emergency department visits for schizophrenia/psychosis following the police killing of George Floyd: An empirical test of “protest psychosis” 警察杀害乔治-弗洛伊德后,黑人因精神分裂症/精神病到急诊室就诊:对 "抗议精神病 "的实证检验
IF 4.1 Q1 PSYCHIATRY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2024.100342
Parvati Singh , Geoffrey Carney-Knisely , Kamesha S. Spates , Marquianna Griffin , Amy Fairchild , Tim A. Bruckner

In the United States, there exists a large disparity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia between Black and White individuals. Some of the symptoms associated with schizophrenia, such as agitation, delusions, and non-compliance, were previously linked to a now-discontinued condition known as “Protest Psychosis.” This proposed subtype of schizophrenia diagnosis emerged during the 1950s and 1960s in response to racial tensions during the Civil Rights movement and preceded an increase in schizophrenia diagnosis among Black populations, potentially leading to racial disparities in this psychiatric condition that continue to permeate the modern context.

In May 2020, the police killing of George Floyd sparked widespread protests through the Black Lives Matter Movement. Given the historical precedence of “protest psychosis” in response to the Civil Rights Movement, we examined disparities in Emergency Department (ED) visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis immediately following the police killing of George Floyd in May 2020. We used monthly data on ED visits from January 2016 to December 2020 across 5 University of California health systems. We used ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) time-series analysis to derive the residual values of ED visits diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons and examined whether these residuals increased selectively among Black persons in June 2020. Results from time-series analyses indicate 34 additional ED visits above expected levels diagnosed as schizophrenia/psychosis among Black persons in June 2020 (p < 0.05), amounting to a 25% increase in these visits among Black persons. These results indicate a perpetuation of historical trends and cohere with expectations from the legacy of “Protest Psychosis”.

在美国,黑人和白人之间在精神分裂症的诊断上存在着巨大的差异。与精神分裂症相关的一些症状,如躁动、妄想和不服从等,以前曾与一种现已停用的病症 "抗议精神病 "联系在一起。2020 年 5 月,警察杀害乔治-弗洛伊德(George Floyd)的事件引发了 "黑人生命至上运动"(Black Lives Matter Movement)的广泛抗议。鉴于 "抗议性精神病 "在民权运动中的历史先例,我们研究了 2020 年 5 月警察杀害乔治-弗洛伊德事件发生后,被诊断为精神分裂症/精神病的急诊室(ED)就诊人数的差异。我们使用了加利福尼亚大学 5 个医疗系统从 2016 年 1 月到 2020 年 12 月的每月急诊就诊数据。我们使用 ARIMA(自回归整合移动平均)时间序列分析法得出了黑人中被诊断为精神分裂症/精神病的 ED 就诊残差值,并研究了这些残差值是否在 2020 年 6 月有选择性地在黑人中增加。时间序列分析结果表明,2020 年 6 月,黑人中被诊断为精神分裂症/精神病的急诊就诊人次比预期水平多出 34 人次(p < 0.05),相当于黑人中此类就诊人次增加了 25%。这些结果表明了历史趋势的延续,并与 "抗议精神病 "遗产的预期相吻合。
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SSM. Mental health
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