The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan最新文献

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Letter from the 2022-2023 Editors 《2022-2023》编辑来信

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3942

Avery Tomaso, G. Rastogi

引用次数: 0

A Review of Primary. Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease 初级复习。阿尔茨海默病的二级和三级预防策略

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3946

H. O’Donnell

This paper explores the non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s, as well as the Alzheimer’s primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention strategies that can be implemented. Alzheimer's is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the most expensive chronic disease (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). It has a detrimental physical, psychological, and financial impact on patients and caregivers (Alzheimer’s Association, 2020). People can reduce their risk of developing Alzheimer’s by eating a healthy diet, using hearing aids for hearing loss, engaging in regular physical activity, spending time with other people, doing mentally stimulating activities, reducing alcohol consumption, and avoiding tobacco (Livingston et al., 2020). Early screening and diagnostic tools are important because they allow people living with Alzheimer’s to establish an effective care plan and to take advantage of treatments, which are most effective in the early stages of the disease (Guzman-Martinez et al., 2021). Some screening and diagnostic tools include biomarkers, scalable screening technologies, and cognitive assessments (Guzman-Martinez et al.,18 2021). Primary and secondary prevention strategies must address the needs of minority populations, who have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s compared to the general population (Livingston et al., 2020). Federal public health initiatives, such as the National Alzheimer’s Project Act, the Dementia Prevention Action Plan, and the Behavioral Risk Surveillance System, play an important role in Alzheimer’s public health research, surveillance, and prevention strategies (Chong et al., 2021; Kelley et al., 2018).

本文探讨了阿尔茨海默病不可改变和可改变的危险因素，以及可实施的阿尔茨海默病一级预防、二级预防和三级预防策略。阿尔茨海默病是美国第六大死亡原因，也是最昂贵的慢性病(阿尔茨海默病协会，2020年)。它会对患者和护理人员产生有害的身体、心理和经济影响(阿尔茨海默氏症协会，2020年)。人们可以通过健康饮食、使用助听器治疗听力损失、定期进行体育锻炼、与他人共度时光、进行精神刺激活动、减少饮酒和避免吸烟来降低患阿尔茨海默氏症的风险(Livingston et al.， 2020)。早期筛查和诊断工具很重要，因为它们使阿尔茨海默病患者能够制定有效的护理计划，并利用在疾病早期最有效的治疗方法(Guzman-Martinez et al.， 2021)。一些筛查和诊断工具包括生物标志物、可扩展的筛查技术和认知评估(Guzman-Martinez et al,18 2021)。初级和二级预防策略必须满足少数民族人群的需求，与普通人群相比，他们患阿尔茨海默病的风险更高(Livingston等人，2020)。联邦公共卫生倡议，如国家阿尔茨海默病项目法案、痴呆症预防行动计划和行为风险监测系统，在阿尔茨海默病公共卫生研究、监测和预防战略中发挥重要作用(Chong等人，2021;Kelley等人，2018)。

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引用次数: 0

Stratified Post-Reproduction: An Analysis of Black Women’s Barriers to Postpartum Depression Treatment 分层生殖后：黑人女性产后抑郁症治疗障碍分析

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3948

Beatriz Leal Brockey

Stratified reproduction is defined as a systemic devaluation of one group’s reproductivecapacity over another’s (Harris & Wolfe, 2014). This article seeks to analyze the effects ofstratified reproduction on the experiences of Black women with postpartum depression.Beginning with a thorough analysis of postpartum depression, its prevalence, and its methods oftreatment, the paper then goes on to evaluate the existing research done on postpartumdepression in Black women specifically. After analyzing evidence that indicates higher rates ofmental illness among Black mothers, the paper examines stratified reproduction and a new term“stratified post-reproduction” is defined. In comparison, stratified post-reproduction, a termcoined by the author, serves to elucidate the ways in which the prioritization of and concentrationon white women’s post birth experiences by the medical community at large leads to a lowerquality of treatment of non-white women and mothers of other marginalized groups (Primm etal., 2010). This creates a system that increases the rates of postpartum depression among Blackwomen and keeps Black women from seeking post-birth care for this depression. The paperconcludes by offering community based, feminist, and Black centered approaches to treating andcaring for Black mothers in the period directly after birth. It is important to center Black voicesand experiences in conversations about systemic oppression and thus the article cites researchanalyzing interviews done with Black mothers and focuses on research conducted by people ofcolor and women.

分层繁殖被定义为一个群体的繁殖能力相对于另一个群体繁殖能力的系统性贬值（Harris&Wolfe，2014）。本文试图分析随机生育对患有产后抑郁症的黑人女性经历的影响。本文首先对产后抑郁症、患病率及其治疗方法进行了深入分析，然后对现有的黑人女性产后抑郁症研究进行了具体评估。在分析了表明黑人母亲患精神疾病率较高的证据后，本文对分层生殖进行了研究，并定义了一个新术语“分层生殖后”。相比之下，分层后生育是作者创造的一个术语，它有助于阐明医学界对白人女性产后经历的优先考虑和集中，导致非白人女性和其他边缘化群体的母亲的治疗质量降低（Primm等人，2010）。这创造了一个系统，增加了黑人女性产后抑郁症的发病率，并阻止黑人女性寻求产后护理。论文最后提出了基于社区、女权主义和以黑人为中心的方法来治疗和照顾出生后直接时期的黑人母亲。在关于系统性压迫的对话中，以黑人的声音和经历为中心是很重要的，因此这篇文章引用了对黑人母亲进行的研究分析采访，并重点关注有色人种和女性进行的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Weighing Government Intervention during the Global Covid Health Crisis 全球新冠肺炎健康危机期间政府干预的权衡

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3944

Samantha Staudinger

引用次数: 0

The Unspoken Plight of HIV Gripping Asian/Pacific Islander Communities in America 艾滋病毒在美国亚洲/太平洋岛民社区的隐晦困境

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3951

S. Shaw

The HIV pandemic has made a significant impact on various communities anddemographics in the US. Although special attention has been given to African, Latin, Hispanic,and non-Hispanic white American communities, Asian American and Pacific Islander (A/PI)communities are often overlooked in HIV prevention efforts. Regardless of how statisticallyreassuring HIV diagnoses by ethnicity may seem, HIV poses a threat to the A/PI community.The “model minority” stereotype, lack of cultural and linguistic accommodations in HIVeducation, and cultural barriers may account for the lack of HIV testing and prevention in A/PIcommunities. The “model minority” stereotype projected onto A/PI individuals and their healthgives a false sense of security in their current health status. Lack of education leads tomisconceptions around HIV spread and transmission within A/PI communities. Cultural barrierscontinue to impact disclosure of HIV status among A/PI individuals and has a role in limitingHIV prevention efforts in these communities. Personal accounts and studies on HIV-positiveAsian Americans show the lasting impact the “model minority” label, gap in HIV education, andcultural barriers have on combating HIV in A/PI communities. HIV needs to be addressed inA/PI communities and public health measures, HIV education, and A/PI HIV support groupsmay encourage greater HIV awareness, testing, and prevention in A/PI communities.

艾滋病毒的流行对美国的各个社区和人口构成产生了重大影响。尽管对非洲人、拉丁裔、西班牙裔和非西班牙裔美国白人社区给予了特别关注，但在艾滋病毒预防工作中，亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民(A/PI)社区往往被忽视。不管从统计上看，按种族划分的HIV诊断结果多么令人放心，HIV对a /PI社区构成了威胁。“模范少数民族”的刻板印象、艾滋病毒教育中缺乏文化和语言的适应以及文化障碍可能是A/ pico社区缺乏艾滋病毒检测和预防的原因。投射到A/PI个人及其健康上的“模范少数民族”刻板印象给他们目前的健康状况带来了一种虚假的安全感。缺乏教育导致对A/PI社区内艾滋病毒传播和传播的误解。文化障碍继续影响A/PI个人对艾滋病毒状况的披露，并限制了这些社区的艾滋病毒预防工作。对艾滋病阳性亚裔美国人的个人描述和研究表明，“模范少数族裔”标签、艾滋病教育的差距和文化障碍对A/PI社区的艾滋病防治产生了持久的影响。艾滋病毒需要得到解决，公共卫生措施、艾滋病毒教育和艾滋病毒支持团体可以鼓励在艾滋病毒/艾滋病社区提高艾滋病毒意识、检测和预防。

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引用次数: 0

The Role of Doulas in Addressing Disparities, Barriers, and Potential Solutions to Navigating Reproductive Loss 杜拉斯在解决差异、障碍和应对生殖损失的潜在解决方案方面的作用

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3945

Jon Musai, N. Shields, Lucy Zhang, Buu-Hac Nguyen

Reproductive loss can take many forms. Common experiences include abortions, stillbirths, or miscarriages. Especially in a post-Roe time and space, the health disparities and stigmas that exist surrounding reproductive loss and those experiencing pregnancy loss have become even more apparent. Health disparities continue to exist through sociodemographic factors such as ethnicity, gender, race, and socioeconomic status. As found in existing literature on individuals’ experiences with reproductive health care, each person’s experiences strongly correlate with their identities. The level of reproductive care and compassion received vary dramatically as a result, with people of color and lower socioeconomic statuses receiving lower quality of care when seeking it out. Trends in unintended pregnancies and access to support resources also reinforce the idea that health disparities are at play. Additionally, intersectionality, or the overlapping of an individual’s multiple identities, plays an important role in the disparities seen within reproductive healthcare as discrimination and other structural factors are designed to benefit certain groups of individuals while putting others at disadvantages. Studies and surveys of individuals who have experienced pregnancy loss have addressed the existence of these inequalities within reproductive health care. Through a reproductive justice perspective, this literature review aims to bring attention to the disparities present in reproductive healthcare and how the work of reproductive loss doulas, which are full-spectrum doulas who honor all reproductive experiences, may address these disparities with sensitive and compassionate care. While addressing nationwide disparities in pregnancy loss, this literature review uses the state of Michigan to also analyze the current legislative efforts designed to expand access to critical reproductive health care services.

生殖能力丧失有多种形式。常见的经历包括堕胎、死产或流产。特别是在后罗伊时代，围绕生育损失和经历妊娠损失的人存在的健康差距和污名变得更加明显。由于种族、性别、种族和社会经济地位等社会人口因素，健康差距仍然存在。正如现有关于个人生殖保健经历的文献所发现的那样，每个人的经历都与他们的身份密切相关。因此，获得的生殖护理和同情水平差异很大，有色人种和社会经济地位较低的人在寻求护理时获得的护理质量较低。意外怀孕和获得支持资源的趋势也强化了健康差距正在发挥作用的观点。此外，交叉性，或个人多重身份的重叠，在生殖保健领域的差异中发挥着重要作用，因为歧视和其他结构性因素旨在使某些群体受益，而使其他群体处于不利地位。对经历过流产的个人的研究和调查已经解决了生殖保健中存在的这些不平等问题。从生殖正义的角度来看，这篇文献综述旨在引起人们对生殖保健中存在的差异的关注，以及生殖损失杜拉斯的工作如何通过敏感和富有同情心的护理来解决这些差异。杜拉斯是尊重所有生殖经历的全方位杜拉斯。在解决全国范围内流产差异的同时，这篇文献综述还利用密歇根州分析了目前旨在扩大获得关键生殖健康服务的立法努力。

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引用次数: 0

Behind Walls: Mass Incarceration as an Oppressor of Reproductive Justice in the United States 墙后：大规模监禁对美国生殖正义的压迫

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3943

Anna J. Ravzi

The purpose of this study is to determine if and how mass incarceration denies women of colortheir right to reproductive justice in the United States. By analyzing the prison system’s legalframework as well as its practices, the study aims to analyze both known and unknown barriersto reproductive justice in the correctional setting. Data on such policies and practices wascollected through personal interviews as well as through podcast interviews with formerlyincarcerated women and a lawyer knowledgeable in prison healthcare laws within the UnitedStates. The findings from this data indicate that incarcerated women are not just deniednecessary reproductive healthcare, but are essentially punished by the prison system for existingas reproductive individuals. Furthermore, this oppression disproportionately harms women ofcolor due to the disproportionate mass incarceration of black and brown people in the UnitedStates, which stems from the criminalization of poverty and the “war on drugs” that began in the1970s. These findings imply that there is a large group of women who have and continue to bedehumanized and threatened behind walls. Reproductive healthcare is necessary healthcare; thus,it must be prioritized in prison reform and legislature.

这项研究的目的是确定大规模监禁是否以及如何剥夺美国有色人种妇女获得生殖正义的权利。通过分析监狱系统的法律框架及其实践，本研究旨在分析教养环境中已知和未知的生殖正义障碍。有关此类政策和做法的数据是通过个人访谈以及播客访谈收集的，访谈对象是前囚犯女性和一位熟悉美国监狱医疗保健法的律师。这些数据的发现表明，被监禁的妇女不仅被剥夺了必要的生殖保健，而且基本上因存在生殖个体而受到监狱系统的惩罚。此外，这种压迫对有色人种女性的伤害不成比例，因为美国对黑人和棕色人种的大规模监禁不成比例，这源于20世纪70年代开始的贫困和“禁毒战争”的刑事定罪。这些发现意味着，有一大群女性已经并将继续在墙后受到非人化和威胁。生殖保健是必要的保健；因此，它必须在监狱改革和立法中得到优先考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Dispelling Myths Regarding Cisgender Sexual Minority Women and Breast Cancer 消除关于顺性别性少数群体妇女和乳腺癌症的神话

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3947

Rachel Troy

Lesbian and bisexual cisgender women have higher rates of breast cancer and breast cancer mortality than their heterosexual counterparts (Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities, 2014). There is not much known about why this is the case, although most researchers revert to the common hypotheses that the increased prevalence of obesity, substance abuse, and nulliparity (not having given birth) among lesbian and bisexual women contributes to incidences of breast cancer (Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities, 2014). These hypotheses place individual responsibility on sexual minority women with breast cancer as opposed to identifying complicated, underlying structural problems. This literature review argues that homophobia and bisexual invisibility, in conjunction with fatphobia and inaccurate research methodology, have prevented clinicians and scientists from thoroughly examining the ways in which increased rates alcohol abuse, the physiological effects of stress due to discrimination, and a lower rate of receiving mammograms caused by perceived negative judgment from healthcare providers contribute to the higher prevalence of breast cancer among lesbian and bisexual women.

女同性恋和双性恋顺性女性的乳腺癌和乳腺癌死亡率高于异性恋女性(女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性人健康问题及研究差距和机会委员会，2014年)。尽管大多数研究人员回归到常见的假设，即女同性恋和双性恋女性中肥胖、药物滥用和未生育的患病率增加会导致乳腺癌的发病率，但对这种情况的原因知之甚少(女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性人健康问题和研究差距与机会委员会，2014年)。这些假设将个人责任归咎于性少数女性患乳腺癌，而不是找出复杂的、潜在的结构性问题。这篇文献综述认为，同性恋恐惧症和双性恋隐形，再加上肥胖恐惧症和不准确的研究方法，使临床医生和科学家无法彻底研究酗酒率上升的原因，歧视造成的压力的生理影响，由于医疗保健提供者的负面评价，接受乳房x光检查的比率较低，这导致女同性恋和双性恋女性患乳腺癌的比例较高。

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引用次数: 0

Listening to the Voices of Gay and Bisexual Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Kenya: Recommendations for Improved HIV Prevention Programming. 倾听肯尼亚男同性恋和双性恋者以及其他与男性发生性关系的男性的声音：关于改进艾滋病毒预防方案的建议。

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3949

Myla Lyons, Gary W Harper, Laura Jadwin-Cakmak, Adrian Beyer, Susan M Graham

Young gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) are a key population at high risk for new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in Kenya; thus, increased efforts are necessary to reduce their health risks. This qualitative study describes recommendations offered by young GBMSM in Kenya regarding the development and delivery of culturally appropriate HIV prevention services. Both young GBMSM Community Members and Peer Educators recommend that future HIV prevention efforts enhance economic empowerment, provide mental health and substance use services, and incorporate arts-based health promotion strategies. In addition, participants recommended that public health professionals increase the ease of access to HIV prevention services for GBMSM and that researchers disseminate findings from HIV prevention research back to the community.

年轻的同性恋和双性恋男性以及其他与男性发生性关系的男性（GBMSM）是肯尼亚新的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染的高危人群；因此，有必要加大力度来降低他们的健康风险。这项定性研究描述了肯尼亚年轻的GBMSM提供的关于发展和提供文化上合适的艾滋病毒预防服务的建议。年轻的GBMSM社区成员和同伴教育者都建议，未来的艾滋病毒预防工作应加强经济赋权，提供心理健康和药物使用服务，并纳入以艺术为基础的健康促进战略。此外，与会者建议公共卫生专业人员增加GBMSM获得艾滋病毒预防服务的便利性，并建议研究人员将艾滋病毒预防研究的结果传播回社区。

引用次数: 0

Re-establishing HIV/STI Testing Services Through University Student-Oriented Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 在新冠肺炎大流行期间通过面向大学生的中心重新建立艾滋病毒/性传播感染检测服务

The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.3998/ujph.3950

Evan Hall

The COVID-19 pandemic saw the disruption of HIV/STI testing services at crucial student-oriented spaces at the University of Michigan, including the Spectrum Center, an LGBTQ+ event and education space, and Wolverine Wellness, a well-being initiative through the University Health Services, alongside massive disruptions to testing seen elsewhere around the country (Zapata et al., 2022). HIV/STI testing resumed in October during the Fall 2021 semester at the University of Michigan at Wolverine Wellness and Spectrum Center. At the Spectrum Center, the oldest LGBTQ+ college center in the country, I had the unique opportunity to partner with professional and student staff to foster an environment sensitive to cultural needs, including awareness of how sexual and gender identity intersects with student sexual health and well-being. Additionally, at both sites, COVID-19 protocols from the state and university were also established in the new workflow of testing services. The re-introduction of HIV/STI testing services through student-oriented sites at the University of Michigan required a reassessment of work flow standards and engagement with the campus student population.

新冠肺炎大流行导致密歇根大学以学生为导向的关键空间的艾滋病毒/性传播感染检测服务中断，包括LGBTQ+活动和教育空间Spectrum Center，以及通过大学卫生服务开展的福祉倡议Wolverine Wellness，以及全国其他地方出现的大规模检测中断。2021年秋季学期，密歇根大学金刚狼健康与光谱中心于10月恢复了HIV/STI检测。在美国最古老的LGBTQ+大学中心Spectrum Center，我有一个独特的机会与专业和学生工作人员合作，营造一个对文化需求敏感的环境，包括意识到性和性别认同如何与学生的性健康和幸福相交。此外，在这两个地点，来自州和大学的新冠肺炎协议也建立在新的检测服务工作流程中。密歇根大学通过面向学生的网站重新引入艾滋病毒/性传播感染检测服务，需要重新评估工作流程标准和与校园学生群体的接触。

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引用次数: 0

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