Young Asian American Pacific Islanders (AAPI) are uniquely vulnerable to a growing burden of mental health challenges. This literature review explores the AAPI cultural factors and beliefs that shape mental health and mental healthcare-seeking behaviors. It discusses the AAPI family hierarchy as a barrier to young AAPIs feeling validated in their mental health experiences as well as how the value of “saving face” can prevent seeking care in order to protect the familial reputation. Through the exploration of the unacceptability of psychological expressions of distress in many AAPI cultures, it examines how the existing Western mental healthcare system is incompatible with other expressions of mental distress such as physical symptoms. This literature review then reviews how discrimination in the form of the model minority stereotype not only causes poor mental health outcomes but also prevents young AAPIs from viewing treatment as a viable or acceptable source of care. Acculturation as a risk factor is discussed by linking acculturative stressors to poor mental health outcomes. To address these issues, this literature review discusses culturally competent mental health care and increased AAPI representation in the mental healthcare workforce as potential solutions or interventions to be implemented to better meet the needs of the target population. While there is currently limited empirical evidence on the efficacy of cultural competency, they have become more commonly identified as an intervention strategy by both practitioners and patients themselves. Finally, increased representation of AAPI people in the mental healthcare workforce may encourage young AAPIs to seek care and view treatment as legitimate sources of support.
{"title":"“Model Minority” Mental Health: An Examination of the Barriers to Effective Care Among Young AAPIs","authors":"C. Renehan","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2317","url":null,"abstract":"Young Asian American Pacific Islanders (AAPI) are uniquely vulnerable to a growing burden of mental health challenges. This literature review explores the AAPI cultural factors and beliefs that shape mental health and mental healthcare-seeking behaviors. It discusses the AAPI family hierarchy as a barrier to young AAPIs feeling validated in their mental health experiences as well as how the value of “saving face” can prevent seeking care in order to protect the familial reputation. Through the exploration of the unacceptability of psychological expressions of distress in many AAPI cultures, it examines how the existing Western mental healthcare system is incompatible with other expressions of mental distress such as physical symptoms. This literature review then reviews how discrimination in the form of the model minority stereotype not only causes poor mental health outcomes but also prevents young AAPIs from viewing treatment as a viable or acceptable source of care. Acculturation as a risk factor is discussed by linking acculturative stressors to poor mental health outcomes. To address these issues, this literature review discusses culturally competent mental health care and increased AAPI representation in the mental healthcare workforce as potential solutions or interventions to be implemented to better meet the needs of the target population. While there is currently limited empirical evidence on the efficacy of cultural competency, they have become more commonly identified as an intervention strategy by both practitioners and patients themselves. Finally, increased representation of AAPI people in the mental healthcare workforce may encourage young AAPIs to seek care and view treatment as legitimate sources of support.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70396258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has shed light on racial disparities in healthcare access. An analysis of hospitalization and death rates supports that Black Americans are disproportionately impacted by the pandemic when compared to their white counterparts. With no credible biological basis for this disparity, social determinants of health, specifically access to healthcare, have been examined to help explain the devastating impact on the Black community. National data demonstrates that Black Americans experience higher rates of unemployment brought on by the pandemic, leaving them without their typical employer-sponsored health insurance. Lack of Medicaid expansion across all 50 states only exacerbates this uninsured rate, leaving many without an insurance safety net. In the case of treatment and prevention services, historically segregated Black communities face a lack of access to COVID-19 tests in their own neighborhoods. Simultaneously, Black patients are more likely to access care at a later time, with many being tested for COVID-19 in a hospital rather than an ambulatory environment. Finally, the lack of cultural competency of the medical staff and workforce hinders the formation of collaborative relationships between patients and providers. This furthers feelings of dissatisfaction with one’s care, perpetuating mistrust and misbeliefs surrounding vaccination and COVID-19 treatment. Access to healthcare, due to its strong ties to policy, requires policy intervention: a national effort to expand coverage across all states, dedicating health resources to historically disadvantaged communities, and providing culturally relevant information about the pandemic to marginalized populations.
{"title":"Limited Access to Healthcare: Examining Factors Leading to Higher COVID-19 Hospitalization and Death Rates Among Black Americans","authors":"Shichi Dhar","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2319","url":null,"abstract":"The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has shed light on racial disparities in healthcare access. An analysis of hospitalization and death rates supports that Black Americans are disproportionately impacted by the pandemic when compared to their white counterparts. With no credible biological basis for this disparity, social determinants of health, specifically access to healthcare, have been examined to help explain the devastating impact on the Black community. National data demonstrates that Black Americans experience higher rates of unemployment brought on by the pandemic, leaving them without their typical employer-sponsored health insurance. Lack of Medicaid expansion across all 50 states only exacerbates this uninsured rate, leaving many without an insurance safety net. In the case of treatment and prevention services, historically segregated Black communities face a lack of access to COVID-19 tests in their own neighborhoods. Simultaneously, Black patients are more likely to access care at a later time, with many being tested for COVID-19 in a hospital rather than an ambulatory environment. Finally, the lack of cultural competency of the medical staff and workforce hinders the formation of collaborative relationships between patients and providers. This furthers feelings of dissatisfaction with one’s care, perpetuating mistrust and misbeliefs surrounding vaccination and COVID-19 treatment. Access to healthcare, due to its strong ties to policy, requires policy intervention: a national effort to expand coverage across all states, dedicating health resources to historically disadvantaged communities, and providing culturally relevant information about the pandemic to marginalized populations.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45010844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neglected tropical diseases are left, as their name suggests, abandoned without proper public health interventionist tools within afflicted communities. Millions of people globally interact with neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis (bilharzia), which can cause an immense burden depending on the region, the individual’s socioeconomic status, and the infrastructure established to help combat the conditions within the country. This article focuses on a literary review of three intervention points for reducing the risk of people coming into contact with schistosomiasis: a health education campaign, a downscaling farming strategy through market gardening, and differing water-based intervention approaches. Driving awareness and public health efforts toward reducing initial infection and reinfection for endemic schistosomiasis is a proposal that is often last considered due to accepted drug treatments when infected. Therefore, these recommendations are based on minimizing the infection rate and reinfection in endemic areas rather than preventing and treating schistosomiasis.
{"title":"Schistosomiasis: A Review of Other Public Health Interventions","authors":"Kayla Vuoso","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2309","url":null,"abstract":"Neglected tropical diseases are left, as their name suggests, abandoned without proper public health interventionist tools within afflicted communities. Millions of people globally interact with neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis (bilharzia), which can cause an immense burden depending on the region, the individual’s socioeconomic status, and the infrastructure established to help combat the conditions within the country. This article focuses on a literary review of three intervention points for reducing the risk of people coming into contact with schistosomiasis: a health education campaign, a downscaling farming strategy through market gardening, and differing water-based intervention approaches. Driving awareness and public health efforts toward reducing initial infection and reinfection for endemic schistosomiasis is a proposal that is often last considered due to accepted drug treatments when infected. Therefore, these recommendations are based on minimizing the infection rate and reinfection in endemic areas rather than preventing and treating schistosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49373851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alyssa Cadez-Martin, Barbara Tan, S. Fox, Niki Matusko, Samir K. Gadepalli
Infant mortality is the death of an infant within the first year of life, and an infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live births. This rate is a very useful statistic because it indicates population health and varies drastically between populations. It is hypothesized that these variations in infant mortality are associated with variations in social determinants of health, which are social factors that affect health outcomes. To study the effect of social determinants of health on infant mortality, two populations—Washtenaw County, Michigan, and Wayne County, Michigan—were studied because, although they share a border, they are very different regarding their average infant mortality rates and various social determinants of health. Infant mortality and social determinant of health data for each county were collected for the years 2010 to 2018 from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) and the United States Census Bureau (USCB), respectively. After assessing the strength of association between infant mortality and social determinants of health via a binomial regression, no association was found between the infant mortality rates and any one specific social determinant of health for either county. However, one social determinant is not likely to be a good predictor of infant outcomes, so several determinants must be targeted at once to implement meaningful interventions. This could include implementing programs for low-income, minority expecting mothers that educate participants on their heightened risk for infant mortality, provide more patient–provider interactions, and perform home visits for those who do not have reliable transportation. By better understanding how various social determinants of health affect the risk of infant mortality, more focused efforts can be made to address these determinants for vulnerable populations.
{"title":"Effects of Social Determinants of Health on Infant Mortality in Washtenaw and Wayne County, Michigan","authors":"Alyssa Cadez-Martin, Barbara Tan, S. Fox, Niki Matusko, Samir K. Gadepalli","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2313","url":null,"abstract":"Infant mortality is the death of an infant within the first year of life, and an infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live births. This rate is a very useful statistic because it indicates population health and varies drastically between populations. It is hypothesized that these variations in infant mortality are associated with variations in social determinants of health, which are social factors that affect health outcomes. To study the effect of social determinants of health on infant mortality, two populations—Washtenaw County, Michigan, and Wayne County, Michigan—were studied because, although they share a border, they are very different regarding their average infant mortality rates and various social determinants of health. Infant mortality and social determinant of health data for each county were collected for the years 2010 to 2018 from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) and the United States Census Bureau (USCB), respectively. After assessing the strength of association between infant mortality and social determinants of health via a binomial regression, no association was found between the infant mortality rates and any one specific social determinant of health for either county. However, one social determinant is not likely to be a good predictor of infant outcomes, so several determinants must be targeted at once to implement meaningful interventions. This could include implementing programs for low-income, minority expecting mothers that educate participants on their heightened risk for infant mortality, provide more patient–provider interactions, and perform home visits for those who do not have reliable transportation. By better understanding how various social determinants of health affect the risk of infant mortality, more focused efforts can be made to address these determinants for vulnerable populations.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44007932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A growing body of research in Detroit, MI, supports the complex relationship between the city’s urban food environment and its obesity epidemic. The Detroit Community Health Assessment identified lower life expectancy and increased obesity prevalence among Detroit residents compared to the state of Michigan, spurring ineffective policy that attributes poor health outcomes to factors at the individual level rather than the population level. This article explores inequitable healthy food access in Detroit in relation to obesity, analyzing the city’s urban food environment in the context of historical disinvestment. This comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing journal articles from large electronic databases including PubMed. Current research identifies socioeconomic status as a key determinant in equitable healthy food access in urban food environments, suggesting the decision to procure a healthier diet is constrained more so by affordability than preference. The evidence proposes subsidization of healthy foods at farmers’ markets or community gardening initiatives as beneficial solutions to addressing the healthy food inequity in Detroit.
{"title":"You are where you live: Food environment and obesity in Detroit","authors":"Kylie Scott","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2315","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of research in Detroit, MI, supports the complex relationship between the city’s urban food environment and its obesity epidemic. The Detroit Community Health Assessment identified lower life expectancy and increased obesity prevalence among Detroit residents compared to the state of Michigan, spurring ineffective policy that attributes poor health outcomes to factors at the individual level rather than the population level. This article explores inequitable healthy food access in Detroit in relation to obesity, analyzing the city’s urban food environment in the context of historical disinvestment. This comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing journal articles from large electronic databases including PubMed. Current research identifies socioeconomic status as a key determinant in equitable healthy food access in urban food environments, suggesting the decision to procure a healthier diet is constrained more so by affordability than preference. The evidence proposes subsidization of healthy foods at farmers’ markets or community gardening initiatives as beneficial solutions to addressing the healthy food inequity in Detroit.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45909007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Women’s Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Sexual and Reproductive Health Care","authors":"I. Fisher, Susie B. Baldwin","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-04-29DOI: 10.3998/ujph.2316
Evan Hall
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a revolutionary medical advancement to prevent HIV infection upon exposure. However, since its introduction in 2012, PrEP largely remains inaccessible to adolescents who do not wish to disclose their PrEP usage through an explanation of benefits (EOBs) and who are covered under a parent/guardian insurance. This literature review uniquely documents the concept of insurance as a barrier to PrEP access because of EOBs and how non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including community-based organizations (CBOs), have addressed this insurance policy problem. Based on the results of this review, a new approach to resolving EOBs as a barrier to PrEP access for adolescents has the potential to be implemented at the state level across the country. The approach focuses on clarifying the definition of "endanger" under HIPAA to grant adolescents the privilege of medical disclosure as it relates to EOBs.
{"title":"Addressing Explanation of Benefits as a Barrier to PrEP for Adolescents in Public Health Entities.","authors":"Evan Hall","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2316","DOIUrl":"10.3998/ujph.2316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a revolutionary medical advancement to prevent HIV infection upon exposure. However, since its introduction in 2012, PrEP largely remains inaccessible to adolescents who do not wish to disclose their PrEP usage through an explanation of benefits (EOBs) and who are covered under a parent/guardian insurance. This literature review uniquely documents the concept of insurance as a barrier to PrEP access because of EOBs and how non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including community-based organizations (CBOs), have addressed this insurance policy problem. Based on the results of this review, a new approach to resolving EOBs as a barrier to PrEP access for adolescents has the potential to be implemented at the state level across the country. The approach focuses on clarifying the definition of \"endanger\" under HIPAA to grant adolescents the privilege of medical disclosure as it relates to EOBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":"98-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41595755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014
F. Rizvi
{"title":"Informed Choice: A Review of the Benefits and Risks of Hormonal Contraception","authors":"F. Rizvi","doi":"10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48980837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-08DOI: 10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008
Eliyas K Asfaw
{"title":"Homelessness in California: A Crisis That Needs More Attention","authors":"Eliyas K Asfaw","doi":"10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001
K. Lewis, Nikhil Surya Dwibhashyam
{"title":"Letter from the Editors","authors":"K. Lewis, Nikhil Surya Dwibhashyam","doi":"10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70396215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：