Neglected tropical diseases are left, as their name suggests, abandoned without proper public health interventionist tools within afflicted communities. Millions of people globally interact with neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis (bilharzia), which can cause an immense burden depending on the region, the individual’s socioeconomic status, and the infrastructure established to help combat the conditions within the country. This article focuses on a literary review of three intervention points for reducing the risk of people coming into contact with schistosomiasis: a health education campaign, a downscaling farming strategy through market gardening, and differing water-based intervention approaches. Driving awareness and public health efforts toward reducing initial infection and reinfection for endemic schistosomiasis is a proposal that is often last considered due to accepted drug treatments when infected. Therefore, these recommendations are based on minimizing the infection rate and reinfection in endemic areas rather than preventing and treating schistosomiasis.
{"title":"Schistosomiasis: A Review of Other Public Health Interventions","authors":"Kayla Vuoso","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2309","url":null,"abstract":"Neglected tropical diseases are left, as their name suggests, abandoned without proper public health interventionist tools within afflicted communities. Millions of people globally interact with neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis (bilharzia), which can cause an immense burden depending on the region, the individual’s socioeconomic status, and the infrastructure established to help combat the conditions within the country. This article focuses on a literary review of three intervention points for reducing the risk of people coming into contact with schistosomiasis: a health education campaign, a downscaling farming strategy through market gardening, and differing water-based intervention approaches. Driving awareness and public health efforts toward reducing initial infection and reinfection for endemic schistosomiasis is a proposal that is often last considered due to accepted drug treatments when infected. Therefore, these recommendations are based on minimizing the infection rate and reinfection in endemic areas rather than preventing and treating schistosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49373851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alyssa Cadez-Martin, Barbara Tan, S. Fox, Niki Matusko, Samir K. Gadepalli
Infant mortality is the death of an infant within the first year of life, and an infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live births. This rate is a very useful statistic because it indicates population health and varies drastically between populations. It is hypothesized that these variations in infant mortality are associated with variations in social determinants of health, which are social factors that affect health outcomes. To study the effect of social determinants of health on infant mortality, two populations—Washtenaw County, Michigan, and Wayne County, Michigan—were studied because, although they share a border, they are very different regarding their average infant mortality rates and various social determinants of health. Infant mortality and social determinant of health data for each county were collected for the years 2010 to 2018 from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) and the United States Census Bureau (USCB), respectively. After assessing the strength of association between infant mortality and social determinants of health via a binomial regression, no association was found between the infant mortality rates and any one specific social determinant of health for either county. However, one social determinant is not likely to be a good predictor of infant outcomes, so several determinants must be targeted at once to implement meaningful interventions. This could include implementing programs for low-income, minority expecting mothers that educate participants on their heightened risk for infant mortality, provide more patient–provider interactions, and perform home visits for those who do not have reliable transportation. By better understanding how various social determinants of health affect the risk of infant mortality, more focused efforts can be made to address these determinants for vulnerable populations.
{"title":"Effects of Social Determinants of Health on Infant Mortality in Washtenaw and Wayne County, Michigan","authors":"Alyssa Cadez-Martin, Barbara Tan, S. Fox, Niki Matusko, Samir K. Gadepalli","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2313","url":null,"abstract":"Infant mortality is the death of an infant within the first year of life, and an infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths per every 1,000 live births. This rate is a very useful statistic because it indicates population health and varies drastically between populations. It is hypothesized that these variations in infant mortality are associated with variations in social determinants of health, which are social factors that affect health outcomes. To study the effect of social determinants of health on infant mortality, two populations—Washtenaw County, Michigan, and Wayne County, Michigan—were studied because, although they share a border, they are very different regarding their average infant mortality rates and various social determinants of health. Infant mortality and social determinant of health data for each county were collected for the years 2010 to 2018 from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS) and the United States Census Bureau (USCB), respectively. After assessing the strength of association between infant mortality and social determinants of health via a binomial regression, no association was found between the infant mortality rates and any one specific social determinant of health for either county. However, one social determinant is not likely to be a good predictor of infant outcomes, so several determinants must be targeted at once to implement meaningful interventions. This could include implementing programs for low-income, minority expecting mothers that educate participants on their heightened risk for infant mortality, provide more patient–provider interactions, and perform home visits for those who do not have reliable transportation. By better understanding how various social determinants of health affect the risk of infant mortality, more focused efforts can be made to address these determinants for vulnerable populations.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44007932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A growing body of research in Detroit, MI, supports the complex relationship between the city’s urban food environment and its obesity epidemic. The Detroit Community Health Assessment identified lower life expectancy and increased obesity prevalence among Detroit residents compared to the state of Michigan, spurring ineffective policy that attributes poor health outcomes to factors at the individual level rather than the population level. This article explores inequitable healthy food access in Detroit in relation to obesity, analyzing the city’s urban food environment in the context of historical disinvestment. This comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing journal articles from large electronic databases including PubMed. Current research identifies socioeconomic status as a key determinant in equitable healthy food access in urban food environments, suggesting the decision to procure a healthier diet is constrained more so by affordability than preference. The evidence proposes subsidization of healthy foods at farmers’ markets or community gardening initiatives as beneficial solutions to addressing the healthy food inequity in Detroit.
{"title":"You are where you live: Food environment and obesity in Detroit","authors":"Kylie Scott","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2315","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of research in Detroit, MI, supports the complex relationship between the city’s urban food environment and its obesity epidemic. The Detroit Community Health Assessment identified lower life expectancy and increased obesity prevalence among Detroit residents compared to the state of Michigan, spurring ineffective policy that attributes poor health outcomes to factors at the individual level rather than the population level. This article explores inequitable healthy food access in Detroit in relation to obesity, analyzing the city’s urban food environment in the context of historical disinvestment. This comprehensive literature review was performed utilizing journal articles from large electronic databases including PubMed. Current research identifies socioeconomic status as a key determinant in equitable healthy food access in urban food environments, suggesting the decision to procure a healthier diet is constrained more so by affordability than preference. The evidence proposes subsidization of healthy foods at farmers’ markets or community gardening initiatives as beneficial solutions to addressing the healthy food inequity in Detroit.","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45909007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Women’s Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Sexual and Reproductive Health Care","authors":"I. Fisher, Susie B. Baldwin","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.2320","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41907215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01Epub Date: 2022-04-29DOI: 10.3998/ujph.2316
Evan Hall
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a revolutionary medical advancement to prevent HIV infection upon exposure. However, since its introduction in 2012, PrEP largely remains inaccessible to adolescents who do not wish to disclose their PrEP usage through an explanation of benefits (EOBs) and who are covered under a parent/guardian insurance. This literature review uniquely documents the concept of insurance as a barrier to PrEP access because of EOBs and how non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including community-based organizations (CBOs), have addressed this insurance policy problem. Based on the results of this review, a new approach to resolving EOBs as a barrier to PrEP access for adolescents has the potential to be implemented at the state level across the country. The approach focuses on clarifying the definition of "endanger" under HIPAA to grant adolescents the privilege of medical disclosure as it relates to EOBs.
{"title":"Addressing Explanation of Benefits as a Barrier to PrEP for Adolescents in Public Health Entities.","authors":"Evan Hall","doi":"10.3998/ujph.2316","DOIUrl":"10.3998/ujph.2316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a revolutionary medical advancement to prevent HIV infection upon exposure. However, since its introduction in 2012, PrEP largely remains inaccessible to adolescents who do not wish to disclose their PrEP usage through an explanation of benefits (EOBs) and who are covered under a parent/guardian insurance. This literature review uniquely documents the concept of insurance as a barrier to PrEP access because of EOBs and how non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including community-based organizations (CBOs), have addressed this insurance policy problem. Based on the results of this review, a new approach to resolving EOBs as a barrier to PrEP access for adolescents has the potential to be implemented at the state level across the country. The approach focuses on clarifying the definition of \"endanger\" under HIPAA to grant adolescents the privilege of medical disclosure as it relates to EOBs.</p>","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":"98-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11346825/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41595755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014
F. Rizvi
{"title":"Informed Choice: A Review of the Benefits and Risks of Hormonal Contraception","authors":"F. Rizvi","doi":"10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0005.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48980837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-08DOI: 10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008
Eliyas K Asfaw
{"title":"Homelessness in California: A Crisis That Needs More Attention","authors":"Eliyas K Asfaw","doi":"10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/UJPH.17872072.0004.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46835190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001
K. Lewis, Nikhil Surya Dwibhashyam
{"title":"Letter from the Editors","authors":"K. Lewis, Nikhil Surya Dwibhashyam","doi":"10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/ujph.17872072.0005.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":75202,"journal":{"name":"The undergraduate journal of public health at the University of Michigan","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70396215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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