Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200514
Ellen Kvestad, Kari J Kvaerner, Espen Røysamb, Kristian Tambs, Jennifer R Harris, Per Magnus
Although genetic factors are recognised as major contributors to otitis media, the presence of sex differences in heritability needs clarification. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects in otitis media liability with particular focus on sex differences. Data from a cohort of Norwegian twins born between 1967 and 1979 with repeated measures on recurrent childhood otitis media were analysed. Altogether the sample included 4247 twin pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for monozygotic twins were .71 and .65 for males and females respectively. In dizygotic twins the correlations were .35 and .25 for males and females, respectively, and was.34 in opposite sexed pairs. The contribution of genetic and environmental effects was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The best fitting model showed that additive genetic effects explained 72% and 61% of the variance in males and females, respectively. The remaining variance was attributed to individual environmental effects. A model specifying equal heritability estimates for males and females yielded an almost equivalent fit. We found substantial genetic effects for liability to otitis media. There is no evidence that different sets of genes influence liability in males and females, but there may be sex differences in the relative importance of genetic effects.
{"title":"Otitis media: genetic factors and sex differences.","authors":"Ellen Kvestad, Kari J Kvaerner, Espen Røysamb, Kristian Tambs, Jennifer R Harris, Per Magnus","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although genetic factors are recognised as major contributors to otitis media, the presence of sex differences in heritability needs clarification. The aim of this study was to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental effects in otitis media liability with particular focus on sex differences. Data from a cohort of Norwegian twins born between 1967 and 1979 with repeated measures on recurrent childhood otitis media were analysed. Altogether the sample included 4247 twin pairs. The tetrachoric correlations for monozygotic twins were .71 and .65 for males and females respectively. In dizygotic twins the correlations were .35 and .25 for males and females, respectively, and was.34 in opposite sexed pairs. The contribution of genetic and environmental effects was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The best fitting model showed that additive genetic effects explained 72% and 61% of the variance in males and females, respectively. The remaining variance was attributed to individual environmental effects. A model specifying equal heritability estimates for males and females yielded an almost equivalent fit. We found substantial genetic effects for liability to otitis media. There is no evidence that different sets of genes influence liability in males and females, but there may be sex differences in the relative importance of genetic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"239-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200514","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200550
Rolando D Tiu, Sally J Wadsworth, Richard K Olson, John C DeFries
The genetic and environmental relationships among measures of phoneme awareness, naming speed, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and reading performance were investigated in 623 identical and fraternal twin pairs tested in the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center. A Cholesky decomposition analysis of these measures provided evidence supporting the double deficit hypothesis that difficulties in phonological processing and naming speed both contribute to reading disability. Additionally, the model revealed marginally significant genetic and significant non-shared environmental relationships between IQ and reading independent of naming speed and phoneme awareness. Thus a more complete causal model of reading disability should include IQ as well as measures of phonological processing and naming speed.
{"title":"Causal models of reading disability: a twin study.","authors":"Rolando D Tiu, Sally J Wadsworth, Richard K Olson, John C DeFries","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genetic and environmental relationships among measures of phoneme awareness, naming speed, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and reading performance were investigated in 623 identical and fraternal twin pairs tested in the Colorado Learning Disabilities Research Center. A Cholesky decomposition analysis of these measures provided evidence supporting the double deficit hypothesis that difficulties in phonological processing and naming speed both contribute to reading disability. Additionally, the model revealed marginally significant genetic and significant non-shared environmental relationships between IQ and reading independent of naming speed and phoneme awareness. Thus a more complete causal model of reading disability should include IQ as well as measures of phonological processing and naming speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"275-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200569
Stéphanie M van den Berg, Daniëlle Posthuma, Dorret I Boomsma
Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was.74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.
{"title":"A longitudinal genetic study of vocabulary knowledge in adults.","authors":"Stéphanie M van den Berg, Daniëlle Posthuma, Dorret I Boomsma","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was.74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"284-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kuwata, S. Matsubara, A. Ohkuchi, Takashi Watanabe, A. Izumi, Y. Honma, Y. Yada, H. Shibahara, Mitsuaki Suzuki
Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether dichorionic twins conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART; intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], in vitro fertilization [IVF], gameteintrafallopian tube transfer [GIFT]) have a higher risk of birth defects compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally. We reviewed the medical records of 406 mothers with dichorionic twin pregnancies, who received continuous antenatal care from ≤ 20 weeks of gestation and gave birth to infants after ≥ 24 weeks of gestation in our institute. Birth defects were diagnosed at the time of hospital discharge according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Occurrence of birth defects was compared between twins conceived by ART and those conceived naturally using logistic regression analysis. Overall, 51 of 812 infants (51/812 = 6.2%) had birth defects. The incidence of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was significantly higher than that of naturally conceived twins with an odds ratio of 6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1, 22.5), 3.7 (95% CI 1.2, 12.0), and 4.3 (95% CI 1.4, 14.3) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. The higher frequency of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was still significant after adjusting for higher maternal age in the ART group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 6.7 (95% CI 2.1, 21.9), 3.6 (95% CI 1.1, 11.5), and 3.7 (95% CI 1.2-11.8) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. Dichorionic twins conceived by ART, compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally, had a much higher risk for birth defects diagnosed at hospital discharge.
摘要本研究的目的是探讨辅助生殖技术(ART)是否能孕育双绒毛膜双胞胎;与自然受孕的双绒毛膜双胞胎相比，胞浆内单精子注射(ICSI)、体外受精(IVF)、配子输卵管内移植(GIFT)有更高的出生缺陷风险。我们回顾了406例双绒毛膜双胎妊娠母亲的医疗记录，这些母亲从妊娠≤20周开始接受持续的产前护理，并在妊娠≥24周后分娩婴儿。出院时根据《国际疾病分类》第十版诊断出生缺陷。采用logistic回归分析比较人工受精与自然受孕双胞胎出生缺陷的发生率。总的来说，812名婴儿中有51名(51/812 = 6.2%)有出生缺陷。IVF、ICSI和GIFT的出生缺陷发生率显著高于自然受孕的双胞胎，比值比分别为6.9(95%可信区间[CI] 2.1, 22.5)、3.7 (95% CI 1.2, 12.0)和4.3 (95% CI 1.4, 14.3)。在对ART组中较高的母亲年龄进行校正后，ART妊娠双胞胎的出生缺陷发生率较高，ICSI、IVF和GIFT的校正优势比分别为6.7 (95% CI 2.1, 21.9)、3.6 (95% CI 1.1, 11.5)和3.7 (95% CI 1.2-11.8)。与自然受孕的双绒毛膜双胞胎相比，通过ART受孕的双绒毛膜双胞胎在出院时被诊断出出生缺陷的风险要高得多。
{"title":"The Risk of Birth Defects in Dichorionic Twins Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology","authors":"T. Kuwata, S. Matsubara, A. Ohkuchi, Takashi Watanabe, A. Izumi, Y. Honma, Y. Yada, H. Shibahara, Mitsuaki Suzuki","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.223","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether dichorionic twins conceived by assisted reproductive technology (ART; intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], in vitro fertilization [IVF], gameteintrafallopian tube transfer [GIFT]) have a higher risk of birth defects compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally. We reviewed the medical records of 406 mothers with dichorionic twin pregnancies, who received continuous antenatal care from ≤ 20 weeks of gestation and gave birth to infants after ≥ 24 weeks of gestation in our institute. Birth defects were diagnosed at the time of hospital discharge according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Occurrence of birth defects was compared between twins conceived by ART and those conceived naturally using logistic regression analysis. Overall, 51 of 812 infants (51/812 = 6.2%) had birth defects. The incidence of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was significantly higher than that of naturally conceived twins with an odds ratio of 6.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1, 22.5), 3.7 (95% CI 1.2, 12.0), and 4.3 (95% CI 1.4, 14.3) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. The higher frequency of birth defects in ART-conceived twins was still significant after adjusting for higher maternal age in the ART group, with an adjusted odds ratio of 6.7 (95% CI 2.1, 21.9), 3.6 (95% CI 1.1, 11.5), and 3.7 (95% CI 1.2-11.8) for ICSI, IVF, and GIFT, respectively. Dichorionic twins conceived by ART, compared to dichorionic twins conceived naturally, had a much higher risk for birth defects diagnosed at hospital discharge.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"223 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.223","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Hansell, H. Dietz, S. Treloar, B. Clarke, N. Martin
Abstract Arange of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r ≈ .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r =.48, non-shared environmental r = −.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.
{"title":"Genetic Covariation of Pelvic Organ and Elbow Mobility in Twins and their Sisters","authors":"N. Hansell, H. Dietz, S. Treloar, B. Clarke, N. Martin","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.254","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Arange of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r ≈ .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r =.48, non-shared environmental r = −.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"254 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200497
Syuichi Ooki, Yoshie Yokoyama, Akio Asaka
Though twinning rates have been rapidly increasing in Japan, the problem of zygosity misclassification at birth has been paid little attention. By analyzing four independent samples, the authors found that at a constant rate about 25-30% of monozygotic twins were misclassified as dizygotic twins at birth. This percentage is in very good accordance with that of monozygotic twins having dizygous placenta. Generally the obstetricians informed twins' parents about their children's zygosity. The number of placentas, as informed by obstetricians, was very strongly associated with zygosity. Concluding, even now many monozygotic twins in Japan may be misclassified as dizygotic at birth by obstetricians based solely on the number of placenta.
{"title":"Zygosity misclassification of twins at birth in Japan.","authors":"Syuichi Ooki, Yoshie Yokoyama, Akio Asaka","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200497","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Though twinning rates have been rapidly increasing in Japan, the problem of zygosity misclassification at birth has been paid little attention. By analyzing four independent samples, the authors found that at a constant rate about 25-30% of monozygotic twins were misclassified as dizygotic twins at birth. This percentage is in very good accordance with that of monozygotic twins having dizygous placenta. Generally the obstetricians informed twins' parents about their children's zygosity. The number of placentas, as informed by obstetricians, was very strongly associated with zygosity. Concluding, even now many monozygotic twins in Japan may be misclassified as dizygotic at birth by obstetricians based solely on the number of placenta.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"228-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200497","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas Huxley, a man adroit with words, penned that memorable promotion of Darwin’s Origin by chiding his stupidity for not having thought of natural selection himself. I find myself in like circumstances in recommending Frank Salter’s new book. A brief historical reference will place things in perspective. Three decades ago, a band of plucky malcontents established the Politics and Life Sciences Association to assist patching the findings of the biological sciences, especially evolutionary science, into the analysis and interpretation of politics. The catchcry was “forward to human nature”, in contrast to the culture-only fashion. The Association slowly caught on and its journal, Politics and Life Sciences, climbed the ladder to professional respectability. Sociobiology, the new kid on the block in those days, was examined for its possible contribution to our efforts. It was used to help elucidate, inter alia, nepotism and nationalism, but none believed that a set of principles for “biopolitics” could be extracted from it. Salter thinks otherwise. His response to objections about what cannot be done is to just do it. He has constructed a model biopolitical science using William Hamilton’s inclusive fitness theory, supplemented by contributions of Richard Alexander, E. O. Wilson, D. S. Wilson and others. Given this unexpected development, it would be apposite for Politics and Life Sciences to organize a full dress summary article and peer commentary of Salter’s book. Alas the journal’s new management rejects all content deemed to be “unnecessarily controversial”, and the genetics of ethnicity falls afoul of that prohibition. Thus, it transpires that the one academic journal dedicated to the promotion of biopolitical science is unlikely to take serious notice of the first offering with a credible claim to have achieved that goal. In mitigation of the unkind epithet that I have applied to myself and to old colleagues, let it be said that Salter’s innovation depends on recent developments unavailable at the initial evaluation of sociobiology. The first is the genetic assay data compiled by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and collaborators over a period of decades, together with recent amendments by Bryan Sykes. These data establish a fine-grained empirical warrant for the perceptions of ethnic groups that their differences are not arbitrary preferences. Since ethnic boundaries often intergrade, these data are essential to establish the natural reality of ethnies. The second factor is the emergence of ethnic/nationality differences on the collapse of the Soviet Union. In its heyday, the Soviet Union appeared to vindicate the melting pot idea together with its lesson that ethnic differences are merely accumulated cultural preferences that may be displaced by fervent socialism. Although Soviet specialists knew that the reality did not quite match propaganda, even they were surprised by the sudden vigor and assertiveness of ethnic identities once 70 years of enfor
托马斯·赫胥黎，一个善于遣词造句的人，写了那篇令人难忘的关于达尔文起源的文章，责备达尔文愚蠢，因为他自己没有想到自然选择。我在推荐弗兰克·索尔特(Frank Salter)的新书时也遇到了类似的情况。简要地回顾一下历史，就能正确地看待问题。30年前，一群勇敢的不满者成立了政治与生命科学协会，以协助将生物科学的发现，特别是进化科学的发现，融入到政治的分析和解释中。与只追求文化的时尚形成鲜明对比的是，流行口号是“面向人性”。该协会慢慢地流行起来，它的期刊《政治与生命科学》(Politics and Life Sciences)在专业领域获得了尊重。社会生物学是当时的新生事物，我们对它可能对我们的努力做出的贡献进行了研究。它被用来帮助阐明裙带关系和民族主义等问题，但没有人认为可以从中提取出一套“生命政治”的原则。索尔特不这么认为。对于那些关于什么是不能做的反对意见，他的回应就是去做。他利用威廉·汉密尔顿的包容性适应度理论构建了一个生物政治学模型，并辅以理查德·亚历山大、e·o·威尔逊、d·s·威尔逊等人的贡献。鉴于这一意想不到的发展，《政治与生命科学》应该组织一篇完整的总结文章和对索尔特这本书的同行评论。唉，该杂志的新管理层拒绝了所有被认为是“不必要的争议”的内容，而种族遗传学与这一禁令相冲突。因此，一个致力于促进生物政治科学的学术期刊不太可能认真注意到第一个声称已经实现了这一目标的可信提议。为了减轻我对自己和老同事的不友善的称呼，我要说的是，索尔特的创新依赖于社会生物学初步评估中无法获得的最新发展。第一个是Luigi Cavalli-Sforza和合作者在几十年的时间里收集的基因分析数据，以及Bryan Sykes最近的修正。这些数据为种族群体的认知建立了一个精细的经验保证，即他们的差异不是武断的偏好。由于种族边界往往是相互交织的，这些数据对于确定种族的自然现实是必不可少的。第二个因素是苏联解体后出现的民族/民族差异。在其全盛时期，苏联似乎证明了大熔炉的观点是正确的，同时也证明了它的教训:种族差异仅仅是积累起来的文化偏好，可能会被狂热的社会主义所取代。尽管苏联专家知道现实与宣传并不完全相符，但当70年来强制的“大熔炉”说服消失后，种族身份的突然活力和自信也让他们感到惊讶。在前南斯拉夫，提及“塞尔维亚人”和“克罗地亚人”是禁忌，这又一次说明了种族的生死重要性。如果说社会主义的崩溃是社会认同不足以创造和谐的以民族为中心的多元文化主义的现实证明，那么它也间接证明了政治认同只有在一个主导民族的基础上才能持续。事实确实如此，这是索尔特生命政治学的一个关键前提。社会生物学认为生物的驱动力是每个生物的最佳繁殖。这一最终目标为交配、养育、觅食、社会结构等近端机制设定了参数，被解释为促进最佳繁殖或适应性的适应。适应性的出现是由自然选择对表现型群体进行微调的。从这个前提中，索尔特提取了他的控制规范原则，即个人的最终利益(或道德用语中的“善”)是他们的基因在后代中的连续性;在街头巷尾的俗语里，为人父母，而不是个人的实现，才是终极的善。父母的利他主义通过个体适应度之外的整体适应度扩展到大家庭。扩张延伸到什么程度?关于利他主义减少率的经典表述是j.b.s.霍尔丹(j.b.s. Haldane)的妙语:为两个兄弟姐妹或八个表兄弟姐妹献出生命是可以适应的，但不能更少。这表明，在一个由表亲组成的国家里，两个随机选择的个体之间的亲缘关系微乎其微。然而，表亲族的国家多次卷入灭绝战争，这表明，高度的种族中心主义反应，与实际的亲属关系没有真正的关系，是由适应小亲属群体的文化放大的部落本能驱动的。如果是这样的话，理解种族的关键学科是行为学而不是社会生物学。 为了应对这一挑战，索尔特开发了一种方法来估计随机选择的个体的亲缘程度，即使是在大群体中。这是通过翻译《论遗传利益:大规模移民时代的家庭、种族和人类》来实现的
{"title":"On Genetic Interests: Family, Ethny and Humanity in an Age of Mass MigrationFrank Salter (December2003). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang Publishing. 388 pp. USD $32.95 (paperback) ISBN 0820460648","authors":"H. Caton","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.306","url":null,"abstract":"Thomas Huxley, a man adroit with words, penned that memorable promotion of Darwin’s Origin by chiding his stupidity for not having thought of natural selection himself. I find myself in like circumstances in recommending Frank Salter’s new book. A brief historical reference will place things in perspective. Three decades ago, a band of plucky malcontents established the Politics and Life Sciences Association to assist patching the findings of the biological sciences, especially evolutionary science, into the analysis and interpretation of politics. The catchcry was “forward to human nature”, in contrast to the culture-only fashion. The Association slowly caught on and its journal, Politics and Life Sciences, climbed the ladder to professional respectability. Sociobiology, the new kid on the block in those days, was examined for its possible contribution to our efforts. It was used to help elucidate, inter alia, nepotism and nationalism, but none believed that a set of principles for “biopolitics” could be extracted from it. Salter thinks otherwise. His response to objections about what cannot be done is to just do it. He has constructed a model biopolitical science using William Hamilton’s inclusive fitness theory, supplemented by contributions of Richard Alexander, E. O. Wilson, D. S. Wilson and others. Given this unexpected development, it would be apposite for Politics and Life Sciences to organize a full dress summary article and peer commentary of Salter’s book. Alas the journal’s new management rejects all content deemed to be “unnecessarily controversial”, and the genetics of ethnicity falls afoul of that prohibition. Thus, it transpires that the one academic journal dedicated to the promotion of biopolitical science is unlikely to take serious notice of the first offering with a credible claim to have achieved that goal. In mitigation of the unkind epithet that I have applied to myself and to old colleagues, let it be said that Salter’s innovation depends on recent developments unavailable at the initial evaluation of sociobiology. The first is the genetic assay data compiled by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza and collaborators over a period of decades, together with recent amendments by Bryan Sykes. These data establish a fine-grained empirical warrant for the perceptions of ethnic groups that their differences are not arbitrary preferences. Since ethnic boundaries often intergrade, these data are essential to establish the natural reality of ethnies. The second factor is the emergence of ethnic/nationality differences on the collapse of the Soviet Union. In its heyday, the Soviet Union appeared to vindicate the melting pot idea together with its lesson that ethnic differences are merely accumulated cultural preferences that may be displaced by fervent socialism. Although Soviet specialists knew that the reality did not quite match propaganda, even they were surprised by the sudden vigor and assertiveness of ethnic identities once 70 years of enfor","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"306 - 307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.306","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200532
Narelle K Hansell, Hans Peter Dietz, Susan A Treloar, Barton Clarke, Nicholas G Martin
A range of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r approximately .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r = .48, non-shared environmental r = -.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.
{"title":"Genetic covariation of pelvic organ and elbow mobility in twins and their sisters.","authors":"Narelle K Hansell, Hans Peter Dietz, Susan A Treloar, Barton Clarke, Nicholas G Martin","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200532","url":null,"abstract":"A range of environmental risk factors, with childbirth the most notable, have been associated with the development of pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence. However, indications of genetic influence (positive family histories, ethnic differences) have prompted research into the heritability of measures of pelvic organ descent and joint mobility, which have also been associated with prolapse and incontinence. Genes appear to influence about half of the variation in these measures and, furthermore, the pelvic organ measures are associated with elbow hyperextension at a phenotypic level (r approximately .2). We examined these measures in young, nulligravid women to determine if their association is due to a common genetic source. Data were collected from 178 Caucasian female co-twins and non-twin sisters, 50 of whom returned to be retested, which allowed reliability to be estimated and unreliable variance to be isolated in the multivariate analyses. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate genetic associations between latent elbow and bladder mobility factors for which heritabilities were estimated to be 0.80 and 0.64 respectively. The association between these factors appeared to be mediated by common genes (genetic r = .48, non-shared environmental r = -.06), with genes influencing latent elbow mobility accounting for 14% of the variation in latent bladder mobility. We speculate that genes influencing connective tissue structure may underlie this association.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"254-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200532","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2004-06-01DOI: 10.1375/136905204774200541
Elina Vierikko, Lea Pulkkinen, Jaakko Kaprio, Richard J Rose
This study examined genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by twins' teachers and parents. Sex-differences in these genetic and environmental contributions and rater bias/sibling interaction effects were of interest as well. Part of an ongoing nation-wide twin-family study of behavioral development and health habits, the sample consisted of 1636 Finnish twin pairs ascertained from five consecutive and complete twin birth cohorts. Data were collected at ages 11-12, using teacher and parental rating forms of the Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory. Bivariate analyses were performed using structural equation modeling allowing sex-limitation effects. Results show that, in addition to significant genetic and environmental influences specific to each behavior, aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity share common genetic and environmental etiology. Results provide evidence that both genetic and environmental factors are important in creating the observed correlation between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity.
{"title":"Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by teachers and parents.","authors":"Elina Vierikko, Lea Pulkkinen, Jaakko Kaprio, Richard J Rose","doi":"10.1375/136905204774200541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/136905204774200541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined genetic and environmental contributions to the covariance between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity as rated by twins' teachers and parents. Sex-differences in these genetic and environmental contributions and rater bias/sibling interaction effects were of interest as well. Part of an ongoing nation-wide twin-family study of behavioral development and health habits, the sample consisted of 1636 Finnish twin pairs ascertained from five consecutive and complete twin birth cohorts. Data were collected at ages 11-12, using teacher and parental rating forms of the Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory. Bivariate analyses were performed using structural equation modeling allowing sex-limitation effects. Results show that, in addition to significant genetic and environmental influences specific to each behavior, aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity share common genetic and environmental etiology. Results provide evidence that both genetic and environmental factors are important in creating the observed correlation between aggression and hyperactivity-impulsivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 3","pages":"261-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/136905204774200541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24562015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was .74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.
{"title":"A Longitudinal Genetic Study of Vocabulary Knowledge in Adults","authors":"S. M. van den Berg, D. Posthuma, D. Boomsma","doi":"10.1375/twin.7.3.284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.7.3.284","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vocabulary test scores were obtained from a total of 997 adults, all twins or a sibling of twins in this study. Some (N = 217) individuals were tested twice, around 6 years apart. Heritability varied from 50% at the first test occasion to 63% at the second test occasion. The correlation of scores across time was .74. Structural equation modelling showed that stability in vocabulary knowledge over time can largely (around 76%) be explained by genetic factors. Part of the non-shared environmental variance was stable over time also. Any influence from shared environmental factors could not be detected. Results were similar for the two sexes, except that males generally outperformed females. Results were also similar for two age cohorts, except that the older cohort generally outperformed the younger cohort.","PeriodicalId":75270,"journal":{"name":"Twin research : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies","volume":"7 1","pages":"284 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1375/twin.7.3.284","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66608190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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