Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.11
Tefera Jegora
{"title":"The Potential Role of Biodiversity Conservation in Climate Change Mitigation: A Review","authors":"Tefera Jegora","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78452272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Mgbeahuruike, E. Emereibeole, F.U Nwobodo, C. Uyo, J. Anyanwu, R. Njoku-Tony, K. T. Ezirim, F. A. Edo, C.J Egwim, I.M Nmecha, C. G. Onwuagba, H. Uzoma
The aftermath of unsustainable artisanal mining operated within three communities (Iva valley, Onyeama and Akwukwe) of Enugu State and it’s environ was investigated. Soil and food crops from the selected communities were analyzed for their heavy metal contents using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The soil samples in the three communities were found to have a higher concentration of Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd except for Ni when compared to the control sample taken at Oghu in Udi but lower to the WHO permissible limit in soil and plants. However, the value of Transfer Index Factor across the impacted locations affirms that the pumpkin leaf has a higher loading affinity for manganese and chromium values as 2.63 and 0.33 respectively while Pb in Iva Valley has the highest value at 5.67, Nickel has the least loading in all the food crops in the three communities with an insignificant value. Preferences in metal accumulation in crops and soil at Akwukwe location follows the order of decreasing magnitude of pumpkin>scent leaf>cassava> and Mn>Pb>Cr>Cd>Ni respectively. These results suggest that the pollution of the environment by the heavy metals in these areas were as a result of the coal Mining activity and use of chemical fertilizer by the agrarians, thereby increasing the levels of Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, concentrations in the soil and food crops. Selective agronomic techniques are suggestive remedial measure to stem down the bioavailable fractions of these trace metals in terrestrial food chain.
对埃努古州三个社区(Iva valley, Onyeama和Akwukwe)及其周边地区不可持续的手工采矿的后果进行了调查。采用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)对选定群落土壤和粮食作物重金属含量进行了分析。3个群落土壤样品中除Ni外Mn、Cr、Pb、Cd的浓度均高于乌地奥湖对照样品，但低于世界卫生组织土壤和植物允许限量。但各影响点的传递指数因子值表明，南瓜叶对锰和铬的负载亲和力较高，分别为2.63和0.33，而伊娃谷的Pb值最高，为5.67，镍在三个群落的所有粮食作物中负载最小，值不显著。阿库库韦地区作物和土壤对金属积累的偏好依次为南瓜>香叶>木薯> Mn>Pb>Cr>Cd>Ni。这些结果表明，这些地区的环境重金属污染是由于采煤活动和农民使用化肥造成的，从而增加了土壤和粮食作物中锰、铬、铅和镉的浓度。选择性农艺技术是抑制这些微量金属在陆地食物链中生物可利用部分的建议性补救措施。
{"title":"Trace Metal Uptake by Food Cultivars in Coal Mining Environment of Enugu State, Nigeria","authors":"L. Mgbeahuruike, E. Emereibeole, F.U Nwobodo, C. Uyo, J. Anyanwu, R. Njoku-Tony, K. T. Ezirim, F. A. Edo, C.J Egwim, I.M Nmecha, C. G. Onwuagba, H. Uzoma","doi":"10.12691/env-10-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/env-10-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"The aftermath of unsustainable artisanal mining operated within three communities (Iva valley, Onyeama and Akwukwe) of Enugu State and it’s environ was investigated. Soil and food crops from the selected communities were analyzed for their heavy metal contents using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). The soil samples in the three communities were found to have a higher concentration of Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd except for Ni when compared to the control sample taken at Oghu in Udi but lower to the WHO permissible limit in soil and plants. However, the value of Transfer Index Factor across the impacted locations affirms that the pumpkin leaf has a higher loading affinity for manganese and chromium values as 2.63 and 0.33 respectively while Pb in Iva Valley has the highest value at 5.67, Nickel has the least loading in all the food crops in the three communities with an insignificant value. Preferences in metal accumulation in crops and soil at Akwukwe location follows the order of decreasing magnitude of pumpkin>scent leaf>cassava> and Mn>Pb>Cr>Cd>Ni respectively. These results suggest that the pollution of the environment by the heavy metals in these areas were as a result of the coal Mining activity and use of chemical fertilizer by the agrarians, thereby increasing the levels of Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, concentrations in the soil and food crops. Selective agronomic techniques are suggestive remedial measure to stem down the bioavailable fractions of these trace metals in terrestrial food chain.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79728633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Faye, Dome Tine, Charles Diédhiou, Claude Sene, A. Seydi, M. Ndour
The Grand Saloum is characterized by a vast coastal plain cut by a dense hydrographic network and populated by mangrove plant formations. It is an ecosystem of capital importance in view of its ecological, socio-economic and environmental role. However, the Saloum delta remains a complex and very sensitive environment, particularly in the context of climate change. It therefore deserves special attention for better conservation. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of its mangrove ecosystems in relation to the variability of rainfall. The methodology is based on the exploitation of Landsat satellite images time series using Machine Learning technic from the Google Earth Engine platform to make the diachronic maps of mangrove ecosystems and analyze its relationship with rainfall. The results showed an expansion of mangrove areas in the Gambian part where the surface increased from 9 381 ha in 1988 to 11611 ha in 2020 which represents an overall growth of 23,8%. In the Senegalese part, mangrove surface increased from 52 616 ha to 62 300 between 1988 and 2020 which is +18% growth. The detection of changes showed an important development of mangrove along the Saloum during the first decade and a strong growth in the Gambian part from the 2000s. The vegetation index showed a regeneration of the mangrove between 2000 and 2020. The temporal dynamics of the mangrove is strongly correlated with the rainfall variability.
{"title":"Cloud Computing and Machine Learning for Analyzing Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Mangrove Ecosystems in the Grand Saloum (Senegal and Gambia)","authors":"G. Faye, Dome Tine, Charles Diédhiou, Claude Sene, A. Seydi, M. Ndour","doi":"10.12691/ENV-9-1-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-9-1-4","url":null,"abstract":"The Grand Saloum is characterized by a vast coastal plain cut by a dense hydrographic network and populated by mangrove plant formations. It is an ecosystem of capital importance in view of its ecological, socio-economic and environmental role. However, the Saloum delta remains a complex and very sensitive environment, particularly in the context of climate change. It therefore deserves special attention for better conservation. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of its mangrove ecosystems in relation to the variability of rainfall. The methodology is based on the exploitation of Landsat satellite images time series using Machine Learning technic from the Google Earth Engine platform to make the diachronic maps of mangrove ecosystems and analyze its relationship with rainfall. The results showed an expansion of mangrove areas in the Gambian part where the surface increased from 9 381 ha in 1988 to 11611 ha in 2020 which represents an overall growth of 23,8%. In the Senegalese part, mangrove surface increased from 52 616 ha to 62 300 between 1988 and 2020 which is +18% growth. The detection of changes showed an important development of mangrove along the Saloum during the first decade and a strong growth in the Gambian part from the 2000s. The vegetation index showed a regeneration of the mangrove between 2000 and 2020. The temporal dynamics of the mangrove is strongly correlated with the rainfall variability.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91030271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.12
Kouamé Toto, N’Zi Konan Gervais, G. B. Gouli
The present study is a diagnosis of the level of degradation of Cavally River in Cote d'Ivoire. Several abiotic indicators such as physico-chemical parameters were appreciated. These abiotic indicators were supported by biotic indicators sensitive to some variations in quality of water. That is the use of benthic macro-invertebrates as some species of freshwater shrimps of the genus Macrobrachium. Sampling was made between September 2015 and August 2016 on the upper course of Cavally River and the area on either side of the mining zone "Ity". Measures of physico-chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature of water, hydrogen potential, electrical conductivity, mercury rate and water transparency were made by season using multi parameters. Shrimps were caught monthly using dip nets and keep nets. The extreme value of physicochemical parameters is for dissolved oxygen value were 4.90 mg/l, temperature of water (25.55°C), hydrogen potential (8.48), electrical conductivity (53.14 μS/cm), mercury rate (5.75.10-3 mg/kg) and water transparency (27.06 cm). In general, the results showed that the extreme values of physico-chemical parameters were recorded in areas with high concentrations of anthropogenic activities. In the mining areas, high levels of mercury have been recorded above those of the WHO guideline for surface water. In total, M. vollenhovenii was the most abundant species with 383 individuals out of 879 specimens caught (43.57%). It is followed by M. dux with 321 individuals (36.51%) and M. macrobrachion with an abundance of 175 individuals (19.90%). Spatially, these species have been more abundant in the upstream and downstream areas which are more or less conserved environments. However, they were less abundant in mining areas. These results show that the upper course of the Cavally River is deteriorating. That constitutes a real threat to aquatic organisms and biodiversity.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Degradation Level of a Fluvial Basin in the Western Area of Côte d'Ivoire: Case of the Cavally River","authors":"Kouamé Toto, N’Zi Konan Gervais, G. B. Gouli","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.12","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is a diagnosis of the level of degradation of Cavally River in Cote d'Ivoire. Several abiotic indicators such as physico-chemical parameters were appreciated. These abiotic indicators were supported by biotic indicators sensitive to some variations in quality of water. That is the use of benthic macro-invertebrates as some species of freshwater shrimps of the genus Macrobrachium. Sampling was made between September 2015 and August 2016 on the upper course of Cavally River and the area on either side of the mining zone \"Ity\". Measures of physico-chemical parameters such as dissolved oxygen, temperature of water, hydrogen potential, electrical conductivity, mercury rate and water transparency were made by season using multi parameters. Shrimps were caught monthly using dip nets and keep nets. The extreme value of physicochemical parameters is for dissolved oxygen value were 4.90 mg/l, temperature of water (25.55°C), hydrogen potential (8.48), electrical conductivity (53.14 μS/cm), mercury rate (5.75.10-3 mg/kg) and water transparency (27.06 cm). In general, the results showed that the extreme values of physico-chemical parameters were recorded in areas with high concentrations of anthropogenic activities. In the mining areas, high levels of mercury have been recorded above those of the WHO guideline for surface water. In total, M. vollenhovenii was the most abundant species with 383 individuals out of 879 specimens caught (43.57%). It is followed by M. dux with 321 individuals (36.51%) and M. macrobrachion with an abundance of 175 individuals (19.90%). Spatially, these species have been more abundant in the upstream and downstream areas which are more or less conserved environments. However, they were less abundant in mining areas. These results show that the upper course of the Cavally River is deteriorating. That constitutes a real threat to aquatic organisms and biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85652216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tribhuvan Kumar Pathak, K. Kaushik, Satya Prakash Dobhal, Vandana Sharma, P. Dixit, R. Johar, P. S. Jassal, R. Singh
Every year, increasing fire accidents worldwide have directed our attention towards an effective fire suppression system. For many decades, Halons have been used as effective fire extinguishing agents. Vienna convention (1985) and Montreal protocol (1987) determined Halons as ozone-depleting agents, and subsequently, their manufacturing is banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thus, against the urgent background of this elimination of Halons, aerosol-based extinguisher resulted as one of the significant Halons substitute technology. The Ozone Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential values of aerosol extinguishing agents are nearly zero. This has provided thrust for various Universities and research institutions for undertaking numerous projects to develop aerosol-forming pyrotechnic composites for fire fighting applications. In the present work, novel fire extinguishing pyrotechnic compositions were fabricated, in which four different organic nitro compounds, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzenesulphonate and 3-nitrophthalic acid, were used as the reductant. These nitro compounds undergo rapid redox reaction with strong oxidants to produce aerosol fire extinguishing agents, extinguishing 4.57 KW of small scale n-heptane pool fires in 3 seconds. The fire extinguishing efficacy and thermal characteristics of novel compositions were evaluated against potassium nitrate and phenol formaldehyde resin-based conventional pyrotechnic composition.
{"title":"Evaluating Class B Fire Extinguishing Efficacies of Organic Nitro Compounds Based Aerosol Forming Compositions","authors":"Tribhuvan Kumar Pathak, K. Kaushik, Satya Prakash Dobhal, Vandana Sharma, P. Dixit, R. Johar, P. S. Jassal, R. Singh","doi":"10.12691/ENV-9-1-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-9-1-3","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, increasing fire accidents worldwide have directed our attention towards an effective fire suppression system. For many decades, Halons have been used as effective fire extinguishing agents. Vienna convention (1985) and Montreal protocol (1987) determined Halons as ozone-depleting agents, and subsequently, their manufacturing is banned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Thus, against the urgent background of this elimination of Halons, aerosol-based extinguisher resulted as one of the significant Halons substitute technology. The Ozone Depletion Potential and Global Warming Potential values of aerosol extinguishing agents are nearly zero. This has provided thrust for various Universities and research institutions for undertaking numerous projects to develop aerosol-forming pyrotechnic composites for fire fighting applications. In the present work, novel fire extinguishing pyrotechnic compositions were fabricated, in which four different organic nitro compounds, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzenesulphonate and 3-nitrophthalic acid, were used as the reductant. These nitro compounds undergo rapid redox reaction with strong oxidants to produce aerosol fire extinguishing agents, extinguishing 4.57 KW of small scale n-heptane pool fires in 3 seconds. The fire extinguishing efficacy and thermal characteristics of novel compositions were evaluated against potassium nitrate and phenol formaldehyde resin-based conventional pyrotechnic composition.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90652060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.11
Tatou Rel Dechangue, K. Véronique, K. Lucas
The physicochemical characterization of water of the peri-urban area of Douala city was carried out from 04 springs and 21 wells in February 2013 and August 2013 corresponding to the dry season and the rainy season respectively. For bacteriological analyzes, thirteen water points were sampled, including 4 sources, 08 wells in the rainy and dry season. All the water points yielded pH values below 7,0 and were classified as acidic water. Electrical conductivity ranged between 44.30-483μm/cm and then waters are poor mineralized. The relative abundance of major ions (mg/l) was Ca2+> Na+> K+> Mg2+ for cations in dry season whereas and Na+> K+> Ca2+>Mg2+ in the rainy season. For the anions, HCO3-> Cl->SO42-> NO3- in the dry season whereas in the rainy season HCO3- > Cl- > NO3- > SO42-. Major ion concentrations were within the WHO guidelines for drinking water, but a few points have a concentrations below the WHO limits. Main water types in the both seasons were Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl. Bacteriological analysis revealed that all water points sampled during the rainy season and some (67%) during dry season contain feacal contamination control germs. Bacteriological contamination of the water is of human and animal origin. Human origin is linked outflow from latrines used by the population. The spring and well waters analysed are not suitable for drinking and domestic purposes except two springs in the dry season.
{"title":"Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Groundwater from Peri-urban Area of Douala – Cameroon","authors":"Tatou Rel Dechangue, K. Véronique, K. Lucas","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211005.11","url":null,"abstract":"The physicochemical characterization of water of the peri-urban area of Douala city was carried out from 04 springs and 21 wells in February 2013 and August 2013 corresponding to the dry season and the rainy season respectively. For bacteriological analyzes, thirteen water points were sampled, including 4 sources, 08 wells in the rainy and dry season. All the water points yielded pH values below 7,0 and were classified as acidic water. Electrical conductivity ranged between 44.30-483μm/cm and then waters are poor mineralized. The relative abundance of major ions (mg/l) was Ca2+> Na+> K+> Mg2+ for cations in dry season whereas and Na+> K+> Ca2+>Mg2+ in the rainy season. For the anions, HCO3-> Cl->SO42-> NO3- in the dry season whereas in the rainy season HCO3- > Cl- > NO3- > SO42-. Major ion concentrations were within the WHO guidelines for drinking water, but a few points have a concentrations below the WHO limits. Main water types in the both seasons were Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl. Bacteriological analysis revealed that all water points sampled during the rainy season and some (67%) during dry season contain feacal contamination control germs. Bacteriological contamination of the water is of human and animal origin. Human origin is linked outflow from latrines used by the population. The spring and well waters analysed are not suitable for drinking and domestic purposes except two springs in the dry season.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81257187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.13
H. Abebe, Z. Asfaw
As part of agriculture, agroforestry has great contribution as in-situ conservation for global biodiversity, because it contains different components. Besides, it improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by providing various products and services. However, there are limited scientific evidence and studies so far available on the roles of agroforestry to biodiversity conservation. Objective of the current study was to assess contribution of agroforestry on woody species diversity, conservation to sustain rural livelihoods at Ginir district, Southeast Ethiopia. Totally, six villages were selected based on their respective distance from the accessible roads and their agroforestry potential. A total of 70 sample HHs were randomly selected from the farmers full practiced agroforestry categories based on proportions of their representation. For the inventory of woody species, the lengths of farm boundary plantations were divided into 10 m sections. One section was selected for every 50 m of boundary length. A quadrant size of 10 m × 5 m and 50 m × 50 m were used for homegarden and parklands were conducted by taken one quadrant sample for each agroforestry practice from a house head farm. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Measurement of diversity needed to quantify and characterize agroforestry practices according to the degree of diversity and to examined the relationship of different agroforestry practices and woody species diversity at the village level and Kebeles. The result showed that 67 woody species belonging to 36 families and 58 genera were identified. Miomosoidceae was the most dominant family with 10 (15%) species, followed by Myrtaceae family with 6 (9%) species, Anacardiaceae and Rutaceae family accounted for 8 (12%). In terms of species diversity, home gardens (2.47) were more diversified than parklands (2.33) and boundary plantation (1.98) in the overall study sites. Finally, it is concluded that Agroforestry were used to maintaining or as an option for maintaining native woody species to improve the rural community livelihoods of the rural farmers.
农林业作为农业的一部分，由于其包含不同的组成部分，对全球生物多样性的就地保护做出了巨大贡献。此外，它还通过提供各种产品和服务来改善小农的生计。然而，迄今为止，关于农林业对生物多样性保护的作用的科学证据和研究有限。本研究的目的是评估农林业对埃塞俄比亚东南部Ginir地区木本物种多样性和保护的贡献，以维持农村生计。根据距离可通达道路的距离和农林业潜力，总共选择了6个村庄。根据其代表比例，从农民充分实践农林业类别中随机抽取了70名卫生保健员样本。对于木本物种的清查，将农场边界人工林的长度划分为10 m段。边界长度每50米选取一段。采用10 m × 5 m和50 m × 50 m的象限大小对家庭园地和公园地进行调查，每一象限采样一个家庭园地的农林业实践。收集并分析了定性和定量数据。多样性测量需要根据多样性程度对农林业做法进行量化和描述，并在村一级和Kebeles审查不同农林业做法与木本物种多样性的关系。结果表明，共鉴定出木本植物67种，隶属于36科58属。Miomosoidceae科以10种(15%)居多，myrtacae科以6种(9%)次之，anac心科和rutacae科各占8种(12%)。在物种多样性方面，家庭花园(2.47)高于公园地(2.33)和边界人工林(1.98)。最后得出结论，农林业可用于维持或作为维持本地木本物种的一种选择，以改善农村农民的农村社区生计。
{"title":"Contribution of Agroforestry to Woody Species Diversity and Conservation in Ginir District, Southeast Ethiopia","authors":"H. Abebe, Z. Asfaw","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.13","url":null,"abstract":"As part of agriculture, agroforestry has great contribution as in-situ conservation for global biodiversity, because it contains different components. Besides, it improves the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by providing various products and services. However, there are limited scientific evidence and studies so far available on the roles of agroforestry to biodiversity conservation. Objective of the current study was to assess contribution of agroforestry on woody species diversity, conservation to sustain rural livelihoods at Ginir district, Southeast Ethiopia. Totally, six villages were selected based on their respective distance from the accessible roads and their agroforestry potential. A total of 70 sample HHs were randomly selected from the farmers full practiced agroforestry categories based on proportions of their representation. For the inventory of woody species, the lengths of farm boundary plantations were divided into 10 m sections. One section was selected for every 50 m of boundary length. A quadrant size of 10 m × 5 m and 50 m × 50 m were used for homegarden and parklands were conducted by taken one quadrant sample for each agroforestry practice from a house head farm. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analyzed. Measurement of diversity needed to quantify and characterize agroforestry practices according to the degree of diversity and to examined the relationship of different agroforestry practices and woody species diversity at the village level and Kebeles. The result showed that 67 woody species belonging to 36 families and 58 genera were identified. Miomosoidceae was the most dominant family with 10 (15%) species, followed by Myrtaceae family with 6 (9%) species, Anacardiaceae and Rutaceae family accounted for 8 (12%). In terms of species diversity, home gardens (2.47) were more diversified than parklands (2.33) and boundary plantation (1.98) in the overall study sites. Finally, it is concluded that Agroforestry were used to maintaining or as an option for maintaining native woody species to improve the rural community livelihoods of the rural farmers.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90117432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.11
Diriba Megersa, Leta Hailu
Land degradation due to forest loss is the most challenging problem in sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The forest coverage of the country has been declined at an alarming rate. Currently, exclosure practice is part of the community mass mobilization of soil and water conservation program in the country as a means to reverse land degradation problem. The involvement of either of the exclosure intervention methods (passive or active) could enhance plant regeneration (seedlings, saplings, shrubs, under stories, and woody vegetation) including the diversity of all woody species, grass and herbs and biomass carbon stock of the terrestrial ecosystem. It then can control splash erosion by providing sufficient surface cover that reduces the amount and velocity of runoff. Additionally, the exclosure could play a significant role in generating income from non-timber forest product such as bee keeping, fattening by cut and carry feeding system to improve the livelihood of the community. These can be considered as the opportunities to promote the enclosure practice. However, the controversies are the burden of shrinkage and overstocking of livestock on the remaining grazing land, inequitable benefit-sharing for the local communities and unaccountability of exclosure management, monitoring, and lack of the management plan. These are upsetting challenges in the exclosure program of Ethiopia.
{"title":"Impact of Exclosure on Restoration of Degraded Lands and Carbon Stock Enhancement in Ethiopia, a Review","authors":"Diriba Megersa, Leta Hailu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211004.11","url":null,"abstract":"Land degradation due to forest loss is the most challenging problem in sub-Saharan countries including Ethiopia. The forest coverage of the country has been declined at an alarming rate. Currently, exclosure practice is part of the community mass mobilization of soil and water conservation program in the country as a means to reverse land degradation problem. The involvement of either of the exclosure intervention methods (passive or active) could enhance plant regeneration (seedlings, saplings, shrubs, under stories, and woody vegetation) including the diversity of all woody species, grass and herbs and biomass carbon stock of the terrestrial ecosystem. It then can control splash erosion by providing sufficient surface cover that reduces the amount and velocity of runoff. Additionally, the exclosure could play a significant role in generating income from non-timber forest product such as bee keeping, fattening by cut and carry feeding system to improve the livelihood of the community. These can be considered as the opportunities to promote the enclosure practice. However, the controversies are the burden of shrinkage and overstocking of livestock on the remaining grazing land, inequitable benefit-sharing for the local communities and unaccountability of exclosure management, monitoring, and lack of the management plan. These are upsetting challenges in the exclosure program of Ethiopia.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84348594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-13DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.12
Dissanayake Dmdok, Kurugama Kakm
The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a metropolis whose temperature is several degrees higher than the surrounding rural areas. In connection with the UHI phenomenon, the earth’s surface temperature (LST) was estimated using Landsat satellite imagery covering the city of Colombo. The results showed that the UHI effect spread to the north, east, and southeast of Colombo City between 2001 and 2019. Analyzing the correlation between the LST, normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI) and normalized difference index (NDBI), it is found that there is an inverse correlation between NDVI and LST; however, it is reported that NDBI is associated with the four LST periods of 2001, 2009, 2016 and 2019 which indicates that vegetation can weaken UHI, while built-up land can enhance the UHI. The result of albedo analysis shows that low albedo has a greater impact on the formation of UHI. According to this environmental assessment using the Urban Thermal Difference Index (UTFVI), 27% of the region suffers the worst thermal stress. Therefore, in future urban planning, mitigation measures should be taken to improve the quality of the life of the people and the environment in the city of Colombo.
{"title":"Urbanization of Colombo City and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature from 2001-2019","authors":"Dissanayake Dmdok, Kurugama Kakm","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.12","url":null,"abstract":"The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a metropolis whose temperature is several degrees higher than the surrounding rural areas. In connection with the UHI phenomenon, the earth’s surface temperature (LST) was estimated using Landsat satellite imagery covering the city of Colombo. The results showed that the UHI effect spread to the north, east, and southeast of Colombo City between 2001 and 2019. Analyzing the correlation between the LST, normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI) and normalized difference index (NDBI), it is found that there is an inverse correlation between NDVI and LST; however, it is reported that NDBI is associated with the four LST periods of 2001, 2009, 2016 and 2019 which indicates that vegetation can weaken UHI, while built-up land can enhance the UHI. The result of albedo analysis shows that low albedo has a greater impact on the formation of UHI. According to this environmental assessment using the Urban Thermal Difference Index (UTFVI), 27% of the region suffers the worst thermal stress. Therefore, in future urban planning, mitigation measures should be taken to improve the quality of the life of the people and the environment in the city of Colombo.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85450291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.11
N. Das
Muga the golden-yellow silk produced by ‘Antheraea assama’ is found only in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam-India. This species of silkworm is semi-domesticated in that the rearers collect the worms that crawl down at the end of their larval period. They are allowed to spin cocoons in the rearer's houses. The gleaming golden yellow silk is referred to in literature from as long as 1662 BC. The ‘Antheraea assamensis’ is cultivated especially in Brahmaputra valley because it’s characteristic ecological requirements are found only in its natural abode. The declines of Som (Machilus bombycina), Soalu (Litsaea ppolyantha) plantation areas in rearing and sericulture farms have pushed Muga silk towards the verge of extinction. Encroachment in government Som plantation (host plant) areas is one of the prime causes of decreasing food availability of Muga silk worm. If measures are not taken the Muga (Antheria assamensis) heritage of Assam may face extinction in the near future. Considering the ecological conditions, food plant distribution, presence of eco-types and species of diverse nature in co-existence, it is speculated that this region is a possible home of origin of Antheraea. In this paper the researcher emphasizes the possibility of sustaining community livelihood in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam, India.
{"title":"Impact of Muga Silk (Antheraea assamensis) on Community Livelihood in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam-India","authors":"N. Das","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211003.11","url":null,"abstract":"Muga the golden-yellow silk produced by ‘Antheraea assama’ is found only in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam-India. This species of silkworm is semi-domesticated in that the rearers collect the worms that crawl down at the end of their larval period. They are allowed to spin cocoons in the rearer's houses. The gleaming golden yellow silk is referred to in literature from as long as 1662 BC. The ‘Antheraea assamensis’ is cultivated especially in Brahmaputra valley because it’s characteristic ecological requirements are found only in its natural abode. The declines of Som (Machilus bombycina), Soalu (Litsaea ppolyantha) plantation areas in rearing and sericulture farms have pushed Muga silk towards the verge of extinction. Encroachment in government Som plantation (host plant) areas is one of the prime causes of decreasing food availability of Muga silk worm. If measures are not taken the Muga (Antheria assamensis) heritage of Assam may face extinction in the near future. Considering the ecological conditions, food plant distribution, presence of eco-types and species of diverse nature in co-existence, it is speculated that this region is a possible home of origin of Antheraea. In this paper the researcher emphasizes the possibility of sustaining community livelihood in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam, India.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83655872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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