Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211002.12
Dagne Bekele Bahiru
Heavy metals in the soil are associated with various chemical forms that related to their solubility nature which directly bear on their mobility and biological availability. Vegetable and other crops can absorb heavy metals from soil and, deposited on the part of their tissues. The aim of this review is to assess the extent of heavy metals in some vegetables (lettuce, tomato, cabbage and onion) which are grown in different part of Ethiopia. These vegetables are staple and common vegetables consumed by all classes of Ethiopians, due to high consumption rate of these vegetables. Vegetables are vital to human being diet as they contain essential components need by the human body such carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and also trace elements. Consumption of vegetables like tomato, lettuce, cabbage and onion are is one of the pathways by which heavy metals enter the food chain. According to different studies in Ethiopia the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables has been compared with the standard value recommended by WHO/FAO, and other organization are recorded comparative average concentrations and above the recommended limit. The higher concentration of heavy metal in vegetables might be due industrialization and agricultural activities. Based on facts obtained from different studies we suggests concerned official body (ies) to take the necessary precaution measures for agricultural activities, polluted factory effluents, gasses and solid wastes and other heavy metal source.
{"title":"Assessment of Some Heavy Metals Contamination in Some Vegetables (Tomato, Cabbage, Lettuce and Onion) in Ethiopia: A Review","authors":"Dagne Bekele Bahiru","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211002.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211002.12","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals in the soil are associated with various chemical forms that related to their solubility nature which directly bear on their mobility and biological availability. Vegetable and other crops can absorb heavy metals from soil and, deposited on the part of their tissues. The aim of this review is to assess the extent of heavy metals in some vegetables (lettuce, tomato, cabbage and onion) which are grown in different part of Ethiopia. These vegetables are staple and common vegetables consumed by all classes of Ethiopians, due to high consumption rate of these vegetables. Vegetables are vital to human being diet as they contain essential components need by the human body such carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and also trace elements. Consumption of vegetables like tomato, lettuce, cabbage and onion are is one of the pathways by which heavy metals enter the food chain. According to different studies in Ethiopia the concentration of heavy metals in vegetables has been compared with the standard value recommended by WHO/FAO, and other organization are recorded comparative average concentrations and above the recommended limit. The higher concentration of heavy metal in vegetables might be due industrialization and agricultural activities. Based on facts obtained from different studies we suggests concerned official body (ies) to take the necessary precaution measures for agricultural activities, polluted factory effluents, gasses and solid wastes and other heavy metal source.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84109382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Allam, Sailaja Budati Bala Venkata, Sirisha David
Heavy metal contamination in water resources is on the rise in developing countries, causing negative health impact in the population. Metal factories, industrial fertilizers, and pesticides spill inorganic pollutants into water bodies. Arsenic is an inorganic pollutant that accumulates in drinking water and causes a variety of diseases such as arsenicosis including melanosis and keratosis, cancer and disruptions in the human system's various functions. Despite various pollution-control technologies, the problem continues to exist in fast-growing countries. The aim of the arsenic adsorptive studies is to encourage arsenic remediation technologies that are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. To do so, the properties of iron dust are investigated in order to use it as an adsorbent in the arsenic adsorption phase in this study. The percentage of adsorption (89% - 68%) onto iron dust increased with an increase in the adsorptive parameters of contact time, dose, initial concentration, pH, and temperature, indicated the competence of the arsenic removal. Protonation, deprotonation, hydroxyl ion substitution, surface complexation, electrostatic attraction, electrostatic repulsion, and ion exchange were all involved in the effect of pH on arsenic adsorption behaviour. The adsorption isotherm models adequately illustrated the experimental results, implying that arsenic adsorption with Iron dust was better suited to the Freundlich model and reasonably adapted to the Temkin isotherm model in linear form, with R2 0.999 and 0.953, respectively. Because of the applicability of kinetics, Arsenic removal adopted the pseudo second kinetic order. Thermodynamics revealed that the arsenic adsorption process was instinctive and beneficial, with negative values ΔGo -0.104, ΔHo -0.295 indicating an exothermic process, and ΔSo +90 indicating an associative mechanism at the interface. The RL>1 revealed the arsenic metal ion onto iron dust was satisfactory. Finally, the above data indicated that the abundantly available iron dust can be treated as an adsorbent that is economically viable for removing metal ions from different sources of water.
{"title":"Technology Development for Removing Arsenic (III) by Iron Dust Collected from Rusted Iron Devices","authors":"V. Allam, Sailaja Budati Bala Venkata, Sirisha David","doi":"10.12691/ENV-9-1-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-9-1-2","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metal contamination in water resources is on the rise in developing countries, causing negative health impact in the population. Metal factories, industrial fertilizers, and pesticides spill inorganic pollutants into water bodies. Arsenic is an inorganic pollutant that accumulates in drinking water and causes a variety of diseases such as arsenicosis including melanosis and keratosis, cancer and disruptions in the human system's various functions. Despite various pollution-control technologies, the problem continues to exist in fast-growing countries. The aim of the arsenic adsorptive studies is to encourage arsenic remediation technologies that are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. To do so, the properties of iron dust are investigated in order to use it as an adsorbent in the arsenic adsorption phase in this study. The percentage of adsorption (89% - 68%) onto iron dust increased with an increase in the adsorptive parameters of contact time, dose, initial concentration, pH, and temperature, indicated the competence of the arsenic removal. Protonation, deprotonation, hydroxyl ion substitution, surface complexation, electrostatic attraction, electrostatic repulsion, and ion exchange were all involved in the effect of pH on arsenic adsorption behaviour. The adsorption isotherm models adequately illustrated the experimental results, implying that arsenic adsorption with Iron dust was better suited to the Freundlich model and reasonably adapted to the Temkin isotherm model in linear form, with R2 0.999 and 0.953, respectively. Because of the applicability of kinetics, Arsenic removal adopted the pseudo second kinetic order. Thermodynamics revealed that the arsenic adsorption process was instinctive and beneficial, with negative values ΔGo -0.104, ΔHo -0.295 indicating an exothermic process, and ΔSo +90 indicating an associative mechanism at the interface. The RL>1 revealed the arsenic metal ion onto iron dust was satisfactory. Finally, the above data indicated that the abundantly available iron dust can be treated as an adsorbent that is economically viable for removing metal ions from different sources of water.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":"13-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84837984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20211002.11
Godwill T. Nyanchi, M. Akei, F. Nghobuoche, Tassah Ivo Tawe, Nkiene Valery Antu, Mkong Unity Ghekendeh
Prospects of food crop cultivation and supply center on peasant resilience and their adaptability to the surrounding bio-physical milieu. Farmers’ predisposition to the numerous challenges within their biophysical context makes them resilient and thoughtful in strengthening their skills. The soils, relief, climate and vegetation of Bui Division heighten farmers’ resilience for harmonious, flourishing and innovative techniques to hold the farmers spellbound in their daily farm operations. In addition, vegetables are cultivated abundantly in wetland areas during the dry season. Research results were tested using the relationship between the independent, dependent and the intervening variables of this study. To best operationalize this results, the Chi square and cumulative response rates were strictly applied in the analysis. Research findings revealed that the indigenes spare no effort in ensuring that the milieu is exploited to the fullest, thus reaping the benefits of their hard work. As a matter of fact, agriculture remains the dominant pre-occupation of the locals, however subsidiary activities are not neglected to make ends meet. Peasant dynamism in crop cultivation is central to their social and economic development, thus fostering their adaptability to the bio-physical setting. Crops cultivated include maize, beans, solanum potato, sweet potato, cassava, plantains, banana and yams.
{"title":"Peasant Resilience and Stakes in Crop Cultivation Within an Unstable Bio-Physical Milieu: The Case of Bui Division, North West Region, Cameroon","authors":"Godwill T. Nyanchi, M. Akei, F. Nghobuoche, Tassah Ivo Tawe, Nkiene Valery Antu, Mkong Unity Ghekendeh","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20211002.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20211002.11","url":null,"abstract":"Prospects of food crop cultivation and supply center on peasant resilience and their adaptability to the surrounding bio-physical milieu. Farmers’ predisposition to the numerous challenges within their biophysical context makes them resilient and thoughtful in strengthening their skills. The soils, relief, climate and vegetation of Bui Division heighten farmers’ resilience for harmonious, flourishing and innovative techniques to hold the farmers spellbound in their daily farm operations. In addition, vegetables are cultivated abundantly in wetland areas during the dry season. Research results were tested using the relationship between the independent, dependent and the intervening variables of this study. To best operationalize this results, the Chi square and cumulative response rates were strictly applied in the analysis. Research findings revealed that the indigenes spare no effort in ensuring that the milieu is exploited to the fullest, thus reaping the benefits of their hard work. As a matter of fact, agriculture remains the dominant pre-occupation of the locals, however subsidiary activities are not neglected to make ends meet. Peasant dynamism in crop cultivation is central to their social and economic development, thus fostering their adaptability to the bio-physical setting. Crops cultivated include maize, beans, solanum potato, sweet potato, cassava, plantains, banana and yams.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88437762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Haroun Ali Adannou, Mahamat Ateib Ibrahim, Saka Goni, Abdelhamid Issa Hassane, Nayaou Kadidja Kamane, Abdel-Hamid Mahamat Ali, Simon Ngoss
In this work we experimented with an analysis of fraudulent gasoline distillation sold in N’Djamena. The first experiment carried out on the storage of gasolines in polymer cans showed that the nature of gasoline changed in color and density. The cans were also denatured depending on the type of gasoline and the weather. Laboratory analysis of the distillation for commercial specification gave different results compared to refinery gasoline. Several tests according to NF and ASTM standards have been carried out and the results show that gasoline sold illegally is a great danger to the population and to sellers. To do this, we characterized the duration of insolation in N’Djamena in order to be able to analyze the influence of solar radiation as a function of its heat on the essences stored and sold illegally in the city. The analysis results give us a figure of 3030.91 ± 176.33 hours of sunshine per year corresponding to 8.9 hours per day. An observation of the pyranometer and simulations of the Streamer radiative transfer code made it possible to characterize the seasonal variability of the global solar energy potential at the N’Djamena station at 4.71 kWh / m2 / d. The maxima are recorded in spring with values above 5.70 kWh / m2 / day, and the minima in winter with values below 4 kWh / m2 / day. We then measured the air quality with a Purple Air sensor and the results confirmed the presence of particles that could affect human health. Our research obeys two objectives: on the one hand, knowledge of the negative impact and danger of hydrocarbons stored and traded illegally, and on the other hand, the development of regulations in force to stop this danger.
{"title":"Influence of Solar Radiation on Questionable Gasolines Sold in N’Djamena: ASTM D86 Distillation Analysis and Standardized Tests Related to Atmospheric Pollution and Corrosion","authors":"Haroun Ali Adannou, Mahamat Ateib Ibrahim, Saka Goni, Abdelhamid Issa Hassane, Nayaou Kadidja Kamane, Abdel-Hamid Mahamat Ali, Simon Ngoss","doi":"10.12691/ENV-9-1-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-9-1-1","url":null,"abstract":"In this work we experimented with an analysis of fraudulent gasoline distillation sold in N’Djamena. The first experiment carried out on the storage of gasolines in polymer cans showed that the nature of gasoline changed in color and density. The cans were also denatured depending on the type of gasoline and the weather. Laboratory analysis of the distillation for commercial specification gave different results compared to refinery gasoline. Several tests according to NF and ASTM standards have been carried out and the results show that gasoline sold illegally is a great danger to the population and to sellers. To do this, we characterized the duration of insolation in N’Djamena in order to be able to analyze the influence of solar radiation as a function of its heat on the essences stored and sold illegally in the city. The analysis results give us a figure of 3030.91 ± 176.33 hours of sunshine per year corresponding to 8.9 hours per day. An observation of the pyranometer and simulations of the Streamer radiative transfer code made it possible to characterize the seasonal variability of the global solar energy potential at the N’Djamena station at 4.71 kWh / m2 / d. The maxima are recorded in spring with values above 5.70 kWh / m2 / day, and the minima in winter with values below 4 kWh / m2 / day. We then measured the air quality with a Purple Air sensor and the results confirmed the presence of particles that could affect human health. Our research obeys two objectives: on the one hand, knowledge of the negative impact and danger of hydrocarbons stored and traded illegally, and on the other hand, the development of regulations in force to stop this danger.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78659037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.13
N. Das
Community-based initiatives as a potential win-win solution for improving conservation and livelihood outcomes of the riverine community. Land, forests, water bodies, orchards around homestead of families form some of the basic resources at the household level through which a family can sustain their livelihood. However, close access to the river, may provide opportunity for fishing activities and allied activities. The affinity of the community to the river and water, especially suited them with a variety of opportunistic occupations based on rather complex ecology that the Island provided, but also required the community to develop special skills and strategies to deal with a vigorous and unpredictable river and the fragile ecosystem built in the Island. Floods and erosions were not new, but are to be dealt with year after year. In the present paper an attempt has been made to access the nature and extent of depleting natural resources on Majuli Island due to flood and erosion by the River Brahmaputra and how the operational adaptive and coping livelihood strategies of the tribal communities are effective in dealing with the changing resource complexes and ensuring both the inter and intra generational sustainability.
{"title":"Evaluation of Community Livelihood and Natural Resource Management - A Case in Largest Riverine Island of the World (Majuli), Assam-India","authors":"N. Das","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.13","url":null,"abstract":"Community-based initiatives as a potential win-win solution for improving conservation and livelihood outcomes of the riverine community. Land, forests, water bodies, orchards around homestead of families form some of the basic resources at the household level through which a family can sustain their livelihood. However, close access to the river, may provide opportunity for fishing activities and allied activities. The affinity of the community to the river and water, especially suited them with a variety of opportunistic occupations based on rather complex ecology that the Island provided, but also required the community to develop special skills and strategies to deal with a vigorous and unpredictable river and the fragile ecosystem built in the Island. Floods and erosions were not new, but are to be dealt with year after year. In the present paper an attempt has been made to access the nature and extent of depleting natural resources on Majuli Island due to flood and erosion by the River Brahmaputra and how the operational adaptive and coping livelihood strategies of the tribal communities are effective in dealing with the changing resource complexes and ensuring both the inter and intra generational sustainability.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74992429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.14
S. Otieno, Emanuel Ngumbi, Christine Odhiambo Nyang’aya, Jagi Gakunju
Increasing Carbon dioxide in atmosphere affects nutrition due to carbon nutrient penalty or carbon fertilization. Per capita consumption of micronutrients get affected, leading to silent hunger. This study looks at the effect of the greenhouse gasses especially carbon dioxide on micronutrient up take by vegetation and on soil as proxy-indicator of effects in food chain. Fifty soil samples 250 grams each and fourty vegetation samples 100 grams each were taken in georeferenced sites in AFEW in Langata Ecosystem, along a predetermined transects. The samples were put in Ziplocs and transported to Kabete Laboratories and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Optima 8000, Perkin Elmer. Micronutrients levels in soil were compared with those in vegetation as away asses possible effects of carbon dioxide on uptake of the micronutrients by vegetation. The micronutrients were measured in mg/gm. The results show that levels of most of the micronutrients in soil and vegetation shoots varied. No Zinc was detected both in soil and vegetation in all transects. The level of all micronutrients varied between the soil and vegetation but generally much lower in vegetation. The transfer factor (TF) of sodium, magnesium, mercury and Lead were > 1, Zinc, Aluminium, Copper, and Cobalt were <1 suggesting possible GHG effect. It can be concluded that the Transfer Factor in Aluminium, Zinc, Magnesium, Cobalt and cupper in vegetation is below 1 possibly due to effect of Carbon Dioxide.
{"title":"Study of a Green House Gas Induced Effects on Transfer Factor of Micronutrients in a Nature Reserve","authors":"S. Otieno, Emanuel Ngumbi, Christine Odhiambo Nyang’aya, Jagi Gakunju","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.14","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing Carbon dioxide in atmosphere affects nutrition due to carbon nutrient penalty or carbon fertilization. Per capita consumption of micronutrients get affected, leading to silent hunger. This study looks at the effect of the greenhouse gasses especially carbon dioxide on micronutrient up take by vegetation and on soil as proxy-indicator of effects in food chain. Fifty soil samples 250 grams each and fourty vegetation samples 100 grams each were taken in georeferenced sites in AFEW in Langata Ecosystem, along a predetermined transects. The samples were put in Ziplocs and transported to Kabete Laboratories and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Optima 8000, Perkin Elmer. Micronutrients levels in soil were compared with those in vegetation as away asses possible effects of carbon dioxide on uptake of the micronutrients by vegetation. The micronutrients were measured in mg/gm. The results show that levels of most of the micronutrients in soil and vegetation shoots varied. No Zinc was detected both in soil and vegetation in all transects. The level of all micronutrients varied between the soil and vegetation but generally much lower in vegetation. The transfer factor (TF) of sodium, magnesium, mercury and Lead were > 1, Zinc, Aluminium, Copper, and Cobalt were <1 suggesting possible GHG effect. It can be concluded that the Transfer Factor in Aluminium, Zinc, Magnesium, Cobalt and cupper in vegetation is below 1 possibly due to effect of Carbon Dioxide.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"285 1","pages":"30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86703118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.12
R. Rabi, L. Oufni, El-Houcine Youssoufi, Khamiss Cheikh, H. Badry, Y. Errami
Radon and its descendants are the main causes of lung cancer in non-smokers. Therefore, the study of the behavior of radon and its descendants in indoor air is of the highest importance, in ordre to limit the risk of radiation dose due to inhalation of indoor air by members of the public. This article focuses to study the effect of meteorological parameters on the concentration and distribution of radon and its descendants inside a traditional Hammam by using CFD simulation. The results of modeling are qualitative and show that the concentration and distribution of radon and its descendants decrease when the ventilation rate increases, as well as, as the temperature increases; however, it increases with the increase relative humidity. Moreover, the committed equivalent doses due to 218Po and 214Po radon short-lived progeny were evaluated in different tissues of the respiratory tract of the members of the public from the inhalation of air inside the traditional Hammam. The influence of the activity of 218Po and 214Po and mass of the tissue on the committed equivalent doses per hour of exposure was investigated. The annual effective dose due to radon short-lived progeny from the inhalation of air inside the traditional Hammam by the members of the public was investigated.
{"title":"Modeling of the Distribution of Radon and Its Decay in a Traditional Hammam: Dose to Adult Members of the Public","authors":"R. Rabi, L. Oufni, El-Houcine Youssoufi, Khamiss Cheikh, H. Badry, Y. Errami","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.12","url":null,"abstract":"Radon and its descendants are the main causes of lung cancer in non-smokers. Therefore, the study of the behavior of radon and its descendants in indoor air is of the highest importance, in ordre to limit the risk of radiation dose due to inhalation of indoor air by members of the public. This article focuses to study the effect of meteorological parameters on the concentration and distribution of radon and its descendants inside a traditional Hammam by using CFD simulation. The results of modeling are qualitative and show that the concentration and distribution of radon and its descendants decrease when the ventilation rate increases, as well as, as the temperature increases; however, it increases with the increase relative humidity. Moreover, the committed equivalent doses due to 218Po and 214Po radon short-lived progeny were evaluated in different tissues of the respiratory tract of the members of the public from the inhalation of air inside the traditional Hammam. The influence of the activity of 218Po and 214Po and mass of the tissue on the committed equivalent doses per hour of exposure was investigated. The annual effective dose due to radon short-lived progeny from the inhalation of air inside the traditional Hammam by the members of the public was investigated.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84651302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-03DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.11
Oforo Didas Kimaro, Simon J. Chidodo
Several studies in Tanzania focus on land use/cover change (LULC) at coarse scale and without considering the adjoining (interface) landscapes i.e. landscape link community farming systems and forest/nature reserves. In the Eastern Arc Mountains in particular, LULC change that confront the interface between surrounding community landscape and nature reserves and the associated livelihood are not well understood. A study was conducted in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania to explore the potential impacts of LULC on the interface between Magamba Nature Reserve (MNR) and the landscape of the surrounding community villages. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to quantify and analyse the trend in LULC changes over the past 31 years whereby satellite images of 1984, 1995 and 2015 were used. Household surveys, field observations and focus group discussions to 72 households in 3 villages surrounding the nature reserve were employed to capture data on human activities in the interface. The change detection was done by post classification approach using image interpreter| GIS analysis| matrix tool in QGIS software and processed in an intensity analysis program (Pontius matrix excel sheet). Descriptive statistical analysis (frequency counts and percentages) was used to explain human activities of communities adjacent to the MNR. Qualitative data were analysed using content and structural functional analytical techniques. Over the period (1984-2015) natural forest covering the major part of reserve decreased by 14%. The declining trend for forests in the study area is largely attributed to the increasing agricultural activities, settlements and infrastructure. Results revealed further that natural forest area and wetlands had active intensity of gain over the period 1984-1995 while in the 1995-2015 period had active intensity of loss. The most common human activities related to the spatial and temporal dynamics of LULC change in the MNR interface were firewood collection for household use, collection of medicinal plants, illegal timber harvesting, animal grazing, cutting trees for building poles and charcoal burning. Firewood collection is the most important human activity associated with forest degradation in MNR interface. Collection of medicinal plants from the reserve is associated with forest destructive process in the sense that it involves uprooting plants, root cutting, and tree ring debarking. The study recommends that policy makers as well as nongovernmental organizations should identify and establish potential low cost alternative sources of energy for usage by rural domestic household. Further research to predict and map spatial and temporal LULC dynamics at landscape scale should consider future scenarios on the evolution of forest-rural landscape interfaces and their impact on the provisioning of ecosystem services (ESS).
{"title":"Remote Sensing Based Analysis of Land Use/Cover Change Impact in the Interface Between Magamba Nature Reserve and Surrounding Villages in Lushoto District, Tanzania","authors":"Oforo Didas Kimaro, Simon J. Chidodo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20211001.11","url":null,"abstract":"Several studies in Tanzania focus on land use/cover change (LULC) at coarse scale and without considering the adjoining (interface) landscapes i.e. landscape link community farming systems and forest/nature reserves. In the Eastern Arc Mountains in particular, LULC change that confront the interface between surrounding community landscape and nature reserves and the associated livelihood are not well understood. A study was conducted in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania to explore the potential impacts of LULC on the interface between Magamba Nature Reserve (MNR) and the landscape of the surrounding community villages. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used to quantify and analyse the trend in LULC changes over the past 31 years whereby satellite images of 1984, 1995 and 2015 were used. Household surveys, field observations and focus group discussions to 72 households in 3 villages surrounding the nature reserve were employed to capture data on human activities in the interface. The change detection was done by post classification approach using image interpreter| GIS analysis| matrix tool in QGIS software and processed in an intensity analysis program (Pontius matrix excel sheet). Descriptive statistical analysis (frequency counts and percentages) was used to explain human activities of communities adjacent to the MNR. Qualitative data were analysed using content and structural functional analytical techniques. Over the period (1984-2015) natural forest covering the major part of reserve decreased by 14%. The declining trend for forests in the study area is largely attributed to the increasing agricultural activities, settlements and infrastructure. Results revealed further that natural forest area and wetlands had active intensity of gain over the period 1984-1995 while in the 1995-2015 period had active intensity of loss. The most common human activities related to the spatial and temporal dynamics of LULC change in the MNR interface were firewood collection for household use, collection of medicinal plants, illegal timber harvesting, animal grazing, cutting trees for building poles and charcoal burning. Firewood collection is the most important human activity associated with forest degradation in MNR interface. Collection of medicinal plants from the reserve is associated with forest destructive process in the sense that it involves uprooting plants, root cutting, and tree ring debarking. The study recommends that policy makers as well as nongovernmental organizations should identify and establish potential low cost alternative sources of energy for usage by rural domestic household. Further research to predict and map spatial and temporal LULC dynamics at landscape scale should consider future scenarios on the evolution of forest-rural landscape interfaces and their impact on the provisioning of ecosystem services (ESS).","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74070529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20211006.16
Gustavo Aiex Lopes, Amarildo Cruz Fernandes, E. Freire
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