Pub Date : 2020-02-04DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.11
Mananga Olivier Simon Kombo, M. Koné, Yapo Habib Kpidi, Agness Essoh Jean Eudes Yves Gnagne, Tiama Guy Nicaise Ballet, O. Yapo
Attieke, couscous made from fermented cassava, is a staple food in Cote d'Ivoire packaged in polythene plastic bags. The antioxidant BHT was analyzed both in the plastic bags and in the attieke at different temperatures and at different levels inside the attieke ball. A modelling study was conducted to determine a quantitative relationship between the BHT concentration in the attieke and the descriptors which are the concentration of BHT in the plastic bag, grain size, depth (from the surface to inside the attieke ball), duration and conditioning temperature of the attieke in the plastic bags. BHT, initially not detected in the attieke, migrates there depending on the packaging temperature of this commodity and certain parameters. This study was conducted by using multiple linear regression. A quantitative model was proposed. The statistical indicators revealed effective predictions with the determination coefficient equal to 0.92 and the standard error equal to 0.191. The value of the Fischer test was 170.250 and the cross-validation determination coefficient was 0.9136. The results obtained suggest that the combination of the descriptors used could be useful in predicting attieke contamination by plastic bags. Temperature is the most important descriptor for predicting the BHT concentration in the attieke with a normalized coefficient equal to 0.846 followed by depth (from the surface to inside the attieke ball) (-0.822).
{"title":"Modeling the Migration of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol from Plastic Bags into attiéké (Cassava Couscous) from Physico-Chemical and Morphometric Parameters","authors":"Mananga Olivier Simon Kombo, M. Koné, Yapo Habib Kpidi, Agness Essoh Jean Eudes Yves Gnagne, Tiama Guy Nicaise Ballet, O. Yapo","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20200901.11","url":null,"abstract":"Attieke, couscous made from fermented cassava, is a staple food in Cote d'Ivoire packaged in polythene plastic bags. The antioxidant BHT was analyzed both in the plastic bags and in the attieke at different temperatures and at different levels inside the attieke ball. A modelling study was conducted to determine a quantitative relationship between the BHT concentration in the attieke and the descriptors which are the concentration of BHT in the plastic bag, grain size, depth (from the surface to inside the attieke ball), duration and conditioning temperature of the attieke in the plastic bags. BHT, initially not detected in the attieke, migrates there depending on the packaging temperature of this commodity and certain parameters. This study was conducted by using multiple linear regression. A quantitative model was proposed. The statistical indicators revealed effective predictions with the determination coefficient equal to 0.92 and the standard error equal to 0.191. The value of the Fischer test was 170.250 and the cross-validation determination coefficient was 0.9136. The results obtained suggest that the combination of the descriptors used could be useful in predicting attieke contamination by plastic bags. Temperature is the most important descriptor for predicting the BHT concentration in the attieke with a normalized coefficient equal to 0.846 followed by depth (from the surface to inside the attieke ball) (-0.822).","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"18 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82816935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-24DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.14
Vasilis Kanellopoulos, A. Andrikopoulos, Constantinos Koutsojannis
The overall aim of this research is the prevention of environmental risk and impact, through the establishment of a present-day environmental observatory centre, equipped with an intelligent monitoring, management and evaluating system. Detecting the environmental pollutants in a timely manner (forecasting), potentially related to adverse health effects while their frequency appears to have increased, shall contribute crucially to avoiding or reducing further inhabitants’ exposure to pollutants in high environmental charging areas. A plurality of data will be collected and analyzed in the pilot Observatory. All these data will be gathered by measuring various environmental parameters (physicochemical, microbiological, ionized and not ionized radiation, dust, noise), a number of which will be transmitted wireless from small scale monitoring stations. The data base (territorial distribution of samples, number and frequency of sampling, analyze results, toxicity and risk indicators of environmental pollutants), will be enriched daily/weekly, with satellite data, meteorological data and satellite photographs (image analysis). With the collection, processing and analysis of measured values for various kinds of pollutants from environmental overloaded surfaces, useful conclusions are drawn regarding to the “pollution tendency” in every different area and the possible effects on human in combination with geography and geomorphology. With the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in human body simulators (whole body phantom models) we intend to make a more accurate qualitative and quantitative forecast: worst-best scenario, about as the life quality for residents -who may be exposed to the pollutants- as the direct or indirect medium to long-term adverse effects.
{"title":"A Pilot Study of an Online Intelligent Environmental Observation System for Monitoring and Evaluating Public Health Hazard from Indoor and Outdoor Pollutants","authors":"Vasilis Kanellopoulos, A. Andrikopoulos, Constantinos Koutsojannis","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.14","url":null,"abstract":"The overall aim of this research is the prevention of environmental risk and impact, through the establishment of a present-day environmental observatory centre, equipped with an intelligent monitoring, management and evaluating system. Detecting the environmental pollutants in a timely manner (forecasting), potentially related to adverse health effects while their frequency appears to have increased, shall contribute crucially to avoiding or reducing further inhabitants’ exposure to pollutants in high environmental charging areas. A plurality of data will be collected and analyzed in the pilot Observatory. All these data will be gathered by measuring various environmental parameters (physicochemical, microbiological, ionized and not ionized radiation, dust, noise), a number of which will be transmitted wireless from small scale monitoring stations. The data base (territorial distribution of samples, number and frequency of sampling, analyze results, toxicity and risk indicators of environmental pollutants), will be enriched daily/weekly, with satellite data, meteorological data and satellite photographs (image analysis). With the collection, processing and analysis of measured values for various kinds of pollutants from environmental overloaded surfaces, useful conclusions are drawn regarding to the “pollution tendency” in every different area and the possible effects on human in combination with geography and geomorphology. With the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in human body simulators (whole body phantom models) we intend to make a more accurate qualitative and quantitative forecast: worst-best scenario, about as the life quality for residents -who may be exposed to the pollutants- as the direct or indirect medium to long-term adverse effects.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83488021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-05DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.13
Taye Birhanu
The issues related to environmental problems and challenges such as climate change and global warming in particular and the issue of environmental crisis in general had been given very little attention until very recently which is, of course, insignificant compared to the seriousness and intensity of the problem. The main objective that has been addressed in this thesis is the establishment of sound arguments that could serve as a ground on which the environmental policy of Ethiopia could be rationally criticized. The problem dealt with in this thesis could be best defined and explained by looking at the larger picture of the issue of which it is part and parcel. The larger picture in this context represents or depicts the global environmental crisis that is resulting in the suffering of all that exist in the natural world. In attempt to resolve this common crisis we have been experiencing commitments of the countries of the world either individually or collectively through creating joint ventures that resulted in a number of initiatives and conventions regarding environmental issue. However, it has been argued throughout this thesis that most of the philosophical foundations and principles and values underlying those commitments made so far are problematic by themselves. Accordingly, the case of conducting philosophical enquiry into the environmental policy of Ethiopia has to be understood as part of the larger picture of the problem that has got more emphasis here for the sake of making it as specific as possible, otherwise it would have been very difficult to manage to arrive at the conclusions made in this thesis. Theoretically and conceptually this thesis is founded on the main argument in the study of environmental ethics that claims the study of environmental ethics and engaging in philosophical discourses through formulating sound arguments for and against the major approaches and theories of the environmental ethics play a pivotal role in the attempt to come up with an ethical environmental policy that guides and governs the relations between human beings and the natural environment in a manner that does justice to the environment. In general, in this thesis it has been argued either explicitly or implicitly that the environmental policy of Ethiopia is not ethical seen from the perspective of the holistic environmental ethics and principles of environmental justice.
{"title":"Philosophical Enquiry into Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects","authors":"Taye Birhanu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.13","url":null,"abstract":"The issues related to environmental problems and challenges such as climate change and global warming in particular and the issue of environmental crisis in general had been given very little attention until very recently which is, of course, insignificant compared to the seriousness and intensity of the problem. The main objective that has been addressed in this thesis is the establishment of sound arguments that could serve as a ground on which the environmental policy of Ethiopia could be rationally criticized. The problem dealt with in this thesis could be best defined and explained by looking at the larger picture of the issue of which it is part and parcel. The larger picture in this context represents or depicts the global environmental crisis that is resulting in the suffering of all that exist in the natural world. In attempt to resolve this common crisis we have been experiencing commitments of the countries of the world either individually or collectively through creating joint ventures that resulted in a number of initiatives and conventions regarding environmental issue. However, it has been argued throughout this thesis that most of the philosophical foundations and principles and values underlying those commitments made so far are problematic by themselves. Accordingly, the case of conducting philosophical enquiry into the environmental policy of Ethiopia has to be understood as part of the larger picture of the problem that has got more emphasis here for the sake of making it as specific as possible, otherwise it would have been very difficult to manage to arrive at the conclusions made in this thesis. Theoretically and conceptually this thesis is founded on the main argument in the study of environmental ethics that claims the study of environmental ethics and engaging in philosophical discourses through formulating sound arguments for and against the major approaches and theories of the environmental ethics play a pivotal role in the attempt to come up with an ethical environmental policy that guides and governs the relations between human beings and the natural environment in a manner that does justice to the environment. In general, in this thesis it has been argued either explicitly or implicitly that the environmental policy of Ethiopia is not ethical seen from the perspective of the holistic environmental ethics and principles of environmental justice.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79463055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-26DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.11
George Anim Addo, Adam Wahabu
One of the key ingredients to a sustainable functional solid waste systems in any nation is the existence and continual review of data on solid waste management (SWM). Many urban areas in Ghana are heavily polluted with solid waste and Tamale metropolis is not an exception. Households in the metropolis generates enormous amount of solid waste coupled with waste management practices that inevitably affects the environment. The main objective of the study was to determine the physio-chemical parameter of solid waste at Russia bungalows in the Tamale metropolis. In view of this, the specific objectives of the study was to find out the quantity of solid waste generated, determine the moisture content of the waste, and to find out the waste generation rate of the solid waste applying mathematical models. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, physical separation and household survey. The following key findings were established during the analysis of the results and it showed that the quantity of solid waste generated in the study area was 81.70 kg. The total moisture content of the samples was found to be 48.29%, it means that the waste generated can be used as compost to produce fertiliser on farms. This also showed that the generation rate of solid waste was 0.3148 kg/cap/day. Mathematical model showed a weak relation between the quantity of waste generated and household size. Waste generation rates data are crucial in the wider waste systems planning processes. Further studies on source separation of household waste at different areas in the metropolis.
{"title":"Quantification of Municipal Solid Waste-The Essential Basis in Waste Management in Tamale: A Ghanaian City","authors":"George Anim Addo, Adam Wahabu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20190806.11","url":null,"abstract":"One of the key ingredients to a sustainable functional solid waste systems in any nation is the existence and continual review of data on solid waste management (SWM). Many urban areas in Ghana are heavily polluted with solid waste and Tamale metropolis is not an exception. Households in the metropolis generates enormous amount of solid waste coupled with waste management practices that inevitably affects the environment. The main objective of the study was to determine the physio-chemical parameter of solid waste at Russia bungalows in the Tamale metropolis. In view of this, the specific objectives of the study was to find out the quantity of solid waste generated, determine the moisture content of the waste, and to find out the waste generation rate of the solid waste applying mathematical models. The research gathered data from two main sources namely: secondary and primary sources. The three main techniques employed in gathering the primary data were: preliminary field investigation, physical separation and household survey. The following key findings were established during the analysis of the results and it showed that the quantity of solid waste generated in the study area was 81.70 kg. The total moisture content of the samples was found to be 48.29%, it means that the waste generated can be used as compost to produce fertiliser on farms. This also showed that the generation rate of solid waste was 0.3148 kg/cap/day. Mathematical model showed a weak relation between the quantity of waste generated and household size. Waste generation rates data are crucial in the wider waste systems planning processes. Further studies on source separation of household waste at different areas in the metropolis.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82046456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-19DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.12
Faiza Amir, M. Lullulangi, Haruna Haji La Tang, M. Suti
This study aims to find: training models, teaching materials, and methods for socializing and implementing models that can be a reference used to train farmers to carry out integrated pest control (IPM) as an effort to increase production and sustainable income in technical irrigation areas. Research location in the technical irrigation area of South Sulawesi Province. Research respondents were selected by purposive method, as many as 300 people. The research variables are: training model, teaching material, socialization method, and application of integrated pest control model. Data collection is done by giving questionnaires to respondents. Validation of models and teaching materials is carried out by relevant experts. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the study are: Integrated pest control training model in technical irrigation areas, consisting of seven steps, namely: 1) needs analysis, 2) determining teaching material, 3) formulating objectives, 4) developing and validating materials, 5) preparing tests, 6) carry out training, and 7) conduct an evaluation.
{"title":"Guidance of Farmers in Performing Integrated Combation of Pests in the Technical Irrigation Area in South Sulawesi","authors":"Faiza Amir, M. Lullulangi, Haruna Haji La Tang, M. Suti","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to find: training models, teaching materials, and methods for socializing and implementing models that can be a reference used to train farmers to carry out integrated pest control (IPM) as an effort to increase production and sustainable income in technical irrigation areas. Research location in the technical irrigation area of South Sulawesi Province. Research respondents were selected by purposive method, as many as 300 people. The research variables are: training model, teaching material, socialization method, and application of integrated pest control model. Data collection is done by giving questionnaires to respondents. Validation of models and teaching materials is carried out by relevant experts. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the study are: Integrated pest control training model in technical irrigation areas, consisting of seven steps, namely: 1) needs analysis, 2) determining teaching material, 3) formulating objectives, 4) developing and validating materials, 5) preparing tests, 6) carry out training, and 7) conduct an evaluation.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87279868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, numerical prediction of surge associated with a storm is made through finite difference method accurately incorporating the coastal complexities along the coast of Bangladesh. In incorporating the coastal complexities with a considerable accuracy, (1/120) grid resolution is used. To incorporate river dynamics, the fresh water discharge through the Meghna River is taken into account. Simulated results by the study are found to be in good agreement with the available observations and reported data. For better forecasting, estimation of flooding is of importance, which is responsible for most death. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to develop an effective numerical model that will help to reduce the death during storm surges along the coastal area of Bangladesh.
{"title":"Further Development of Forecasting Model for Storm Surge Hazard along the Coast of Bangladesh","authors":"Hasibun Naher, G. C. Paul","doi":"10.12691/ENV-7-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-7-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, numerical prediction of surge associated with a storm is made through finite difference method accurately incorporating the coastal complexities along the coast of Bangladesh. In incorporating the coastal complexities with a considerable accuracy, (1/120) grid resolution is used. To incorporate river dynamics, the fresh water discharge through the Meghna River is taken into account. Simulated results by the study are found to be in good agreement with the available observations and reported data. For better forecasting, estimation of flooding is of importance, which is responsible for most death. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to develop an effective numerical model that will help to reduce the death during storm surges along the coastal area of Bangladesh.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"38 1","pages":"52-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77371665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-30DOI: 10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.11
H. Yusuf, T. Solomon
This study was conducted in west Hararghe zone with the main objective of documenting the woody species and identifying its management in major traditional Agroforestry practices. The research was carried out between February 1, 2018–June 30 2018. In this study, total of 18 peasant associations in 6 rural districts were selected by multistage sampling in which 600 household heads were selected using random sampling techniques. Qualitative data were generated by conducting household survey interviews. The farm plot of each household was equated to an ecological sampling unit for gathering bio-physical data. Focus group discussions, key informant interview, and direct field observations were also applied to get additional data. All the collected data were manipulated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to calculate descriptive statistics, such as means, percentages and frequency. A number of Compositions of woody species in major traditional agroforestry practices in study site were observed and counted. In total, 68 woody tree species representing 31 families were recorded. In the study area family Fabaceae was a predominant with the total species of 20 (29.4%). The species can also categorized into three based on their provenance, 18 species are introduced 2 species are endemic to Ethiopia and the majority 48 species are indigenous. The common management practices of the woody species in the study area include branch pruning, coppicing, thinning, pollarding and protection from animal damage. The result of the current study shown that there are varies traditional agroforestry management in the study area. Woody plant species composition on each traditional agroforestry practices was also identified and recorded. Finally, existing woody plant species should be conserved, and the importance of each and every potential tree species in the study area for soil fertility improvement, animal feed, biological soil conservation, and ecological importance needs further study.
本研究在西哈拉尔河地区进行，主要目的是记录木本物种并确定其在主要传统农林业实践中的管理。该研究于2018年2月1日至2018年6月30日期间进行。本研究采用多阶段抽样方法，选取6个农村地区的18个农会，采用随机抽样方法抽取600户户主。定性数据是通过进行住户调查访谈产生的。每个家庭的农场地块相当于一个生态采样单位，用于收集生物物理数据。焦点小组讨论、关键信息提供者访谈和直接实地观察也被用于获得额外的数据。所有收集的数据均采用SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20和Microsoft Office Excel 2007进行描述性统计，如均值、百分比和频次等。对研究点主要传统农林业方式的木本树种组成进行了观察和统计。共记录到31科68种木本树种。研究区以豆科植物为主，共有20种(29.4%)。根据其来源，该物种也可以分为3种，18种是引进的，2种是埃塞俄比亚特有的，大多数48种是本地的。研究区内常见的木本树种管理措施包括:修剪、修剪、间伐、授粉和防止动物伤害。目前的研究结果表明，研究区存在着多种不同的传统农林业经营方式。对不同农林业方式下木本植物的种类组成进行了鉴定和记录。最后，应保护现有木本植物物种，研究区内每一种潜在树种在改善土壤肥力、动物饲料、生物土壤保持和生态重要性方面的重要性有待进一步研究。
{"title":"Woody Plant Inventory and Its Management Practices in Traditional Agroforestry of West Hararghe Zone, Oromia National Region State, Ethiopia","authors":"H. Yusuf, T. Solomon","doi":"10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20190805.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted in west Hararghe zone with the main objective of documenting the woody species and identifying its management in major traditional Agroforestry practices. The research was carried out between February 1, 2018–June 30 2018. In this study, total of 18 peasant associations in 6 rural districts were selected by multistage sampling in which 600 household heads were selected using random sampling techniques. Qualitative data were generated by conducting household survey interviews. The farm plot of each household was equated to an ecological sampling unit for gathering bio-physical data. Focus group discussions, key informant interview, and direct field observations were also applied to get additional data. All the collected data were manipulated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007 to calculate descriptive statistics, such as means, percentages and frequency. A number of Compositions of woody species in major traditional agroforestry practices in study site were observed and counted. In total, 68 woody tree species representing 31 families were recorded. In the study area family Fabaceae was a predominant with the total species of 20 (29.4%). The species can also categorized into three based on their provenance, 18 species are introduced 2 species are endemic to Ethiopia and the majority 48 species are indigenous. The common management practices of the woody species in the study area include branch pruning, coppicing, thinning, pollarding and protection from animal damage. The result of the current study shown that there are varies traditional agroforestry management in the study area. Woody plant species composition on each traditional agroforestry practices was also identified and recorded. Finally, existing woody plant species should be conserved, and the importance of each and every potential tree species in the study area for soil fertility improvement, animal feed, biological soil conservation, and ecological importance needs further study.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73703663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ogara Rose Shieunda, E. Neyole, S. Omuterema, F. Orata
The objective of the study was to assess public health risks of heavy metals pollution in river Sosiani Catchment. This study was a multiple design approach whereby both experimental and socio-economic survey was done to obtain data. The units of analysis used in the socio-economic phase of the study were a random sample size of 402 WRUA members while the scientific phase of the study included two species of fish and water. Water was sampled from eleven sampling locations (SR0 – SR10) and fish from ten sampling points (SR1 – SR10) along river Sosiani. Data for the WRUA members was obtained through weighing and questionnaire analysis. Data for water and fish was obtained using AAS. Data analysis was done using the statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) version 23. The inherent public health risks from heavy metal exposure were determined using THQs for the respective heavy metals and HI which summed up the individual THQs. During the wet season, THQs for water revealed that all sites showed no potential risk for lead, only one site; Naiber exhibited the high risk values for cadmium and three sites, registered very high THQs way beyond the threshold of 1 for chromium. Two sites (Nairobi bridge and Kisumu bridge) had HI values above the limit of 3. During the dry season,both lead and cadmium showed very low THQ values for water, indicating no risk potential. Only chromium had high THQ values in five sites indicating high health risks. The trend was similar for the wet season for HI. An analysis of the risks from fish consumption of Barbus and catfish for both seasons showed that within the entire catchment and based on the received responses, the public health risk from fish consumption is very low with THQs being way below the threshold value of 1 for all the heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr). An evaluation of risks as exhibited by manifestation of symptoms within the catchment indicated that most of the inhabitants were symptomatic. Basically, it is concluded that water from river Sosiani had higher THQ and HI values and hence higher risk values than both the fish species. This rendered water from this location unfit for human consumption. The study recommends that urgent measures like pollution control through enforcement of the Kenyan regulations and proper engineering guidance for drainages and wastewater treatment plants will reverse and eventually stop this trend. The communities are also supposed to be sensitised and encouraged not to use river water for domestic use.
{"title":"Assessment of Public Health Risks of Heavy Metals Pollution in River Sosiani Catchment","authors":"Ogara Rose Shieunda, E. Neyole, S. Omuterema, F. Orata","doi":"10.12691/ENV-7-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12691/ENV-7-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the study was to assess public health risks of heavy metals pollution in river Sosiani Catchment. This study was a multiple design approach whereby both experimental and socio-economic survey was done to obtain data. The units of analysis used in the socio-economic phase of the study were a random sample size of 402 WRUA members while the scientific phase of the study included two species of fish and water. Water was sampled from eleven sampling locations (SR0 – SR10) and fish from ten sampling points (SR1 – SR10) along river Sosiani. Data for the WRUA members was obtained through weighing and questionnaire analysis. Data for water and fish was obtained using AAS. Data analysis was done using the statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) version 23. The inherent public health risks from heavy metal exposure were determined using THQs for the respective heavy metals and HI which summed up the individual THQs. During the wet season, THQs for water revealed that all sites showed no potential risk for lead, only one site; Naiber exhibited the high risk values for cadmium and three sites, registered very high THQs way beyond the threshold of 1 for chromium. Two sites (Nairobi bridge and Kisumu bridge) had HI values above the limit of 3. During the dry season,both lead and cadmium showed very low THQ values for water, indicating no risk potential. Only chromium had high THQ values in five sites indicating high health risks. The trend was similar for the wet season for HI. An analysis of the risks from fish consumption of Barbus and catfish for both seasons showed that within the entire catchment and based on the received responses, the public health risk from fish consumption is very low with THQs being way below the threshold value of 1 for all the heavy metals (Pb, Cd and Cr). An evaluation of risks as exhibited by manifestation of symptoms within the catchment indicated that most of the inhabitants were symptomatic. Basically, it is concluded that water from river Sosiani had higher THQ and HI values and hence higher risk values than both the fish species. This rendered water from this location unfit for human consumption. The study recommends that urgent measures like pollution control through enforcement of the Kenyan regulations and proper engineering guidance for drainages and wastewater treatment plants will reverse and eventually stop this trend. The communities are also supposed to be sensitised and encouraged not to use river water for domestic use.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"56 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current rapid increase in population together with expansion of the town is producing large volumes of wastes, which demand greater infrastructure, institutional setup and community participation for its management. However, most of solid wastes that generated are remaining uncollected and simply dumped at open space. This study focused on identifying the types of solid wastes, waste generation rates, management practices and municipal solid waste management service of Chiro town. The results were based on the data collected from sample respondents that drawn from three kebeles of the town, proportional to total households through simple random sampling techniques. The result revealed that the types of wastes produced by sample respondents were organic matter, plastic, paper and clipboard, metal and others wastes (ash, leather and e-waste). The average solid waste generation rate of the town is 0.304 kg/capita/day. In the town there is no recognized prepared place either for the waste collection or for final disposal. The common disposal places used by the community were ditch (44.95%), local field (20.7%), road side (24.2%), farm land (3.5%) and burning-burying (4.5%). Yet around 2% of the respondents do not know where the wastes come out of their home finally disposed to as they deliver it by informal waste pickers. Therefore, its top priority to prepare the dumping sites and establish institutional setup for proper handling of the waste in the town.
{"title":"Solid Waste Generation Rate and Management Practices in the Case of Chiro Town, West Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"Najib Umer, Gezu Shimelis, Muhammedsultan Ahmed, Tamirat Sema","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20190804.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20190804.12","url":null,"abstract":"The current rapid increase in population together with expansion of the town is producing large volumes of wastes, which demand greater infrastructure, institutional setup and community participation for its management. However, most of solid wastes that generated are remaining uncollected and simply dumped at open space. This study focused on identifying the types of solid wastes, waste generation rates, management practices and municipal solid waste management service of Chiro town. The results were based on the data collected from sample respondents that drawn from three kebeles of the town, proportional to total households through simple random sampling techniques. The result revealed that the types of wastes produced by sample respondents were organic matter, plastic, paper and clipboard, metal and others wastes (ash, leather and e-waste). The average solid waste generation rate of the town is 0.304 kg/capita/day. In the town there is no recognized prepared place either for the waste collection or for final disposal. The common disposal places used by the community were ditch (44.95%), local field (20.7%), road side (24.2%), farm land (3.5%) and burning-burying (4.5%). Yet around 2% of the respondents do not know where the wastes come out of their home finally disposed to as they deliver it by informal waste pickers. Therefore, its top priority to prepare the dumping sites and establish institutional setup for proper handling of the waste in the town.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85572222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-29DOI: 10.11648/J.AJEP.20190803.12
Xianglin Wu, Yumei Chen, Yanqi Wu
The wastewater treatment engineering design scale of a certain dye group co., LTD in Xuzhou is 3000m 3/d, According to the characteristics of dyestuff wastewater, the combined treatment process of "physicochemical + biochemical" was adopted. The engineering operation results show that the removal rate of COD, NH3-N and chroma is 93.1, 80.5 and 90.7 percent, and the effluent water quality is stable and meets the design requirements.
{"title":"A Case Study of Dyestuff Chemical Wastewater Treatment Project","authors":"Xianglin Wu, Yumei Chen, Yanqi Wu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJEP.20190803.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJEP.20190803.12","url":null,"abstract":"The wastewater treatment engineering design scale of a certain dye group co., LTD in Xuzhou is 3000m 3/d, According to the characteristics of dyestuff wastewater, the combined treatment process of \"physicochemical + biochemical\" was adopted. The engineering operation results show that the removal rate of COD, NH3-N and chroma is 93.1, 80.5 and 90.7 percent, and the effluent water quality is stable and meets the design requirements.","PeriodicalId":7549,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Environmental Protection","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79437610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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