Archivio italiano di anatomia e di embriologia. Italian journal of anatomy and embryology最新文献

Phonation troubles often arise after surgical operations on the antero-lateral region of the neck in which the recurrent laryngeal ILN), was respected. This fact allows to consider the possibility that the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), contains also fibres responsible of the motor innervation of some intrinsic muscles of the larynx. According to the suggestion that the fibre-analysis may permit to distinguish a motor from a sensory nerve (Tomasch and Schwarzacher), a computerized morphometric analysis on the fibres of the superior and inferior laryngeal nerves in the man was carried out. The nerves investigated were taken away from five patients subjected to a total laryngectomy. The fibre perimeter and the maximum diameter were evaluated in 1500 fibres in each nerve. The histograms of the obtained data shows that: 1) Two groups of fibres are distinguishable in the SLN: the first is composed by small diameter fibres that show one spike for both the parameters considered. The second group of larger fibres shows a lower spike with a larger basis. 2) In the ILN only a spike corresponding to the greatest fibres we observed for both the parameters considered. In conclusion it seems that the number of fibres of large diameter present in the SLN can justify a motor function of this nerve for some intrinsic muscles of the larynx other than the cricotiroideus.

The recognition of the role played by the subfornical organ (SFO) in the central regulation of body water balance has recently aroused new interest in this anatomical formation which remained ignored for a long time. The SFO is included in the group of the circumventricular organs. In higher vertebrates it is adherent to the ventral surface of the fornix and protrudes into the third ventricle at the level of the interventricular foramina, partially covered by the choroid plexus. The SFO appears as a small nodule, rounded or ovoidal in shape, consisting of highly vascularized nervous tissue and lined by ependyma at the ventricular surface. Its structural organization is fundamentally constant and presents only minor differences in the various species. The SFO neuronal perikarya show different aspects which have been classified in four types. However, it is not yet clearly defined if such aspects refer to distinct cell types or to different transitional features. Nerve and glial cell processes form a dense plexus through the SFO and the subependymal area, as well as in the connective tissue perivascular spaces. These may be narrow or wide and surround fenestrated and non-fenestrated capillaries, assuming sometimes a labyrinthine aspect. The ependymal lining of the SFO ventricular surface shows large variations and regional differences concerning the cell height, the number and development of microvilli, the cilia distribution. The structural properties of SFO, which is characterized by a rich and highly permeable capillary bed, by a wide surface area of contact and exchange with the cerebrospinal fluid, by direct and indirect neural connections with a number of regulatory structures, have been considered as the basis for the role of neurohumoral integration that SFO plays in regulating physiological and behavioral responses to water-mineral changes. Much experimental evidence substantiates this function. However, the studies on SFO are increasingly enriching the literature with new experimental, especially physiological and cytochemical, data which may suggest for this organ connections even more extensive and functions even more complex than those until now ascertained.

A great deal of information is available on the morphology of the claustrum in various animal species, as well as on its neuronal distribution and relationships with the cerebral cortex and other nuclei. However, no research has been performed on synaptic organization. Here we report an ultrastructural study performed on 7 male albino rats of the Wistar strain weighing 270-310 g. Five rats were sacrificed by prolonging general anesthesia with diethyl ether until death. Three of these rats were secured to the stereotaxic atlas coordinates of Paxinos and Watson (1982); the claustrum area was marked by injecting 1 microliter of a 10% Evans Blue solution into the nucleus. The brain was then removed from the skull, cut into 2-3 mm thick coronal sections, and tissue samples taken from the area immediately adjacent to the marked area were immersed in 2% OsO4 buffered with 2% potassium dichromate containing 0.2% CaCl2 at pH 7.7 (Gobel, 1968). After dehydration they were embedded in Durcupan and the ultrafine sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with either a Zeiss 9S2 or a Hitachi H 800 electron microscope. The samples from two other rats, taken with the stereotaxic techniques described, were fixed for 12 h in 0.6 potassium permanganate solution buffered with veronal-acetate at pH 7.4 (Luft, 1956). After processing for electron microscopy, a portion of the sections were used without any contrast medium and the remainder were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The histochemical characteristics of colonic epithelial mucins were investigated in the chick embryo. At the 14th day of incubation it was possible to demonstrate the presence of glycogen. At the 15th day a few epithelial cells showed the presence of neutral and sialylated mucins. On the 16th day, also sulfated secretory material was detectable together with neutral and sialylated mucins in cells with the typical shape of goblet cells. From the 17th day to the 20th day of incubation the two types of acid mucins appeared in some cells to be placed in distinct zones of the supranuclear cytoplasm. At the 21st day, neutral, sialylated and sulfated mucins were all present in the majority of goblet cells, which were found mainly in the epithelium lining the crypts.