S. Isehunwa, E. Olanisebe, O. Ajiboye, S. Akintola
Refractive index is a useful fluid characterization parameter with widespread industrial applications. The values for many pure liquids are known or readily available in literature. However, when experimental data are not available, the refractive indices of binary and multi-component liquids are often estimated from the pure components using mixing rules which are sometimes not accurate. This study was designed to measure the refractive indices and evaluate the accuracy of some commonly used mixing rules when applied to benzene-toluene, heptane-hexane, hexane-acetone, heptane-acetic acid and acetic acid-acetone binary mixtures at varying volume fractions and temperatures between 20 and 60°C. A simpler relation based on modified Kay or Arago-Biot mixing rule was demonstrated to have wider range of applicability because of the explicit temperature-dependence term. Key words: Refractive index, mixing rule, binary mixtures, excess volume, refractometer.
{"title":"Estimation of the refractive indices of some binary mixtures","authors":"S. Isehunwa, E. Olanisebe, O. Ajiboye, S. Akintola","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0613","url":null,"abstract":"Refractive index is a useful fluid characterization parameter with widespread industrial applications. The values for many pure liquids are known or readily available in literature. However, when experimental data are not available, the refractive indices of binary and multi-component liquids are often estimated from the pure components using mixing rules which are sometimes not accurate. This study was designed to measure the refractive indices and evaluate the accuracy of some commonly used mixing rules when applied to benzene-toluene, heptane-hexane, hexane-acetone, heptane-acetic acid and acetic acid-acetone binary mixtures at varying volume fractions and temperatures between 20 and 60°C. A simpler relation based on modified Kay or Arago-Biot mixing rule was demonstrated to have wider range of applicability because of the explicit temperature-dependence term. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Refractive index, mixing rule, binary mixtures, excess volume, refractometer.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"265 1","pages":"58-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79738473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nano-size thin films comprising poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a fullerene derivative [6, 6] phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) incorporating squarylium dye III (SQ3) are reported. The materials prepared were evaluated for their optical, electrical and photo-conversion efficiency. Active layer materials comprising a blend of P3HT:SQ3:PCBM were deposited by spin-coating to produce thin films measuring 100 nm and subsequently annealed at 140°C for 10 min. The films were characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy for their optical properties, atomic force microscopy for surface morphology and film thickness, and electrical properties. Optical measurements for blends incorporating different amounts of dye showed increased photo-absorbance with increasing dye concentration. The combined contribution of SQ3 and thermal annealing resulted in increased power conversion efficiency (η) of pristine P3HT:PCBM solar cells from 1.9 to 3.9 %. The dye in the active layer improved photo-absorption by enhanced light harvesting while thermal treatment improved the nanoscale morphology leading to better metal-film interface contact and broadening of the absorption wavelength range. Key words: Polymer solar cell (PSC), squarylium dye III (SQ3), bulk hetero-junction (BHJ), power conversion efficiency (PCE), poly (3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), [6, 6]-phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
{"title":"Efficiency enhancement in P3HT:PCBM blends using Squarylium III dye","authors":"M. Tembo, M. Munyati, S. Hatwaambo, M. Maaza","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2014.0593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2014.0593","url":null,"abstract":"Nano-size thin films comprising poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and a fullerene derivative [6, 6] phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) incorporating squarylium dye III (SQ3) are reported. The materials prepared were evaluated for their optical, electrical and photo-conversion efficiency. Active layer materials comprising a blend of P3HT:SQ3:PCBM were deposited by spin-coating to produce thin films measuring 100 nm and subsequently annealed at 140°C for 10 min. The films were characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy for their optical properties, atomic force microscopy for surface morphology and film thickness, and electrical properties. Optical measurements for blends incorporating different amounts of dye showed increased photo-absorbance with increasing dye concentration. The combined contribution of SQ3 and thermal annealing resulted in increased power conversion efficiency (η) of pristine P3HT:PCBM solar cells from 1.9 to 3.9 %. The dye in the active layer improved photo-absorption by enhanced light harvesting while thermal treatment improved the nanoscale morphology leading to better metal-film interface contact and broadening of the absorption wavelength range. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Polymer solar cell (PSC), squarylium dye III (SQ3), bulk hetero-junction (BHJ), power conversion efficiency (PCE), poly (3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), [6, 6]-phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":"50-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82262240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Physicochemical and potentially toxic metals statuses of surface water samples collected around the Yauri abattoir were examined. Health risk assessment of the toxicant via ingestion was interpreted by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). The mean concentration values for total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were 1026.78, 565.22, 5.0, 8.89 and 484.64 mg/L respectively. The values are above those obtained for the control water sample as well as those of international safe limits for water. The values of pH (6.6), sulphate (86.91 mg/L), nitrate (41.45 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (903.30 mg/L) fell within world health organization maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The mean concentrations of Co (6.93 mg/L), Cu (14.45 mg/L), Fe (64.16 mg/L), and Zn (37.14 mg/L) were above both the control and WHO, EU and EPA safe limits for metals in water. On the other hand Cd (11.47 mg/L), Ni (35.49 mg/L), and Pb (41.94 mg/L) had a mean concentration values which are higher than the international standard limits and control water sample. The calculated values of HQ show that Cd, Co, Cu and Ni were of high risk, Fe with a medium and Pb and Zn are of low risk. Correlation coefficients revealed general positive and significant correlations between the pairs of metals in water. The results of this study showed some levels of pollution of the stream water indicating that the activities at the abattoir were contributing to the pollution load of water in the area. Key words: Yauri, abattoir, toxic metals, physicochemical.
{"title":"Physiochemical characterisation and level of potentially toxic metals in surface water around yauri abattoir, north western Nigeria","authors":"M. Yahaya, Z. Agbendeh","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0615","url":null,"abstract":"Physicochemical and potentially toxic metals statuses of surface water samples collected around the Yauri abattoir were examined. Health risk assessment of the toxicant via ingestion was interpreted by calculating the hazard quotient (HQ). The mean concentration values for total dissolved solid (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were 1026.78, 565.22, 5.0, 8.89 and 484.64 mg/L respectively. The values are above those obtained for the control water sample as well as those of international safe limits for water. The values of pH (6.6), sulphate (86.91 mg/L), nitrate (41.45 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (903.30 mg/L) fell within world health organization maximum permissible limits for drinking water. The mean concentrations of Co (6.93 mg/L), Cu (14.45 mg/L), Fe (64.16 mg/L), and Zn (37.14 mg/L) were above both the control and WHO, EU and EPA safe limits for metals in water. On the other hand Cd (11.47 mg/L), Ni (35.49 mg/L), and Pb (41.94 mg/L) had a mean concentration values which are higher than the international standard limits and control water sample. The calculated values of HQ show that Cd, Co, Cu and Ni were of high risk, Fe with a medium and Pb and Zn are of low risk. Correlation coefficients revealed general positive and significant correlations between the pairs of metals in water. The results of this study showed some levels of pollution of the stream water indicating that the activities at the abattoir were contributing to the pollution load of water in the area. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Yauri, abattoir, toxic metals, physicochemical.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"121 23 1","pages":"33-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83612868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Emran, Arwa O. Al-Ahmadi, Bayan A. Torjoman, N. M. Ahmed, Sara N. Sheekh
The effect of cantaloupe juice and seed extracts on corrosion of cast iron in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution using hydrogen evolution measurements (HEM) and mass loss measurements (MLM) were investigated. Cantaloupe extracts inhibited the corrosion of cast iron in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration of the extracts. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on cast iron surface was in accordance to Langmuir adsorption isotherms. In absence of inhibitors, the corrosion rate of cast iron increases with HCl concentration. The fractional reaction order observed in HCl solution indicates the formation of intermediates through the dissolution process or multiple steps mechanism of cast iron dissolution in HCl solution. Key words: Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo), corrosion, cast iron, HCl concentrations, adsorption isotherm.
采用析氢法(HEM)和失重法(MLM)研究了哈密瓜汁和种子提取物对铸铁在1.0 M盐酸(HCl)溶液中腐蚀的影响。哈密瓜提取物对铸铁在1.0 M HCl溶液中的腐蚀有抑制作用。随着提取物浓度的增加，其抑菌效果逐渐增强。抑制剂分子在铸铁表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温线。在没有抑制剂的情况下，随着HCl浓度的增加，铸铁的腐蚀速率增加。在HCl溶液中观察到的分数级反应顺序表明中间体的形成是通过溶解过程或铸铁在HCl溶液中溶解的多步骤机制。关键词:甜瓜，腐蚀，铸铁，HCl浓度，吸附等温线
{"title":"Corrosion and corrosion inhibition of cast Iron in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution by cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) as green inhibitor","authors":"K. Emran, Arwa O. Al-Ahmadi, Bayan A. Torjoman, N. M. Ahmed, Sara N. Sheekh","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0607","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of cantaloupe juice and seed extracts on corrosion of cast iron in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution using hydrogen evolution measurements (HEM) and mass loss measurements (MLM) were investigated. Cantaloupe extracts inhibited the corrosion of cast iron in 1.0 M HCl solution. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration of the extracts. The adsorption of the inhibitor molecules on cast iron surface was in accordance to Langmuir adsorption isotherms. In absence of inhibitors, the corrosion rate of cast iron increases with HCl concentration. The fractional reaction order observed in HCl solution indicates the formation of intermediates through the dissolution process or multiple steps mechanism of cast iron dissolution in HCl solution. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo), corrosion, cast iron, HCl concentrations, adsorption isotherm.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"39-49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82478483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Wognin, A. Brou, T. A. Yapi, K. A. Touré, Tomi Félix, Z. F. Tonzibo
The chemical composition of 71 essential-oil samples isolated from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata harvested in eight Ivoirian sites (Toumodi, Dougba, Yamoussoukro, Zambakro, Toumbokro, Attiegbakro, Tiebissou and Tie-N’Diekro) was investigated by GC-FID, including the determination of retention indices (RIs), and by 13C-NMR analyses. In total, 31 components accounting for 55.5 - 90.2% of the oil composition were identified. The content of the main components varied from sample to sample namely geijerene (3.2 - 26.4%), germacrene D (1 - 28.5%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (8.1 - 18.3%), α-pinene (0.2 - 8.5%) and δ-cadinene (1.4 - 9.5%). Other constituents present at appreciable contents were β-pinene (0 - 8.3%), α-copaene (2.2 - 8.0%), α-humulene (2.1 - 4.7%). The 71 samples were submitted to factorial discriminant analysis using 40 variables (4 physicochemical constants yield 31 chemical constituents and 4 geographical coordinates), which allowed the distinction of eight groups within the oil samples labeled according to the eight sites of harvest in respect of chemical components. Key words: Chromolaena odorata, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, factorial discriminant analysis, physico-chemical constants, geijerene, germacrene D, (E)-β-caryophyllene).
{"title":"Multifactorial discriminant analysis of leaf oil of C. odorata L. King and Robinson from Cte dIvoire","authors":"E. Wognin, A. Brou, T. A. Yapi, K. A. Touré, Tomi Félix, Z. F. Tonzibo","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0605","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical composition of 71 essential-oil samples isolated from the leaves of Chromolaena odorata harvested in eight Ivoirian sites (Toumodi, Dougba, Yamoussoukro, Zambakro, Toumbokro, Attiegbakro, Tiebissou and Tie-N’Diekro) was investigated by GC-FID, including the determination of retention indices (RIs), and by 13C-NMR analyses. In total, 31 components accounting for 55.5 - 90.2% of the oil composition were identified. The content of the main components varied from sample to sample namely geijerene (3.2 - 26.4%), germacrene D (1 - 28.5%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (8.1 - 18.3%), α-pinene (0.2 - 8.5%) and δ-cadinene (1.4 - 9.5%). Other constituents present at appreciable contents were β-pinene (0 - 8.3%), α-copaene (2.2 - 8.0%), α-humulene (2.1 - 4.7%). The 71 samples were submitted to factorial discriminant analysis using 40 variables (4 physicochemical constants yield 31 chemical constituents and 4 geographical coordinates), which allowed the distinction of eight groups within the oil samples labeled according to the eight sites of harvest in respect of chemical components. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Chromolaena odorata, Asteraceae, essential oil composition, factorial discriminant analysis, physico-chemical constants, geijerene, germacrene D, (E)-β-caryophyllene).","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"65 1","pages":"18-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78899945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mupa, C. B. Hungwe, Steffen Witzleben, C. Mahamadi, N. Muchanyereyi
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench), a crop that is grown by subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe was used to extract silica gel in order to assess its possible use as a raw material for the production of silica-based products. The gel was prepared from sodium silicate extracted from sweet sorghum bagasse ash by sodium hydroxide leaching. Results show that maximum yield can be obtained at pH 5 and with 3 M sodium concentration. The silica gel prepared at optimum pH 5 had a bulk density of 0.5626 g/cm3 and anestimated porosity of 71.87%. Silica gel aged over 10 h had improved moisture adsorption properties. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determinations show that the silica content in the ash is 40.1%. Characterization of sweet sorghum ash and silica gels produced at pH 5, 7 and 8.5 by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy gave absorption bands similar to those reported by other researchers.Transmission electron micrographs show that silica prepared under optimum conditions is amorphous and consisted of irregular particles. Sweet sorghum proved to be a potential low cost raw material for the production of silica gel. Key words: Silica gel, sweet sorghum, extraction, ash, bagasse, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).
{"title":"Extraction of silica gel from Sorghum bicolour (L.) moench bagasse ash","authors":"M. Mupa, C. B. Hungwe, Steffen Witzleben, C. Mahamadi, N. Muchanyereyi","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0603","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench), a crop that is grown by subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe was used to extract silica gel in order to assess its possible use as a raw material for the production of silica-based products. The gel was prepared from sodium silicate extracted from sweet sorghum bagasse ash by sodium hydroxide leaching. Results show that maximum yield can be obtained at pH 5 and with 3 M sodium concentration. The silica gel prepared at optimum pH 5 had a bulk density of 0.5626 g/cm3 and anestimated porosity of 71.87%. Silica gel aged over 10 h had improved moisture adsorption properties. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) determinations show that the silica content in the ash is 40.1%. Characterization of sweet sorghum ash and silica gels produced at pH 5, 7 and 8.5 by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy gave absorption bands similar to those reported by other researchers.Transmission electron micrographs show that silica prepared under optimum conditions is amorphous and consisted of irregular particles. Sweet sorghum proved to be a potential low cost raw material for the production of silica gel. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Silica gel, sweet sorghum, extraction, ash, bagasse, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD).","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"89 1","pages":"12-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85852360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The accumulation of heavy metals in soils especially in mining environments is of increasing concern to researchers in the Agricultural Industry. This is because the metals are biomagnified by plants. Accumulation of heavy and trace metals in plants occur by various sources but soil is considered the major one. Consumption of vegetables and fruits containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once in the body, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals and cause an array of diseases. The present study investigated the concentration of heavy metals that is, Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Pb in soil as well as mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) fruit samples collected from the Mokaba rehabilitated site in the Sierra Rutile environs, to evaluate the possible health risks to human body through food chain transfer. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to estimate the levels of these metals in the fruits and soil. Results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cu in both soil and fruits are higher than the World health average values. However, Zn and Cr were found to be below the World health average values, whereas As was not detected. Translocation factors (TF) from soil to fruits were calculated from the data on levels of metals in both soil and fruits. The sampled plants showed high translocation factor values (TF > 1in almost all cases) implying that the plants could be labeled as accumulators of pollution. Pearson’s product moment correlation showed a very strong relationship between soil and fruits. It can be concluded that the crops/plants grown in the rehabilitated lands in the Sierra Rutile environs absorb significant levels of some heavy metals from the polluted soil. Key words: Rehabilitated, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, translocation, bioavailability, biomagnified.
{"title":"A physico-chemical analysis of soil and selected fruits in one rehabilitated mined out site in the Sierra Rutile environs for the presence of heavy metals: Lead, Copper, Zinc, Chromium and Arsenic","authors":"O. P., Thullah F, K. I.","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2015.0606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2015.0606","url":null,"abstract":"The accumulation of heavy metals in soils especially in mining environments is of increasing concern to researchers in the Agricultural Industry. This is because the metals are biomagnified by plants. Accumulation of heavy and trace metals in plants occur by various sources but soil is considered the major one. Consumption of vegetables and fruits containing heavy metals is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once in the body, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals and cause an array of diseases. The present study investigated the concentration of heavy metals that is, Cu, Zn, Cr, As and Pb in soil as well as mango (Mangifera indica L.) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) fruit samples collected from the Mokaba rehabilitated site in the Sierra Rutile environs, to evaluate the possible health risks to human body through food chain transfer. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to estimate the levels of these metals in the fruits and soil. Results showed that the concentrations of Pb and Cu in both soil and fruits are higher than the World health average values. However, Zn and Cr were found to be below the World health average values, whereas As was not detected. Translocation factors (TF) from soil to fruits were calculated from the data on levels of metals in both soil and fruits. The sampled plants showed high translocation factor values (TF > 1in almost all cases) implying that the plants could be labeled as accumulators of pollution. Pearson’s product moment correlation showed a very strong relationship between soil and fruits. It can be concluded that the crops/plants grown in the rehabilitated lands in the Sierra Rutile environs absorb significant levels of some heavy metals from the polluted soil. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Rehabilitated, heavy metals, bioaccumulation, translocation, bioavailability, biomagnified.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"65 1","pages":"27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73987125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artabotrys odoratissimus has been investigated by many workers for its constituents. Previous phytochemical studies have revealed this genus to be rich in secondary metabolites including phenylcoumarins, xanthones and triterpenoids. So far, not many studies have been carried out on this genus but there are some reports on this plant. Our recent study on the hexane extract of the leaves of A. odoratissimus, have led to the isolation of steroidal compound. The structure of the compound has been established by modern spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass-spectroscopy and identified as tetracontan-15-one. Key words: Artabotrys odoratissimus, medicinal plant, tetracontan-15-one.
{"title":"Isolation and characterization of a steroidal compound from the hexane extract of the leaves of Artabotrys odoratissimus","authors":"Faizan Danish Khaleel, B. K. Mehta","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2014.0589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2014.0589","url":null,"abstract":"Artabotrys odoratissimus has been investigated by many workers for its constituents. Previous phytochemical studies have revealed this genus to be rich in secondary metabolites including phenylcoumarins, xanthones and triterpenoids. So far, not many studies have been carried out on this genus but there are some reports on this plant. Our recent study on the hexane extract of the leaves of A. odoratissimus, have led to the isolation of steroidal compound. The structure of the compound has been established by modern spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass-spectroscopy and identified as tetracontan-15-one. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Artabotrys odoratissimus, medicinal plant, tetracontan-15-one.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"41 1","pages":"6-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91276993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cereals are the staple diet of most of the world’s population. The millets are very important staple food in the rural parts of India. Millets can secure India’s food and farming in future because it is amazing in their nutrition contents. Echinochloa frumentacea (Sanwa) millet is good source of energy and provide protein, fatty acid, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and polypheonals. Proteins present in various foods differ in their nutritive value on account of the difference in the amino acid contents. The amino acid content, fatty acid content (TSFA and TUFA) and anti nutritional factor ranged from 0.0008 to 0.522%, 24.2 to 26.0%, 73.5 to 75.4% and 0.301 to 0.302, 0.0202 to 0.0204 g/100 g and 31.95 mg/100 g respectively. No cyanide content and haemagglutinin activity were found. Nutritionally the seeds of E. frumentacea variety DFM-1 and HR-374 are rich in aspartic acid (essential amino acid) content and total unsaturated fatty acid content. Key words: Amino acid, fatty acid content, anti nutritional factor, minor millets variety of Echinochloa frumentacea.
{"title":"Amino acid content, fatty acid content and anti nutritional factor of seeds of new hybrid varieties of Echinochloa frumentacea (Sanwa) minor millets","authors":"Sangeeta Gupta, S. Shrivastava, M. Shrivastava","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2014.0546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2014.0546","url":null,"abstract":"Cereals are the staple diet of most of the world’s population. The millets are very important staple food in the rural parts of India. Millets can secure India’s food and farming in future because it is amazing in their nutrition contents. Echinochloa frumentacea (Sanwa) millet is good source of energy and provide protein, fatty acid, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibre and polypheonals. Proteins present in various foods differ in their nutritive value on account of the difference in the amino acid contents. The amino acid content, fatty acid content (TSFA and TUFA) and anti nutritional factor ranged from 0.0008 to 0.522%, 24.2 to 26.0%, 73.5 to 75.4% and 0.301 to 0.302, 0.0202 to 0.0204 g/100 g and 31.95 mg/100 g respectively. No cyanide content and haemagglutinin activity were found. Nutritionally the seeds of E. frumentacea variety DFM-1 and HR-374 are rich in aspartic acid (essential amino acid) content and total unsaturated fatty acid content. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Amino acid, fatty acid content, anti nutritional factor, minor millets variety of Echinochloa frumentacea.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"40 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90564575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. M. Mastoi, K. Lashari, Z. A. Palh, A. N. Soomro, Zulfiqar Laghari, K. F. Almani, Gul e-Rana Abdul Waheed Mastoi, A. R. Abbasi
Manchar Lake is the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, situated in Jamshoro District. It was created in the 1930 when the Sukkur Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. It is a vast natural depression flanked by Khirthar range in the west, Lakhi hills in south and river Indus in the east. On the north eastern side is the protective embankment. The lake is fed by two canals, the Aral Wah and the Danister from the river Indus. The lake also collects water from numerous small streams in the Khirthar Mountains. The area of the lake fluctuates during the flood season from 350 to 520 km2. The mean depth of the lake is at present 13 feet. Contamination of Manchar Lake is serious issue of aquatic pollution. Lake gets polluted by different waves although it is a second largest lake of Sindh province. Untreated damping of industrial liquid waste is one of the main causes of its pollution, hence for the justification of its contamination some trace metals, Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were analyzed by dual mode of analytical methods flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) by multi element stranded solution. The highest concentration of Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were 54.5 and 58.5 µg/L, 115 and 117.5 µg/L, 3000 and 3200 µg/L, 7 and 9.5 µg/L, 90 and 95.5 µg/L, 90 and 117 µg/L in month of August and November, 2011 respectively (Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cr) were selected for study. Key words: Contamination, waste, pollution, environment, fresh water.
{"title":"Water quality assessment of Manchar Lake during the month of August and November 2011 by analyzing selected trace elements","authors":"G. M. Mastoi, K. Lashari, Z. A. Palh, A. N. Soomro, Zulfiqar Laghari, K. F. Almani, Gul e-Rana Abdul Waheed Mastoi, A. R. Abbasi","doi":"10.5897/AJPAC2014.0588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPAC2014.0588","url":null,"abstract":"Manchar Lake is the largest fresh water lake in Pakistan, situated in Jamshoro District. It was created in the 1930 when the Sukkur Barrage was constructed on the river Indus. It is a vast natural depression flanked by Khirthar range in the west, Lakhi hills in south and river Indus in the east. On the north eastern side is the protective embankment. The lake is fed by two canals, the Aral Wah and the Danister from the river Indus. The lake also collects water from numerous small streams in the Khirthar Mountains. The area of the lake fluctuates during the flood season from 350 to 520 km2. The mean depth of the lake is at present 13 feet. Contamination of Manchar Lake is serious issue of aquatic pollution. Lake gets polluted by different waves although it is a second largest lake of Sindh province. Untreated damping of industrial liquid waste is one of the main causes of its pollution, hence for the justification of its contamination some trace metals, Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were analyzed by dual mode of analytical methods flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) by multi element stranded solution. The highest concentration of Lead, Copper, Zinic, Cobalt, Chromium and Nickel were 54.5 and 58.5 µg/L, 115 and 117.5 µg/L, 3000 and 3200 µg/L, 7 and 9.5 µg/L, 90 and 95.5 µg/L, 90 and 117 µg/L in month of August and November, 2011 respectively (Pb, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Cr) were selected for study. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Contamination, waste, pollution, environment, fresh water.","PeriodicalId":7556,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":"151 6 1","pages":"176-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89425947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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