Steroidal products have been found useful in inflammations associated with Covid 19. Prednisolone is one readily available steroid, which is often found as uncoated normal release tablets. Modified release prednisolone may be desirable in Covid 19 for sustained actions. This is expected to reduce dosing frequency and enhance compliance. This study is concerned with development of controlled release prednisolone using coating technology with bio-compatible, cross-linked starch-albumin films. Starches and proteins are excellent film formers with good flexibility, transparency, and bio-compatibility. The cross-linked starch-albumin films were prepared using glycerol as the plasticizer: starch (A), starch-albumin (B), starch-albumin cross-linked with formaldehyde at 1 % (C), 5 % (D) and 10 % (E). Equilibrium moisture sorption (EMS) at 100 % relative humidity, equilibrium swelling (ESC) in buffer solutions of pHs 2, 7 and 9, and DSC thermal properties were evaluated. In-vitro drug release from the film coated prednisolone tablets were evaluated in 0.1N HCl, water and phosphate buffer 8.0 as dissolution media. Films showed ESC in the order A>D>E>B>C; D>C>A>E>B and A>D>C>B>E in acidic, neutral and alkali media respectively. EMS was in the order B>E>A>D>C; with slight shift in the melting temperatures. In-vitro release at 240 min varied from 78 to 117 % (E>D>C>A>B); 19 to 60 % (D>B>C>E>A) and 49 to 60 % (B>A>C>D>E) in 0.1N HCl, water and PBS respectively. Cross-linking improved the stability and swelling of films. The in-vitro release in alkaline medium suggests their usefulness for controlled drug delivery. New pH-responsive polymers, with improved physicochemical properties for coating prednisolone tablets were developed.
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of crosslinked starch-albumin films for coating of prednisolone tablets for use in Covid-19 related respiratory disease","authors":"P. Builders, J. John, J. Alfa, B. Mohammed","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Steroidal products have been found useful in inflammations associated with Covid 19. Prednisolone is one readily available steroid, which is often found as uncoated normal release tablets. Modified release prednisolone may be desirable in Covid 19 for sustained actions. This is expected to reduce dosing frequency and enhance compliance. This study is concerned with development of controlled release prednisolone using coating technology with bio-compatible, cross-linked starch-albumin films. Starches and proteins are excellent film formers with good flexibility, transparency, and bio-compatibility. The cross-linked starch-albumin films were prepared using glycerol as the plasticizer: starch (A), starch-albumin (B), starch-albumin cross-linked with formaldehyde at 1 % (C), 5 % (D) and 10 % (E). Equilibrium moisture sorption (EMS) at 100 % relative humidity, equilibrium swelling (ESC) in buffer solutions of pHs 2, 7 and 9, and DSC thermal properties were evaluated. In-vitro drug release from the film coated prednisolone tablets were evaluated in 0.1N HCl, water and phosphate buffer 8.0 as dissolution media. Films showed ESC in the order A>D>E>B>C; D>C>A>E>B and A>D>C>B>E in acidic, neutral and alkali media respectively. EMS was in the order B>E>A>D>C; with slight shift in the melting temperatures. In-vitro release at 240 min varied from 78 to 117 % (E>D>C>A>B); 19 to 60 % (D>B>C>E>A) and 49 to 60 % (B>A>C>D>E) in 0.1N HCl, water and PBS respectively. Cross-linking improved the stability and swelling of films. The in-vitro release in alkaline medium suggests their usefulness for controlled drug delivery. New pH-responsive polymers, with improved physicochemical properties for coating prednisolone tablets were developed.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83905273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osheke Shekins Okere, M. Adams, Chinazo Glory Orji
A knowledge of the chemical content of Rhinoceros (Rhino) oil and its activity on selected biomolecules of experimental models would help boost the immune system against an immunocompromised COVID-19 status. The study seeks to evaluate the chemical and biomolecular profile of Rhino oil. Chemical profile was done using standard methods of analysis. 25 rats were assigned in five groups (A-E) (n=5). Animals in group A (control) were administered 0.5 ml of distilled water while those in groups B-E which were immunocompromised (by intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of lead [Pb]) were also administered distilled water, immunomodulatory drug (5 mg/kg body weight of zinc [Zn]), 2 and 5 mg/kg b.w of Rhino oil extract respectively, once daily for 8 days followed by biomolecular assay. Proximate analysis gave moisture content (14.37±0.29), among others. FAMEs analysis showed hexadecanoic acid (12.80%) and other esters. Lipid profile of the oil gave LDLC to contain (32.90±0.53 mg/L), and others. The physicochemical properties gave iodine value as (115.80±0.40 mg/g), among others. The metal composition revealed Zn (0.28±0.06) plus others. The amnio acid profile of the oil gave ten essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids respectively. The levels of biomolecules in serum of the animals were altered at specific doses of the oil extract. Altogether, the chemical content of the oil was significantly high, with altered biomolecular effect. The rich content of vital nutrients and chemicals of Rhino oil may boost the white blood cells against COVID-19. The isolation and characterization of the active principles of the oil is encouraged.
{"title":"Chemical composition, in vivo immunomodulatory and anti-hyperlipidaemic properties of Rhinoceros (Rhino) oil in lead-induced immunocompromised models","authors":"Osheke Shekins Okere, M. Adams, Chinazo Glory Orji","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"A knowledge of the chemical content of Rhinoceros (Rhino) oil and its activity on selected biomolecules of experimental models would help boost the immune system against an immunocompromised COVID-19 status. The study seeks to evaluate the chemical and biomolecular profile of Rhino oil. Chemical profile was done using standard methods of analysis. 25 rats were assigned in five groups (A-E) (n=5). Animals in group A (control) were administered 0.5 ml of distilled water while those in groups B-E which were immunocompromised (by intraperitoneal administration of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w) of lead [Pb]) were also administered distilled water, immunomodulatory drug (5 mg/kg body weight of zinc [Zn]), 2 and 5 mg/kg b.w of Rhino oil extract respectively, once daily for 8 days followed by biomolecular assay. Proximate analysis gave moisture content (14.37±0.29), among others. FAMEs analysis showed hexadecanoic acid (12.80%) and other esters. Lipid profile of the oil gave LDLC to contain (32.90±0.53 mg/L), and others. The physicochemical properties gave iodine value as (115.80±0.40 mg/g), among others. The metal composition revealed Zn (0.28±0.06) plus others. The amnio acid profile of the oil gave ten essential amino acids and non-essential amino acids respectively. The levels of biomolecules in serum of the animals were altered at specific doses of the oil extract. Altogether, the chemical content of the oil was significantly high, with altered biomolecular effect. The rich content of vital nutrients and chemicals of Rhino oil may boost the white blood cells against COVID-19. The isolation and characterization of the active principles of the oil is encouraged.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91380258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the era of the COVID-19 lockdown, many Nigerians resorted to home remedies like herbal mixtures for therapy because they could not have access to orthodox medicine. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) essential oil was one of such remedies as many believed it had the potential to treat colds, flu, sore throats, bronchitis and even prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The objective of the study is to check the antioxidant, dermal and acute toxicological effects of the E. camaldulensis essential oil. Rats were grouped into 8 of 5 each. Normal and corn oil (2ml/kg body weight) control groups. E. camaldulensis essential oil from Jos, Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kwara, and Benue zones were given at 2ml/kg body weight for 14 days as well as applied on the shaved skin of the rats. No mortality was recorded in the sub-acute toxicity study at low and high doses (10mg/kg and 5000mg/kg). The levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 did not significantly differ from normal control rats. Lungs Investigation recorded a significant increase in the TNF-α. Antioxidant enzyme assays showed a significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase. Histological examination showed focal inflammation with moderate cytoplasmic clearing in the liver and focal mild epidermal sclerosis of the skin. Dermal application of the oil shows no significant toxic effect except some mild inflammation (skin irritation). Oral administrations were relatively safe with mild adverse effect observed in the lung inflammatory markers.
在2019冠状病毒病封锁期间，许多尼日利亚人由于无法获得正统医学，只能使用草药混合物等家庭疗法进行治疗。camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis)精油就是其中一种补救措施，因为许多人认为它有可能治疗感冒、流感、喉咙痛、支气管炎，甚至预防SARS-CoV-2感染。本研究的目的是考察山竹挥发油的抗氧化、皮肤和急性毒理学作用。每5只大鼠分为8组。正常和玉米油(2ml/kg体重)对照组。取Jos、Niger、Nasarawa、Kogi、Kwara和Benue地区的camaldulensis精油，按2ml/kg体重给药，连续14天，并涂于刮过毛的大鼠皮肤上。在亚急性毒性研究中，低剂量和高剂量(10mg/kg和5000mg/kg)均无死亡记录。AST、ALT、TNF-α、IL-6水平与正常对照大鼠无显著差异。肺部检查显示TNF-α显著升高。抗氧化酶检测显示过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽s-转移酶显著增加。组织学检查显示局灶性炎症伴中度肝细胞质清除和局灶性轻度皮肤表皮硬化。皮肤应用该油显示没有明显的毒性作用，除了一些轻微的炎症(皮肤刺激)。口服给药相对安全，对肺部炎症标志物的不良反应轻微。
{"title":"Antioxidant, dermal and acute toxicological effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn-Blakely) essential oil on male Wistar rats","authors":"U. Ejike, Oluchukwu Ogechukwu Anunobi","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"During the era of the COVID-19 lockdown, many Nigerians resorted to home remedies like herbal mixtures for therapy because they could not have access to orthodox medicine. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (E. camaldulensis) essential oil was one of such remedies as many believed it had the potential to treat colds, flu, sore throats, bronchitis and even prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. \u0000The objective of the study is to check the antioxidant, dermal and acute toxicological effects of the E. camaldulensis essential oil. Rats were grouped into 8 of 5 each. Normal and corn oil (2ml/kg body weight) control groups. E. camaldulensis essential oil from Jos, Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi, Kwara, and Benue zones were given at 2ml/kg body weight for 14 days as well as applied on the shaved skin of the rats. No mortality was recorded in the sub-acute toxicity study at low and high doses (10mg/kg and 5000mg/kg). The levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-6 did not significantly differ from normal control rats. Lungs Investigation recorded a significant increase in the TNF-α. Antioxidant enzyme assays showed a significant increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-s-transferase. Histological examination showed focal inflammation with moderate cytoplasmic clearing in the liver and focal mild epidermal sclerosis of the skin. Dermal application of the oil shows no significant toxic effect except some mild inflammation (skin irritation). Oral administrations were relatively safe with mild adverse effect observed in the lung inflammatory markers.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89381730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Tarfa, J. Igoli, A. I. Gray, G. Adoga, K. S. Gamaniel
Tapinanthus sessilifolius (Loranthaceae) (P. Beauv) Blume. commonly known as African mistletoe is a well-known medicinal plant in Africa and Europe. A bioassay-guided isolation of the plant constituents was carried out to identify potential anti-hyperglycemic agents. The hexane extract was discovered to be active which yielded two triterpenoids; betulinic acid and lupeol, responsible for the activity and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. Other compounds from this plant identified by GC-MS technique were palmitic acid, hexadecanoic acid and stearic acid.
{"title":"Characterization of potential hypoglycaemic agents from Tapinanthus sessilifolius parasitic on Psidium guajava","authors":"F. Tarfa, J. Igoli, A. I. Gray, G. Adoga, K. S. Gamaniel","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Tapinanthus sessilifolius (Loranthaceae) (P. Beauv) Blume. commonly known as African mistletoe is a well-known medicinal plant in Africa and Europe. A bioassay-guided isolation of the plant constituents was carried out to identify potential anti-hyperglycemic agents. The hexane extract was discovered to be active which yielded two triterpenoids; betulinic acid and lupeol, responsible for the activity and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. Other compounds from this plant identified by GC-MS technique were palmitic acid, hexadecanoic acid and stearic acid.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75608834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Ezeunala, K. Izebe, M. Aboh, Ibrahim Ijele, N. Ibekwe, E. Ezaka, P. Oladosu, P. Adigwe
Herbal teas are aromatic beverages commonly prepared by pouring hot water over the cured leaves or by boiling them. They have been used as traditional medicines for decades because of their health benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of Lipton tea, Evergreen tea, Green tea, Mountain forest tea, Oolong tea, and Egret river tea in managing dry cough, vomiting, sore throat, pneumonia, diarrhea, and respiratory distress. The selected teas were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. All plates were inoculated and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. After incubation, each plate was observed for the formation of clear zones around the well. Our findings revealed that S. aureus, Strep. pyogenes, and E. coli were highly susceptible to green tea extracts. However, all the tea samples showed no activity on C. albicans. This result proffers that different varieties of common and exotic herbal teas have a great effect in suppressing related symptoms of covid-19 and therefore, may be used as adjuvants with other anti-viral and antibiotic medications when treating infection.
{"title":"The use of common and exotic teas in managing covid-19 related symptoms","authors":"M. Ezeunala, K. Izebe, M. Aboh, Ibrahim Ijele, N. Ibekwe, E. Ezaka, P. Oladosu, P. Adigwe","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.9","url":null,"abstract":"Herbal teas are aromatic beverages commonly prepared by pouring hot water over the cured leaves or by boiling them. They have been used as traditional medicines for decades because of their health benefits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of Lipton tea, Evergreen tea, Green tea, Mountain forest tea, Oolong tea, and Egret river tea in managing dry cough, vomiting, sore throat, pneumonia, diarrhea, and respiratory distress. The selected teas were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans using the agar well diffusion method. All plates were inoculated and incubated for 24 hours at 37oC. After incubation, each plate was observed for the formation of clear zones around the well. Our findings revealed that S. aureus, Strep. pyogenes, and E. coli were highly susceptible to green tea extracts. However, all the tea samples showed no activity on C. albicans. This result proffers that different varieties of common and exotic herbal teas have a great effect in suppressing related symptoms of covid-19 and therefore, may be used as adjuvants with other anti-viral and antibiotic medications when treating infection.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91483497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to pose a major global health threat with serious economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria. This condition is often worsened as most diabetic patients have other accompanying comorbidities such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease and obesity, further putting a strain on their wellbeing. In spite of the several orthodox medicines for the treatment of diabetes and its comorbidities, complication arising from the use of such agents have limited therapeutic success. It is therefore imperative to search for safer alternative and affordable treatment options from plants. This study aimed at accessing and documenting the medicinal plants used in four local government areas of South-Western Nigeria for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from traditional medical practitioners, village elders and herb sellers. The data obtained were analyzed and discussed in relation to previously published literature. Fifty-three respondents mostly males (77.4%) provided information on medicinal plants useful for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. A total of 77 medicinal plants used concomitantly belonging to 44 plant families were mentioned by the respondents. 53 medicinal plants are being used for managing diabetes, 35 for hypertension, 28 for stroke, 17 for heart diseases and 25 for obesity. The frequently used plant species were Vernonia amygdalina Delile with use-mention-index (UMi) of 0.208, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (UMi 0.170), Viscum album L. (UMi 0.151), Carica papaya L. (UMi 0.151) and Allium sativum L. (UMi 0.132). Citrus aurantifolia was the only plant mentioned for the management of the five ailments. Most diabetic patients often have one or more accompanying comorbidities. A safe and efficacious single herbal preparation that can manage both diabetes and its comorbidities may provide scientific breakthrough and relief from the side effects associated with the use of different synthetic drugs that is often experienced by sufferers of DM with accompanying comorbidities.
{"title":"Medicinal Plants used in Four Local Government Areas of South-Western Nigeria for the Management of Diabetes and its Comorbidities: An Ethnopharmacological Survey.","authors":"Latifat O. Sidiq, Peter A Segun, O. Ogbole","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to pose a major global health threat with serious economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Nigeria. This condition is often worsened as most diabetic patients have other accompanying comorbidities such as hypertension, stroke, heart disease and obesity, further putting a strain on their wellbeing. In spite of the several orthodox medicines for the treatment of diabetes and its comorbidities, complication arising from the use of such agents have limited therapeutic success. It is therefore imperative to search for safer alternative and affordable treatment options from plants. \u0000This study aimed at accessing and documenting the medicinal plants used in four local government areas of South-Western Nigeria for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain information from traditional medical practitioners, village elders and herb sellers. The data obtained were analyzed and discussed in relation to previously published literature. Fifty-three respondents mostly males (77.4%) provided information on medicinal plants useful for the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. A total of 77 medicinal plants used concomitantly belonging to 44 plant families were mentioned by the respondents. 53 medicinal plants are being used for managing diabetes, 35 for hypertension, 28 for stroke, 17 for heart diseases and 25 for obesity. The frequently used plant species were Vernonia amygdalina Delile with use-mention-index (UMi) of 0.208, Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (UMi 0.170), Viscum album L. (UMi 0.151), Carica papaya L. (UMi 0.151) and Allium sativum L. (UMi 0.132). Citrus aurantifolia was the only plant mentioned for the management of the five ailments. Most diabetic patients often have one or more accompanying comorbidities. A safe and efficacious single herbal preparation that can manage both diabetes and its comorbidities may provide scientific breakthrough and relief from the side effects associated with the use of different synthetic drugs that is often experienced by sufferers of DM with accompanying comorbidities.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90545431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Tarfa, C. Onanuga, O. Obodozie-Ofoegbu, G. Adoga
This article was initially uploaded to AJOL with the incorrect authors, the AJOL site and PDF have been amended and information displayed is accurate. Plants products have been a source of food and medicines since antiquity. Tapinanthus sessillifolius commonly known as African mistletoe is used in lifestyle preventive medicine to enhance wellbeing and for treatment of various diseases. The heavy metals, macro elements were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and some physico-chemicals were also evaluated for consistency of the extract. The acute and subchronic toxicity studies of aqueous fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius was evaluated in albino mice and rats. This is to determine its safety profile by evaluating its effects on feed and water intake, body weight, relative organ weight and changes in some biochemical parameters after 21 days daily oral administration to rats. The results, estimated LD50 to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/bw. The extracts had no adverse effect on the efficiency of food and water consumption. Relative organ weight and the biochemical parameters tested were not significantly different p<0.05 when compared to untreated animals. This was supported by histopathological studies of the organs where no adverse lesions were observed on tissues. However, there were lymphatic aggregates infiltration in one of the lungs rat treated with 800mg/kg. The toxic heavy metals, lead, cadmium and arsenic were not detected while moisture and ash were 7.09 % and 16.2% respectively falling within the permissible limit of WHO and RDA. Repeated oral administration of fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius is relatively safe.
{"title":"Evaluation of safety of aqueous extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius parasitic on Psidium guava","authors":"F. Tarfa, C. Onanuga, O. Obodozie-Ofoegbu, G. Adoga","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This article was initially uploaded to AJOL with the incorrect authors, the AJOL site and PDF have been amended and information displayed is accurate. \u0000Plants products have been a source of food and medicines since antiquity. Tapinanthus sessillifolius commonly known as African mistletoe is used in lifestyle preventive medicine to enhance wellbeing and for treatment of various diseases. The heavy metals, macro elements were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and some physico-chemicals were also evaluated for consistency of the extract. The acute and subchronic toxicity studies of aqueous fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius was evaluated in albino mice and rats. This is to determine its safety profile by evaluating its effects on feed and water intake, body weight, relative organ weight and changes in some biochemical parameters after 21 days daily oral administration to rats. The results, estimated LD50 to be greater than 2000 mg/kg/bw. The extracts had no adverse effect on the efficiency of food and water consumption. Relative organ weight and the biochemical parameters tested were not significantly different p<0.05 when compared to untreated animals. This was supported by histopathological studies of the organs where no adverse lesions were observed on tissues. However, there were lymphatic aggregates infiltration in one of the lungs rat treated with 800mg/kg. The toxic heavy metals, lead, cadmium and arsenic were not detected while moisture and ash were 7.09 % and 16.2% respectively falling within the permissible limit of WHO and RDA. Repeated oral administration of fresh leaf extract of Tapinanthus sessillifolius is relatively safe.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88128770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phragmanthera incana (Schum) belonging to the family Loranthaceae, is a specie of mistletoe commonly found on trees in South-western part of Nigeria. They are hemi-parasitic plants that grow on trees which have been employed ethno-medicinally to treat several disease conditions. This study therefore evaluate the dietary and nutritional composition of the plant. Fresh leaves of P. incana from four host trees; Psidium guajava (guava), Cola acuminata (kolanut), Anacardium occidentale (cashew), and Mangifera indica (mango) trees were collected from its natural habitat. Proximate and mineral analysis were carried out according to recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Triplicate readings of data obtained were presented as mean and standard deviation. The proximate analysis of the powdered samples of P. incana leaves showed that the samples contain varying amounts of moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate and minerals The carbohydrates and protein contents obtained in the leaves falls within the recommendation values of Food and Nutrition Board of Institute of Medicines (IOM) at 45% to 65% of energy and 10% to 35% of energy respectively. Comparing the results obtained with permissible limits set by WHO for consumed medicinal herbs, it can be concluded that the essential metals and heavy metals present in P. incana from the four host trees were below permissible limits. P. incana leaves are rich sources of dietary elements essential for biochemical processes and body metabolism.
{"title":"Nutritional composition of Phragmanthera incana (Schum) leaves selected from four host trees","authors":"M. Adeyemi, O. Osilesi","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Phragmanthera incana (Schum) belonging to the family Loranthaceae, is a specie of mistletoe commonly found on trees in South-western part of Nigeria. They are hemi-parasitic plants that grow on trees which have been employed ethno-medicinally to treat several disease conditions. This study therefore evaluate the dietary and nutritional composition of the plant. Fresh leaves of P. incana from four host trees; Psidium guajava (guava), Cola acuminata (kolanut), Anacardium occidentale (cashew), and Mangifera indica (mango) trees were collected from its natural habitat. Proximate and mineral analysis were carried out according to recommended methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Triplicate readings of data obtained were presented as mean and standard deviation. The proximate analysis of the powdered samples of P. incana leaves showed that the samples contain varying amounts of moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, carbohydrate and minerals The carbohydrates and protein contents obtained in the leaves falls within the recommendation values of Food and Nutrition Board of Institute of Medicines (IOM) at 45% to 65% of energy and 10% to 35% of energy respectively. Comparing the results obtained with permissible limits set by WHO for consumed medicinal herbs, it can be concluded that the essential metals and heavy metals present in P. incana from the four host trees were below permissible limits. P. incana leaves are rich sources of dietary elements essential for biochemical processes and body metabolism.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83405916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Samali, F. Tarfa, K. Mustapha, N. Ibekwe, O. Adigwe
The popularity of herbal products has been on increase throughout the world; but one major challenge facing it is lack of guaranteed safety with respect to heavy metals contamination. In this study, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian phytomedicine were evaluated for Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in order to ascertain and compare their safety or level of contamination. The samples were purchased, processed and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The results obtained were presented as mean concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in the Nigerian, Chinese and Indian phytomedicine as 1.23±0.03μg/g, 5.46±0.04μg/g, 5.16±0.01μg/g (Cu), 2.07±0.04μg/g, 9±0.06μg/g, 6.28±0.03μg/g (Cd), 4.42±0.18μg/g, 7.74±0.07μg/g, 5.05±0.06μg/g (Pb) and 2.90±0.04μg/g, 6.40±0.04μg/g, 2.53±0.04μg/g (Zn) respectively. The results indicated all the Nigerian herbal remedies analyzed and 33.33% of the Chinese and Indian herbal remedies contained cadmium above WHO permissible limit (0.3 μg/g) for herbals. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results obtained at p-value 95% (p ˂ 0.050) ranges from significant to non-significant difference of means among the three countries. The correlation coefficient (r) also ranges from negative to strong degree of association. The variability of the heavy metals content could be associated to geographical, environmental, anthropogenic factors and heavy metals absorption potentials of the medicinal plants used. Environmental monitoring of herbal materials is required in order to ensure their safety from chemical pollutants that could lead to bio-accumulation of heavy metals in herbal materials.
{"title":"Variability of Heavy Metal Content of Phytomedicine from Foreign and Local Source Sold in Nigeria.","authors":"A. Samali, F. Tarfa, K. Mustapha, N. Ibekwe, O. Adigwe","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The popularity of herbal products has been on increase throughout the world; but one major challenge facing it is lack of guaranteed safety with respect to heavy metals contamination. In this study, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian phytomedicine were evaluated for Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn) in order to ascertain and compare their safety or level of contamination. The samples were purchased, processed and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS). The results obtained were presented as mean concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn in the Nigerian, Chinese and Indian phytomedicine as 1.23±0.03μg/g, 5.46±0.04μg/g, 5.16±0.01μg/g (Cu), 2.07±0.04μg/g, 9±0.06μg/g, 6.28±0.03μg/g (Cd), 4.42±0.18μg/g, 7.74±0.07μg/g, 5.05±0.06μg/g (Pb) and 2.90±0.04μg/g, 6.40±0.04μg/g, 2.53±0.04μg/g (Zn) respectively. The results indicated all the Nigerian herbal remedies analyzed and 33.33% of the Chinese and Indian herbal remedies contained cadmium above WHO permissible limit (0.3 μg/g) for herbals. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results obtained at p-value 95% (p ˂ 0.050) ranges from significant to non-significant difference of means among the three countries. The correlation coefficient (r) also ranges from negative to strong degree of association. The variability of the heavy metals content could be associated to geographical, environmental, anthropogenic factors and heavy metals absorption potentials of the medicinal plants used. Environmental monitoring of herbal materials is required in order to ensure their safety from chemical pollutants that could lead to bio-accumulation of heavy metals in herbal materials.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80568211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Taiwo Oluseyi Adebayo, E. Ashamu, Olufemi I. Oluranti
The toxicity of paracetamol (APAP) overdose is one of the leading causes of liver injury that finally may lead to drug-induced acute liver failure. Global attention has been shifted towards the use of herbal plants as an alternative use to modern or pharmaceutical drugs, especially in rural communities. This study investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum stem bark on N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (n=5) groups (A-F). Control (group A), 1000mg/kg of APAP only (group B), 700mg/kg of Stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SBSJ) only (group C), 1000mg/kg of APAP + 700mg/kg of SBSJ (group D), 1000mg/kg of APAP + 350mg/kg of SBSJ (group E), 1000mg/kg of APAP for 14 days + 700mg/kg of SBSJ for the next 7 days. The administration was done via oral gavage daily for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under mild anaesthesia and their liver was carefully harvested. Histological examination of the liver was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. APAP causes significant histopathological damages on the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue with tissue tears, hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis while significant regenerative changes similar to control were observed following administration of stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The result suggests that the stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum has beneficial effects on APAP-damaged live
{"title":"Preliminary protective evaluation of stem bark ethanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum against n-acetyl-para-aminophenol (apap)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats","authors":"Taiwo Oluseyi Adebayo, E. Ashamu, Olufemi I. Oluranti","doi":"10.4314/JOPAT.V20I1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JOPAT.V20I1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The toxicity of paracetamol (APAP) overdose is one of the leading causes of liver injury that finally may lead to drug-induced acute liver failure. Global attention has been shifted towards the use of herbal plants as an alternative use to modern or pharmaceutical drugs, especially in rural communities. This study investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum stem bark on N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (APAP)-induced liver damage in male Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (n=5) groups (A-F). Control (group A), 1000mg/kg of APAP only (group B), 700mg/kg of Stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SBSJ) only (group C), 1000mg/kg of APAP + 700mg/kg of SBSJ (group D), 1000mg/kg of APAP + 350mg/kg of SBSJ (group E), 1000mg/kg of APAP for 14 days + 700mg/kg of SBSJ for the next 7 days. The administration was done via oral gavage daily for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under mild anaesthesia and their liver was carefully harvested. Histological examination of the liver was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. APAP causes significant histopathological damages on the histoarchitecture of the liver tissue with tissue tears, hepatocyte degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis while significant regenerative changes similar to control were observed following administration of stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The result suggests that the stem bark of Sphenocentrum jollyanum has beneficial effects on APAP-damaged live","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86121481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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