Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.12
Malick Bathily, B. Ngom, D. Gassama, S. Tamba
Natural and aromatic substances contained in plants which can be extracted by hydro-distillation or by cold extraction, more commonly known as essential oils are used today in several fields including cosmetic, perfumery, food processing, traditional medicine, agriculture etc. More recently, a strong use of these products extracted from plants as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys in an acidic environment has been observed, given the number of works that have been published in recent decades. This review represents a general study on essential oils for a better understanding of these natural products, but also a non-exhaustive study of the published research works on the use of essential oils as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys, in particular mild steels in acidic environments. Most of these studies have revealed great potentials of essential oils in inhibiting the corrosion of metals in aggressive environment, such as acidic environment. Thus, they have proposed alternatives to artificial metal corrosion inhibitor known to cause environmental pollution and public health issues. This review is a contribution to research efforts carried out by scientific community to find green corrosion inhibitors. It lays the basis for future research work aimed to investigate on the corrosion inhibition properties of essential oils extracted from Senegalese local plants.
{"title":"Review on Essential Oils and Their Corrosion-inhibiting Properties","authors":"Malick Bathily, B. Ngom, D. Gassama, S. Tamba","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.12","url":null,"abstract":"Natural and aromatic substances contained in plants which can be extracted by hydro-distillation or by cold extraction, more commonly known as essential oils are used today in several fields including cosmetic, perfumery, food processing, traditional medicine, agriculture etc. More recently, a strong use of these products extracted from plants as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys in an acidic environment has been observed, given the number of works that have been published in recent decades. This review represents a general study on essential oils for a better understanding of these natural products, but also a non-exhaustive study of the published research works on the use of essential oils as a corrosion inhibitor of metals and alloys, in particular mild steels in acidic environments. Most of these studies have revealed great potentials of essential oils in inhibiting the corrosion of metals in aggressive environment, such as acidic environment. Thus, they have proposed alternatives to artificial metal corrosion inhibitor known to cause environmental pollution and public health issues. This review is a contribution to research efforts carried out by scientific community to find green corrosion inhibitors. It lays the basis for future research work aimed to investigate on the corrosion inhibition properties of essential oils extracted from Senegalese local plants.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75052867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-21DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.13
S. Makota, Dipita Kolye Ernest Yves Herliche
The absorption and remediation power of natural coal (NC) and its contribution to the harvesting of corrosion products (CPs) resulting from electrochemical processes of Fe° oxidation in the reactive zone (RZ) of Fe°/S/Pz/C (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coal) in Fe°-bed filters have now been proven. As a result, an in-depth study of NC varieties (CX) for increased performance of Fe°/S/Pz/CX (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coals varieties) for water quality was investigated. Nine (9) systems were used, with respective RZs consisting of (1) Fe° (Pure Iron), (2) AC (pure Ayous wood’s Coal), (3) CC (pure Coconut bark’s Coal), (4) MC (pure Movingui wood’s Coal), (5) PC (pure Padouk wood’s Coal), (6) Fe°/S/Pz/AC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Ayous wood’s Coal), (7) Fe°/S/Pz/CC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Coconut bark’s Coal), (8) Fe°/S/Pz/MC (Iron /Sand/Pozzolan/Movingui wood’s Coal) and (9) Fe°/S/Pz/PC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Padouk wood’s Coal). OM (orange methyl) of 2 mg/L concentration was used as operative indicator. The experiments lasted forty (40) days per device. We measured the pH, discoloration, dissolved iron content of the collected water, while observing the flow rate and stability of every Fe°/S/Pz/CX. Thereby, the beneficial effects of the Pz/CX combination in the RZ are proven regardless of the variety used. Thus, CC is the best absorbent material almost as good as Fe°. PC has the best throughput and therefore the most permeable. All varieties contribute to the minimization of iron released. The pH is in line with WHO recommendations. Fe°/S/Pz/CX discoloration’s performance is thus evolving: Fe°/S/Pz/CC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz /AC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/MC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/PC ˃ pure Fe°; the flow changes inversely. With 98% ≤ 25% Fe° / 25% S / 25% Pz / 25% CC ≤ 100% discoloration rate, Fe°/S/Pz/CC is the most stable over time. CC appears to be the best non-expansive porous material to be combined with the ternary Fe°-based filters, and widely with Fe°/H2O systems to allow a resurgence of efficiency, to delay clogging and extend lifespan.
{"title":"Natural Coal Aggregates to the Rescue of Fe°-Bed Filters in Quaternary Reactive Zones Fe°/S/Pz/CX to Repel Clogging and Boost Reactivity","authors":"S. Makota, Dipita Kolye Ernest Yves Herliche","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210903.13","url":null,"abstract":"The absorption and remediation power of natural coal (NC) and its contribution to the harvesting of corrosion products (CPs) resulting from electrochemical processes of Fe° oxidation in the reactive zone (RZ) of Fe°/S/Pz/C (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coal) in Fe°-bed filters have now been proven. As a result, an in-depth study of NC varieties (CX) for increased performance of Fe°/S/Pz/CX (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Natural Coals varieties) for water quality was investigated. Nine (9) systems were used, with respective RZs consisting of (1) Fe° (Pure Iron), (2) AC (pure Ayous wood’s Coal), (3) CC (pure Coconut bark’s Coal), (4) MC (pure Movingui wood’s Coal), (5) PC (pure Padouk wood’s Coal), (6) Fe°/S/Pz/AC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Ayous wood’s Coal), (7) Fe°/S/Pz/CC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Coconut bark’s Coal), (8) Fe°/S/Pz/MC (Iron /Sand/Pozzolan/Movingui wood’s Coal) and (9) Fe°/S/Pz/PC (Iron/Sand/Pozzolan/Padouk wood’s Coal). OM (orange methyl) of 2 mg/L concentration was used as operative indicator. The experiments lasted forty (40) days per device. We measured the pH, discoloration, dissolved iron content of the collected water, while observing the flow rate and stability of every Fe°/S/Pz/CX. Thereby, the beneficial effects of the Pz/CX combination in the RZ are proven regardless of the variety used. Thus, CC is the best absorbent material almost as good as Fe°. PC has the best throughput and therefore the most permeable. All varieties contribute to the minimization of iron released. The pH is in line with WHO recommendations. Fe°/S/Pz/CX discoloration’s performance is thus evolving: Fe°/S/Pz/CC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz /AC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/MC ˃ Fe°/S/Pz/PC ˃ pure Fe°; the flow changes inversely. With 98% ≤ 25% Fe° / 25% S / 25% Pz / 25% CC ≤ 100% discoloration rate, Fe°/S/Pz/CC is the most stable over time. CC appears to be the best non-expansive porous material to be combined with the ternary Fe°-based filters, and widely with Fe°/H2O systems to allow a resurgence of efficiency, to delay clogging and extend lifespan.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89902827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210902.12
Ebele Joy Morah, V. Ajiwe, P. C. Okonkwo, Blessing Chidimma Ikezuagu, N. C. Eboagu, O. J. Anekwe
Industrial pollution by effluents is one of the major problems facing Nigerians at present and several efforts are being vigorously engaged to control it in the various industry spanning the length and breadth of the country to see that Nigerians live in a disease-free environment. Some heavy metals contained in these effluents from the industry have been found to be carcinogenic, toxic or poisonous to the environment (plants, animals and humans). This research paper investigates the heavy metal content of the effluent and soil samples in order to determine the level of toxicity and pollution by the metals to the environment. The elemental analysis of soil and effluent samples were conducted. The soil samples were sourced 2-metres distance away from the discharge point of the effluent. The soil samples were digested using aqua regia for the elemental analysis for the detection of ten different metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, calcium, zinc, sodium, mercury, iron and cobalt) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The values of the mean concentrations of the elements Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Ca, Zn, Na, Hg, Fe and Co in both the soil and effluent samples showed excessive levels above the recommended standards for WHO and NESREA with the exception of Na, Ca and Zn. This indicates that the effluent was discharged without proper treatment. It is therefore recommended that adequate monitoring should be done through aggressive supervision on effluent treatment before discharge. Local raw materials such as activated carbon, coal, rice husk, saw dust and clay should be employed in the treatment of the effluent as they are readily available and cost- saving.
{"title":"Elemental Analysis of Soil and Effluent Samples Sourced from Hermas Paint Industry, Enugwu-Ukwu","authors":"Ebele Joy Morah, V. Ajiwe, P. C. Okonkwo, Blessing Chidimma Ikezuagu, N. C. Eboagu, O. J. Anekwe","doi":"10.11648/j.ajac.20210902.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210902.12","url":null,"abstract":"Industrial pollution by effluents is one of the major problems facing Nigerians at present and several efforts are being vigorously engaged to control it in the various industry spanning the length and breadth of the country to see that Nigerians live in a disease-free environment. Some heavy metals contained in these effluents from the industry have been found to be carcinogenic, toxic or poisonous to the environment (plants, animals and humans). This research paper investigates the heavy metal content of the effluent and soil samples in order to determine the level of toxicity and pollution by the metals to the environment. The elemental analysis of soil and effluent samples were conducted. The soil samples were sourced 2-metres distance away from the discharge point of the effluent. The soil samples were digested using aqua regia for the elemental analysis for the detection of ten different metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, calcium, zinc, sodium, mercury, iron and cobalt) using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The values of the mean concentrations of the elements Pb, As, Cd, Cr, Ca, Zn, Na, Hg, Fe and Co in both the soil and effluent samples showed excessive levels above the recommended standards for WHO and NESREA with the exception of Na, Ca and Zn. This indicates that the effluent was discharged without proper treatment. It is therefore recommended that adequate monitoring should be done through aggressive supervision on effluent treatment before discharge. Local raw materials such as activated carbon, coal, rice husk, saw dust and clay should be employed in the treatment of the effluent as they are readily available and cost- saving.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81924604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210902.11
Raphael Dzinyela, Abdul-Nasir Abdul-Baasit, Abdul Razak Alhassan
Globally, it is well-known for some time now that the oxidation in vegetables and organisms is significant; it is responsible for cells’ existence. The side effects are free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species. Every living organism has an antioxidant defense and maintenance system that enables it to handle the ROS produced. In a biological system or an organism, an imbalance of ROS and antioxidant capacity leads to a phenomenon called oxidative stress. Naturally, antioxidant defense and maintenance systems of most biological systems or organisms are unable to cater to the entire oxidative injury. Oxidative stress is known to result in chronic diseases, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, etc. Oxalis stricta Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant native to Florida and uses many diseases. This study was intended to assess antioxidant activity, evaluate the phenol contents, and screen for phytonutrients present in O. stricta Linn. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydranyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay and phosphomolybdate assay with ascorbic acid as reference antioxidant, while the phenol content was also determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Phytochemical screening revealed that Oxalic acid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and glycosides were present. The total phenol content present in the crude methanolic extract was 25.26±1.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Antioxidant activity of extract by DPPH assay was expressed as IC50 values (μg/ml); the IC50 of the extract was 205.10 µg/ml and 85.04 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. The total antioxidant activity of the extract using phosphomolybdate assay was 24.73±1.14 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Therefore, the results suggest that the phenolic content of O. stricta Linn. provides substantial antioxidant activity. The authors recommend further investigations for the isolation and then the characterization of specific active components present in O. stricta Linn.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Crude Whole Plant Methanolic Extract of Oxalis stricta Linn","authors":"Raphael Dzinyela, Abdul-Nasir Abdul-Baasit, Abdul Razak Alhassan","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210902.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210902.11","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, it is well-known for some time now that the oxidation in vegetables and organisms is significant; it is responsible for cells’ existence. The side effects are free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species. Every living organism has an antioxidant defense and maintenance system that enables it to handle the ROS produced. In a biological system or an organism, an imbalance of ROS and antioxidant capacity leads to a phenomenon called oxidative stress. Naturally, antioxidant defense and maintenance systems of most biological systems or organisms are unable to cater to the entire oxidative injury. Oxidative stress is known to result in chronic diseases, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, etc. Oxalis stricta Linn. is a valuable medicinal plant native to Florida and uses many diseases. This study was intended to assess antioxidant activity, evaluate the phenol contents, and screen for phytonutrients present in O. stricta Linn. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydranyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay and phosphomolybdate assay with ascorbic acid as reference antioxidant, while the phenol content was also determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Phytochemical screening revealed that Oxalic acid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and glycosides were present. The total phenol content present in the crude methanolic extract was 25.26±1.02 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Antioxidant activity of extract by DPPH assay was expressed as IC50 values (μg/ml); the IC50 of the extract was 205.10 µg/ml and 85.04 µg/ml for ascorbic acid. The total antioxidant activity of the extract using phosphomolybdate assay was 24.73±1.14 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. Therefore, the results suggest that the phenolic content of O. stricta Linn. provides substantial antioxidant activity. The authors recommend further investigations for the isolation and then the characterization of specific active components present in O. stricta Linn.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89068430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-30DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.15
S. Alhaji, S. Umar, Sokoto Abdullahi Muhammad, Shehu Kasimu, Salisu Aliyu
Phytoremediation involves the use of some aquatic plants for soil and water cleanup. It involves the use of hyperaccumulator plant species that remove metals from contaminated environment. In the present study, the effectiveness of Algae, Water hyacinth and Water lettuce for the removal of Cd, Fe, and Cr from simulated wastewater was tested. The three aquatic plants were grown in aqueous medium and supplemented with 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0mg/l of multi-component metal solution for 15 consecutive days. The experiment showed that the plants were able to accumulate the metals at all concentrations. The respective concentration (mg/kg) ranges of the metals (Cd, Fe & Cr) are: in Algae; 37.38-268.74, 3.10-80.80, 66.78-671.20; water hycinth: 16.59-277.20, 0.56-235.32, 3.12-1661.94; water lettuce: 38.58-208, 0.35-538, 6.05-283.84. The accumulation of metals increased significantly, with increase in the initial concentration of the solution. At all levels, the plants accumulated the metals more in the root than in the shoot, except for Fe in water hyacinth which shows effective translocation from root to shoot. The result also showed that water hyacinth was able to concentrate Cd and Cr better than Fe, while water lettuce concentrated Fe better. All the plants can be used in remediating wastewater, with water hyacinth revealing the best potentiality.
{"title":"Cadmium, Iron and Chromium Removal from Simulated Waste Water Using Algae, Water Hyacinth and Water Lettuce","authors":"S. Alhaji, S. Umar, Sokoto Abdullahi Muhammad, Shehu Kasimu, Salisu Aliyu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.15","url":null,"abstract":"Phytoremediation involves the use of some aquatic plants for soil and water cleanup. It involves the use of hyperaccumulator plant species that remove metals from contaminated environment. In the present study, the effectiveness of Algae, Water hyacinth and Water lettuce for the removal of Cd, Fe, and Cr from simulated wastewater was tested. The three aquatic plants were grown in aqueous medium and supplemented with 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0mg/l of multi-component metal solution for 15 consecutive days. The experiment showed that the plants were able to accumulate the metals at all concentrations. The respective concentration (mg/kg) ranges of the metals (Cd, Fe & Cr) are: in Algae; 37.38-268.74, 3.10-80.80, 66.78-671.20; water hycinth: 16.59-277.20, 0.56-235.32, 3.12-1661.94; water lettuce: 38.58-208, 0.35-538, 6.05-283.84. The accumulation of metals increased significantly, with increase in the initial concentration of the solution. At all levels, the plants accumulated the metals more in the root than in the shoot, except for Fe in water hyacinth which shows effective translocation from root to shoot. The result also showed that water hyacinth was able to concentrate Cd and Cr better than Fe, while water lettuce concentrated Fe better. All the plants can be used in remediating wastewater, with water hyacinth revealing the best potentiality.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"96 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89962997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-28DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.14
A. Rabeharitsara, Ratsimba Marie Hanitriniaina, Rakotomalala Alain Fabrice, Rakotosaona Rijalalaina, N. R. Randriana
Seeing that banana peel or banana skin composed 35% to 40% of banana fruit and also seeing that kaki were widely cultivated at Madagascar since the XIXth century with non-negligible quantities of valorisable waste during their collection; a study of their valorization as raw materials to synthesize glues was undertaken in this manuscript. Synthesized glues were classified into two categories: the ecological glues with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst and the sulfuric acid glues-Sglues with sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst. All glues were composed with two main compounds firstly the pH-raiser-support and secondly the crushed banana peel citric acid esters EAcBa. These pH-raiser-supports was composed not only with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pH-Natural for the ecological glues) and/or sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pHS-sulfuric acid for the Sglues) but also pure ethanol and kaki composed with alkenes organic functional group from its betacarotenes molecules; they increased the pH of the glues and catalysts were dispersed and moved on. All synthesized glues were tested such as: the ecological glues were tested to glue the school notebook paper and the Sglues were tested to glue the packing carton paper. So, to study the effects of these gluing components, the effects of the test papers dry matter, the effects of tested papers nature-components, and the effects of the test papers porosities; the total weight diminution of the glue-reagents which indicated the formation of covalent links between glues and paper responsible of its best gluing results were followed with time. In terms, the activities of each glues’ initial protonic acid H+ were calculated and confirmed their roles as very active catalysts for dehydration reactions particularly the sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalysts, for addition reactions principally esterification, additions with alkenes-C= and etherification for all synthesized glues especially with the stronger-smallest sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ which were responsible of their capacities to stick with very good quality.
看到香蕉皮或香蕉皮占香蕉果实的35%至40%，也看到自19世纪以来在马达加斯加广泛种植kaki，在收集过程中产生了不可忽略的可价值废物;本文对它们作为合成胶水的原料进行了研究。合成胶分为两类:柠檬酸质子酸H+催化剂的生态胶和硫酸-硫酸质子酸H+催化剂的生态胶。所有的胶都由两种主要化合物组成，一是ph提升-载体，二是香蕉皮碎柠檬酸酯EAcBa。这些ph提升载体不仅由柠檬酸质子酸H+催化剂(生态胶为E-pH-Natural)和硫酸质子酸H+催化剂(生态胶为e - ph -硫酸)组成，而且还由纯乙醇和由其β -胡萝卜素分子组成的烯烃有机官能团组成;它们增加了胶水的pH值，催化剂被分散并继续移动。对所有合成胶进行了测试，如:对生态胶进行了学校笔记本纸的粘接测试，对包装纸盒纸的粘接测试。因此，要研究这些粘合成分的影响，试卷干物质的影响，试卷自然成分的影响，以及试卷孔隙率的影响;胶合试剂的总重量随着时间的推移而减少，这表明胶合剂与纸张之间形成了共价键，从而产生了最佳的胶合效果。在这方面，计算了每种胶的初始质子酸H+的活性，并证实了它们是脱水反应的非常活跃的催化剂，特别是硫酸质子酸H+催化剂，对于所有合成胶的加成反应，主要是酯化反应，烯烃- c =加成反应和醚化反应，特别是与最强的最小硫酸质子酸H+的加成反应，它们的粘附能力非常好。
{"title":"Synthesis of Glues with Citric Acid and Sulfuric Acid Protonic Acid-H+ as Catalysts Using Banana Peel and Kaki as Valorised Raw Materials","authors":"A. Rabeharitsara, Ratsimba Marie Hanitriniaina, Rakotomalala Alain Fabrice, Rakotosaona Rijalalaina, N. R. Randriana","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.14","url":null,"abstract":"Seeing that banana peel or banana skin composed 35% to 40% of banana fruit and also seeing that kaki were widely cultivated at Madagascar since the XIXth century with non-negligible quantities of valorisable waste during their collection; a study of their valorization as raw materials to synthesize glues was undertaken in this manuscript. Synthesized glues were classified into two categories: the ecological glues with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst and the sulfuric acid glues-Sglues with sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst. All glues were composed with two main compounds firstly the pH-raiser-support and secondly the crushed banana peel citric acid esters EAcBa. These pH-raiser-supports was composed not only with citric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pH-Natural for the ecological glues) and/or sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalyst (E-pHS-sulfuric acid for the Sglues) but also pure ethanol and kaki composed with alkenes organic functional group from its betacarotenes molecules; they increased the pH of the glues and catalysts were dispersed and moved on. All synthesized glues were tested such as: the ecological glues were tested to glue the school notebook paper and the Sglues were tested to glue the packing carton paper. So, to study the effects of these gluing components, the effects of the test papers dry matter, the effects of tested papers nature-components, and the effects of the test papers porosities; the total weight diminution of the glue-reagents which indicated the formation of covalent links between glues and paper responsible of its best gluing results were followed with time. In terms, the activities of each glues’ initial protonic acid H+ were calculated and confirmed their roles as very active catalysts for dehydration reactions particularly the sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ catalysts, for addition reactions principally esterification, additions with alkenes-C= and etherification for all synthesized glues especially with the stronger-smallest sulfuric acid protonic acid H+ which were responsible of their capacities to stick with very good quality.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"20 1","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81596516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.12
F. Faye, A. Gueye, Papa Samba Camara, A. Gaye, F. Tamboura, N. Gruber, M. Gaye
The compounds (E)–2–amino–N'–(1–(2–hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)–2–oxoacetohydrazide (I) and (E)–N'–(2–hydroxy–3–methoxybenzylidene)–2–amino–2–oxoacetohydrazide (II) were synthetized by the 1:1 ratio condensation reaction of oxamic hydrazide and 2–hydroxyacetophenone or o–vanillin respectively. The two compounds were characterized by physico–chemical analyses, elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies techniques. The structure of the compound (I) was determined by single–crystal X–ray diffraction study. The compound (I) (C10H11N3O3) crystallises in the triclinic space group P–1 with the following unit cell parameters: a = 7.0399 (5) A, b = 8.6252 (8) A, c = 9.5474 (9) A, a = 81.730 (3)°, b = 72.738 (3)°, g = 67.450 (3)°, V = 510.99 (8) A3, Z = 2, T = 173 (2) K, m = 0.11 mm–1, Dcalc = 1.438 g/cm3, Rint = 0.028, Rsigma = 0.073. The oxamic hydrazide moiety of the molecule is slightly twisted as reflected by the torsion angles values of 177.2 (2)° [N1–N2–C9–C10], –171.3 (3)° [N2–C9–C10–N3], –4.6 (4)° [O2–C9–N2–N1] and 8.4 (4)° [O3–C10–C9–N2]. The intramolecular hydrogen bond O1(phenol)–H1•••N1(hydrazide) which close in S (6) ring stabilized the conformation. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds, C3–H3•••O1i(phenol) (i: −x+1, −y, −z+1), N3(amide)–H3A•••O3ii(amide) (ii: −x+1, −y+2, −z) and N3(amide)–H3B•••O2iii(hydrazide) (iii: −x+1, −y+1, −z) lead to the formation of sheets parallel to ac plane. Compounds (I) and (II) showed antioxidant activities less than 10% inhibition of DPPH.
以肟基肼与2 -羟基苯乙酮或邻香兰素为原料，分别以1:1的比例缩合反应合成了化合物(E) - 2 -氨基- n′-(1 -(2 -羟基苯基)乙基)- 2 -氧乙酰肼(I)和(E) - n′-(2 -羟基- 3 -甲氧基苄基)- 2 -氨基- 2 -氧乙酰肼(II)。通过理化分析、元素分析、FTIR、1H和13C NMR等技术对两种化合物进行了表征。通过单晶x射线衍射研究确定了化合物(I)的结构。化合物(I) (C10H11N3O3)在三斜空间群P-1中结晶，其晶胞参数为:a = 7.0399 (5) a, b = 8.6252 (8) a, c = 9.5474 (9) a, a = 81.730(3)°，b = 72.738(3)°，g = 67.450(3)°，V = 510.99 (8) A3, Z = 2, T = 173 (2) K, m = 0.11 mm-1, Dcalc = 1.438 g/cm3, Rint = 0.028, Rsigma = 0.073。分子的肟酰肼部分发生轻微扭曲，扭转角分别为177.2(2)°[n1 - n2 - c9 - c9 - c10 - c10 - n3]、-171.3(3)°[n2 - c9 - n10]、-4.6(4)°[o2 - c9 - n2]和8.4(4)°[O3-C10-C9-N2]。分子内氢键O1(苯酚)-H1•••N1(肼)闭合于S(6)环，使构象稳定。分子间氢键C3-H3•••O1i(苯酚)(i:−x+1，−y，−z+1)， N3(酰胺)-H3A•••O3ii(酰胺)(ii:−x+1，−y+2，−z)和N3(酰胺)-H3B•••O2iii(肼)(iii:−x+1，−y+1，−z)导致形成平行于ac平面的片。化合物(I)和(II)对DPPH的抑制作用小于10%。
{"title":"Synthesis of Schiff Bases Compounds from Oxamic Hydrazide: Spectroscopic Characterization, X–ray Diffraction Structure and Antioxidant Activity Study","authors":"F. Faye, A. Gueye, Papa Samba Camara, A. Gaye, F. Tamboura, N. Gruber, M. Gaye","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.12","url":null,"abstract":"The compounds (E)–2–amino–N'–(1–(2–hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)–2–oxoacetohydrazide (I) and (E)–N'–(2–hydroxy–3–methoxybenzylidene)–2–amino–2–oxoacetohydrazide (II) were synthetized by the 1:1 ratio condensation reaction of oxamic hydrazide and 2–hydroxyacetophenone or o–vanillin respectively. The two compounds were characterized by physico–chemical analyses, elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies techniques. The structure of the compound (I) was determined by single–crystal X–ray diffraction study. The compound (I) (C10H11N3O3) crystallises in the triclinic space group P–1 with the following unit cell parameters: a = 7.0399 (5) A, b = 8.6252 (8) A, c = 9.5474 (9) A, a = 81.730 (3)°, b = 72.738 (3)°, g = 67.450 (3)°, V = 510.99 (8) A3, Z = 2, T = 173 (2) K, m = 0.11 mm–1, Dcalc = 1.438 g/cm3, Rint = 0.028, Rsigma = 0.073. The oxamic hydrazide moiety of the molecule is slightly twisted as reflected by the torsion angles values of 177.2 (2)° [N1–N2–C9–C10], –171.3 (3)° [N2–C9–C10–N3], –4.6 (4)° [O2–C9–N2–N1] and 8.4 (4)° [O3–C10–C9–N2]. The intramolecular hydrogen bond O1(phenol)–H1•••N1(hydrazide) which close in S (6) ring stabilized the conformation. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds, C3–H3•••O1i(phenol) (i: −x+1, −y, −z+1), N3(amide)–H3A•••O3ii(amide) (ii: −x+1, −y+2, −z) and N3(amide)–H3B•••O2iii(hydrazide) (iii: −x+1, −y+1, −z) lead to the formation of sheets parallel to ac plane. Compounds (I) and (II) showed antioxidant activities less than 10% inhibition of DPPH.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"19 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81411259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks.
{"title":"Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental in Chad","authors":"Ngaram Nambatingar, Maoudombaye Theophile, Tarkodjiel Mianpeureum","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.13","url":null,"abstract":"The present research work was carried out in the Department of Nyan, Province of Logone Oriental. It allowed the quantification of heavy metal contents in well, borehole and river water intended for human consumption. Samples from these water sources were collected and submitted for laboratory analysis. Structural quality indicators such as pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and sulphate ions were measured first. The sample was acidified and the measurement is then performed on the metals, i.e. barium, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium, aluminium, lead, strontium, tin, zirconium and titanium. The results of the quality indicators showed that well and borehole waters have an acidic pH; their average measured values are 5.34±0.24 and 5.48±0.15 respectively. Well water and that of rivers have high turbidity values averaging 43.40±1.21 NTU and 47.56±1.5 NTU respectively. With respect to metals, some have values above the WHO drinking water standards. These include iron, which has high values in well water (7.890±0.016 mg/L) and river water (0.866±0.003 mg/L), manganese in well water (0.093±0.001 mg/L), aluminum in well water (5.614±0.009 mg/L) and river water (1.211±0.008 mg/L). Based on these results, consumption of these water sources would expose communities to mild or chronic health risks.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83543314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-22DOI: 10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.11
Marwa Ahmed Khodary, Y. Farid
Natural gas is a promising elective source of methane (CH4) due to its accessibility and renewability. However, unfortunately, a high rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) and very little hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in this CH4 source. These compounds must be removed to get natural gas of satisfactory quality. One of the most modern common strategies of synchronous CO2 and H2S removal is chemical absorption, i.e. the use of a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA). In order to design an efficient plant, the characteristic acidic gas treating plant is mimicked utilizing Aspen HYSYS 8.8. The point of this mimicry is to attain the methane immaculateness of the natural gas by determining the optimum working pressure using a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA) in which the feed sour gas is fed to the absorber at a concentration of 0.25 CO2 and 0.0004 H2S. The absorber parameters are: 30°C (temperature), 1.1 bars (initial pressure) and 15 m3/h (stream rate), and 25 wt. % monoethanolamine (MEA) concentrate. A 20-stage PSA with a tray diameter of 1.7 m is used. The results of the study show that in order to obtain natural gas with a methane purity of 95%, a PSA working pressure of 5 bars is needed.
{"title":"Steady State Numerical Simulation of Natural Gas Cleaning Process","authors":"Marwa Ahmed Khodary, Y. Farid","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAC.20210901.11","url":null,"abstract":"Natural gas is a promising elective source of methane (CH4) due to its accessibility and renewability. However, unfortunately, a high rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) and very little hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in this CH4 source. These compounds must be removed to get natural gas of satisfactory quality. One of the most modern common strategies of synchronous CO2 and H2S removal is chemical absorption, i.e. the use of a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA). In order to design an efficient plant, the characteristic acidic gas treating plant is mimicked utilizing Aspen HYSYS 8.8. The point of this mimicry is to attain the methane immaculateness of the natural gas by determining the optimum working pressure using a Pressure Swing Absorber (PSA) in which the feed sour gas is fed to the absorber at a concentration of 0.25 CO2 and 0.0004 H2S. The absorber parameters are: 30°C (temperature), 1.1 bars (initial pressure) and 15 m3/h (stream rate), and 25 wt. % monoethanolamine (MEA) concentrate. A 20-stage PSA with a tray diameter of 1.7 m is used. The results of the study show that in order to obtain natural gas with a methane purity of 95%, a PSA working pressure of 5 bars is needed.","PeriodicalId":7605,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":"84 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76208955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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