Medicina nei secoli最新文献

In the society of the ancient Greece sacred laws on the abortion are a typical example of a mixture between the temple wisdom tradition and the medical tugvr. The epigraphic discoveries made between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century in Cos and Cyrene offered meaningfid evidences of the cooperation between priests and physicians to evaluate each single case of abortion and impose the right atonement. This contribution aims at showing how firm the line of continuity between medicine as wisdom and medicine as T Xvn was in the ancient Greece, focusing on the hot topic of the abortion. The question will be analyzed from a multidisciplinary approach which includes history of language, history of medicine and history of religion as the nature of the topic and of the evidences reauires.

Until the so-called sanitary reform (1978), which introduced a Beveridge' system, in Italy existed a peculiar kind of general practitioner, paid by municipalities, who ensured healthcare to those not covered by social insurance. In small towns those physicians also carried out the finction of Health Officers, performing Public Health duties. We had the possibility to study the very large archive of one of them, doctor Sgandurrafrom Farindola, a village in the Abruzzi Region (central Italy): in the paper we briefly analyse six public health acts that he issued in the first half of the 1950s.

The right to abortion was the forerunner of a new idea of liberty, the liberty from gender roles which 'naturalize' oppressive social constructs. In Italy, in the Seventies of the 20th Century, some feminist opinions objected, in the name offemale liberty, to the battle for the right to abortion and against gender roles. This, they .argued, could cost women to disclaim their sex as a resource for self-identification and social change. Actually, forty years after its legalisation, abortion remains controversial, nor tells it much about female liberty. As a matter of fact, it did not create a principle of liberty in reproductive choices, and it is regarded as an unwanted and embarassing relative by supporters of LGTB's rights. Does this reveal that there is something flawed in the idea offreedom on which the right to abortion is built?

The Irish legal framework regulating abortion represents one of the most restrictive ones worldwide. It allows for abortion only when medical practitioners assess a risk of lfe of the pregnant woman, therefore excluding the vast majority of women from legality, and not allowing them to have control over their own bodies. The only option in order to have a lawfid termination is travelling abroad. Against such background, this article holds that the Irish legislation on abortion creates three levels of 'invisible women'. Firstly, the constitutional equation between the pregnant womans life and the foetus'one downgrades the first to be the biological support of the second, not seeing her as a subject. Secondly, the option of travelling further 'invisibilizes', both geographically and politically, the wills and choices of the majority of women. Thirdly, the women who cannot afford the journey are completely neglected, forced to act clandestinely and criminalised.

This article discusses the issue of abortion stigma and conscientious objection based on the main results of a qualitative study carried out in hospitals providing abortion care in Italy and Spain (Catalunya). This study was aimed at examining obstetricians-gynaecologists' experiences and attitudes to abortion, or voluntary interruption of pregnancy. The abortion law is relatively liberal in these two Catholic countries (much more liberal in Spain than in Italy). However, abortion still is strongly stigmatized in the public debate on human and reproductive rights, whose focus has shifted, over the last decade, from women's rights to the "rights of the conceived". Based on a study carried out in Italy in 2011-2012 and in Spain in 2013- 2015, this article discusses the impact of the stigmatization of abortion on the quality of obstetricians-gynaecologists' training and on their professional choices concerning conscientious objection and shows how physicians contribute to reproduce abortion stigma in the two countries.

In the paleobiological studies, the osteometry is a method for gaining insight into human populations of the past. The analysis of the data obtained from measurements of the skeleton can be applied in the determination of sex and degree of sexual dimorphism intra and interpopulation. The results obtained from osteometrical data of postcranial allow us to formulate hypotheses on certain aspects related to the living conditions of the people who lived in the urban and suburban area of ancient Rome.

The term "enhancement" has come to represent a very precise form of improving individual skills. By means of pharmaceutics, surgery, and reproductive technology, all originally intended for clinical use, healthy individuals may improve their cognitive and emotional capacities for many reasons, such as to gain a competitive edge. In today's society, cognitive performance and mood assume a more relevant role than physical ability if one aspires to emerge above the average. In this paper, we present and discuss common views on "neuroenhancement," a term often used to describe the use of artificial means that interfer with brain function to improve cognitive skills. Most philosophical arguments and beliefs on the topic are based on some inappropriate distinctions and definitions which favour unfruitful alarmist attitudes and may obscure the complexity of the issue. In particular we point out that both radical prohibitionist and libertarian approaches are affected by paternalistic ideas which we refute. We also show that even though enhancement nowadays is occurring at an impressive rate, we cannot infer that it is a present-day phenomenon, because enhancement is a human disposition, shared between most species and has always existed. We argue against moralistic views on neuroenhancement and defend a reasoned libertarian perspective. We believe that case-by-case evolutionary-medical heuristics is the best approach to help individuals in their autonomous choices.

Demography evaluates the traits of human populations mainly by measuring their sizes and fluctuations. Due to their features, the archeological population structures refer to the distribution of people based both on sex and age at death. These parameters have a direct impact on the risk of death because they vary significantly with age and sex and this is reflected in a proportional sharing of deaths in several groups at risk. This chapter deals with the demographic structure of several imperial communities scattered through the roman Suburbium. A whole sample of almost 3500 skeletons pertaining to 12 necropolis has been analyzed in order to determine the gender and the age at death. Each necropolis is contextualized according to information about people lifestyle and health, trying to deepen our knowledge on the death risk exposure for every population. Our results suggest to consider the imperial Suburbiumn population as a very complex landscape, where several communities were featured by their different way to face the socio-economic and biologic environments.