Abuse of psychoactive chemicals can result in neurotoxic effects that are difficult to treat medically. Successful therapy is often hindered by the lack of useful antagonists for many of these chemicals and by the extensive distribution of these chemicals out of the bloodstream. Although there are treatments for opiate addiction and an antagonist for opiate overdose, there are no such medical treatments for most drugs of abuse such as phencyclidine (PCP) and cocaine. Therefore, this chapter focuses on recent advances in immunotherapy which suggest this novel approach could be beneficial in the treatment of drug abuse.
{"title":"Antibodies as pharmacokinetic and metabolic modifiers of neurotoxicity.","authors":"S. Owens","doi":"10.1037/e495572006-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495572006-015","url":null,"abstract":"Abuse of psychoactive chemicals can result in neurotoxic effects that are difficult to treat medically. Successful therapy is often hindered by the lack of useful antagonists for many of these chemicals and by the extensive distribution of these chemicals out of the bloodstream. Although there are treatments for opiate addiction and an antagonist for opiate overdose, there are no such medical treatments for most drugs of abuse such as phencyclidine (PCP) and cocaine. Therefore, this chapter focuses on recent advances in immunotherapy which suggest this novel approach could be beneficial in the treatment of drug abuse.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"173 1","pages":"259-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57800214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Biglan, T. Duncan, A. Irvine, D. Ary, K. Smolkowski, L. James
This chapter describes a strategy for developing and evaluating drug abuse prevention programs in rural communities that is based on the large body of evidence currently available about the factors that contribute to drug abuse. While the bulk of the evidence comes from urban settings, it is the appropriate starting place for research on prevention in rural settings.
{"title":"A drug abuse prevention strategy for rural America.","authors":"A. Biglan, T. Duncan, A. Irvine, D. Ary, K. Smolkowski, L. James","doi":"10.1037/e495612006-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495612006-015","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes a strategy for developing and evaluating drug abuse prevention programs in rural communities that is based on the large body of evidence currently available about the factors that contribute to drug abuse. While the bulk of the evidence comes from urban settings, it is the appropriate starting place for research on prevention in rural settings.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"168 1","pages":"364-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57802422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One-quarter of the population of the United States lives in nonmetropolitan or rural areas (U.S. Congress 1990). These areas are notable for their rich diversity and varied lifestyles. From farming communities in the Midwest, to agricultural areas of the Mississippi Delta, Native American reservations, Appalachian and Ozark Highlands, and western oil-based boom towns, rural communities vary greatly in socioeconomic characteristics, ethnic and minority mix, and availability of health and social services. At the same time, rural communities share a number of characteristics: they are defined by the low population density; most are severely limited in access to professional health, mental health, and substance abuse resources; and rural economies are often volatile in nature with increased dependence on agricultural, extractive, and service industries (Gesler et al. 1992). Higher rates of poverty and substandard housing in rural areas in general and lower educational attainment of rural residents increase the chances that families from these regions will suffer the negative consequences of such health risk behaviors as problem drinking (Meade 1992).
美国四分之一的人口居住在非大都市或农村地区(美国国会，1990年)。这些地区以其丰富的多样性和不同的生活方式而闻名。从中西部的农业社区，到密西西比三角洲的农业地区，印第安人保留地，阿巴拉契亚和奥扎克高地，以及西部以石油为基础的新兴城镇，农村社区在社会经济特征，种族和少数民族混合以及卫生和社会服务的可获得性方面差异很大。与此同时，农村社区也有一些共同的特点:人口密度低;大多数人在获得专业卫生、精神卫生和药物滥用资源方面受到严重限制;农村经济在本质上往往不稳定，对农业、采掘业和服务业的依赖程度越来越高(Gesler et al. 1992)。农村地区普遍较高的贫困率和不合标准的住房，以及农村居民较低的受教育程度，增加了这些地区的家庭遭受酗酒等健康风险行为的负面后果的可能性(Meade, 1992年)。
{"title":"Social and economic consequences of rural alcohol use.","authors":"K. Kelleher, J. Robbins","doi":"10.1037/e495612006-011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495612006-011","url":null,"abstract":"One-quarter of the population of the United States lives in nonmetropolitan or rural areas (U.S. Congress 1990). These areas are notable for their rich diversity and varied lifestyles. From farming communities in the Midwest, to agricultural areas of the Mississippi Delta, Native American reservations, Appalachian and Ozark Highlands, and western oil-based boom towns, rural communities vary greatly in socioeconomic characteristics, ethnic and minority mix, and availability of health and social services. At the same time, rural communities share a number of characteristics: they are defined by the low population density; most are severely limited in access to professional health, mental health, and substance abuse resources; and rural economies are often volatile in nature with increased dependence on agricultural, extractive, and service industries (Gesler et al. 1992). Higher rates of poverty and substandard housing in rural areas in general and lower educational attainment of rural residents increase the chances that families from these regions will suffer the negative consequences of such health risk behaviors as problem drinking (Meade 1992).","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"168 1","pages":"196-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57802594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Studies of populations such as drug users encounter difficulties because the members of the populations are rare, hidden, or hard to reach. Conventionally designed large-scale surveys detect relatively few members of the populations so that estimates of population characteristics have high uncertainty. Ethnographic studies, on the other hand, reach suitable numbers of individuals only through the use of link-tracing, chain referral, or snowball sampling procedures that often leave the investigators unable to make inferences from their sample to the hidden population as a whole. In adaptive sampling, the procedure for selecting people or other units to be in the sample depends on variables of interest observed during the survey, so the design adapts to the population as encountered. For example, when self-reported drug use is found among members of the sample, sampling effort may be increased in nearby areas. Types of adaptive sampling designs include ordinary sequential sampling, adaptive allocation in stratified sampling, adaptive cluster sampling, and optimal model-based designs. Graph sampling refers to situations with nodes (for example, people) connected by edges (such as social links or geographic proximity). An initial sample of nodes or edges is selected and edges are subsequently followed to bring other nodes into the sample. Graph sampling designs include network sampling, snowball sampling, link-tracing, chain referral, and adaptive cluster sampling. A graph sampling design is adaptive if the decision to include linked nodes depends on variables of interest observed on nodes already in the sample. Adjustment methods for nonsampling errors such as imperfect detection of drug users in the sample apply to adaptive as well as conventional designs.
{"title":"Adaptive sampling in behavioral surveys.","authors":"S. Thompson","doi":"10.1037/e495622006-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495622006-015","url":null,"abstract":"Studies of populations such as drug users encounter difficulties because the members of the populations are rare, hidden, or hard to reach. Conventionally designed large-scale surveys detect relatively few members of the populations so that estimates of population characteristics have high uncertainty. Ethnographic studies, on the other hand, reach suitable numbers of individuals only through the use of link-tracing, chain referral, or snowball sampling procedures that often leave the investigators unable to make inferences from their sample to the hidden population as a whole. In adaptive sampling, the procedure for selecting people or other units to be in the sample depends on variables of interest observed during the survey, so the design adapts to the population as encountered. For example, when self-reported drug use is found among members of the sample, sampling effort may be increased in nearby areas. Types of adaptive sampling designs include ordinary sequential sampling, adaptive allocation in stratified sampling, adaptive cluster sampling, and optimal model-based designs. Graph sampling refers to situations with nodes (for example, people) connected by edges (such as social links or geographic proximity). An initial sample of nodes or edges is selected and edges are subsequently followed to bring other nodes into the sample. Graph sampling designs include network sampling, snowball sampling, link-tracing, chain referral, and adaptive cluster sampling. A graph sampling design is adaptive if the decision to include linked nodes depends on variables of interest observed on nodes already in the sample. Adjustment methods for nonsampling errors such as imperfect detection of drug users in the sample apply to adaptive as well as conventional designs.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"167 1","pages":"296-319"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57803590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One approach to determining the validity of self-reported drug use measures is to examine the extent of logically inconsistent responses over time. Because lifetime use logically should never decline, the rate of subsequent recanting of earlier reported lifetime use provides relevant evidence on validity. In this chapter, recanting rates are examined in nationally representative samples of high school seniors (18-year-olds) surveyed in the Monitoring the Future study as they are followed up on seven occasions through age 32. For the illegal drugs examined (marijuana, cocaine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), recanting rates prove to be quite modest, but for the psychotherapeutic drugs, they were more substantial, possibly because of their greater definitional ambiguity. In general, there were no large individual differences in recanting rates as a function of sex, household composition, community size, or education level. Consistent with previous work, minorities (particularly African Americans) had somewhat higher rates of recanting on the illegal drugs. So did respondents in certain occupations, namely, the military and police/firefighting. In general, however, the evidence is quite good for validity of self-reported (by mail) lifetime use of the illegal drugs in young adulthood.
{"title":"The recanting of earlier reported drug use by young adults.","authors":"L. Johnston, P. O'Malley","doi":"10.1037/e495622006-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495622006-005","url":null,"abstract":"One approach to determining the validity of self-reported drug use measures is to examine the extent of logically inconsistent responses over time. Because lifetime use logically should never decline, the rate of subsequent recanting of earlier reported lifetime use provides relevant evidence on validity. In this chapter, recanting rates are examined in nationally representative samples of high school seniors (18-year-olds) surveyed in the Monitoring the Future study as they are followed up on seven occasions through age 32. For the illegal drugs examined (marijuana, cocaine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)), recanting rates prove to be quite modest, but for the psychotherapeutic drugs, they were more substantial, possibly because of their greater definitional ambiguity. In general, there were no large individual differences in recanting rates as a function of sex, household composition, community size, or education level. Consistent with previous work, minorities (particularly African Americans) had somewhat higher rates of recanting on the illegal drugs. So did respondents in certain occupations, namely, the military and police/firefighting. In general, however, the evidence is quite good for validity of self-reported (by mail) lifetime use of the illegal drugs in young adulthood.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"167 1","pages":"59-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57803620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A positive, collaborative therapeutic relationship is an essential component of the cognitive therapy of substance abuse (Beck et al. 1993). To engage substance abuse patients in treatment, therapists will need not only to connect with the patients but also gain their trust. Otherwise, the patients will be less likely to benefit from treatment, and their rates of no-show and dropout are apt to increase. Therefore, therapists must work diligently to form a working alliance by demon-strating general good will and a respectful desire to help. Further, they must carefully attend to any signs that the patients are losing interest or having adverse emotional reactions, and intervene promptly.
积极合作的治疗关系是药物滥用认知治疗的重要组成部分(Beck et al. 1993)。为了让药物滥用患者参与治疗，治疗师不仅需要与患者建立联系，还需要获得他们的信任。否则，患者将不太可能从治疗中受益，他们的缺勤率和辍学率可能会增加。因此，治疗师必须勤奋地工作，通过展示普遍的善意和尊重的帮助愿望来形成一个工作联盟。此外，他们必须仔细注意病人失去兴趣或有不良情绪反应的任何迹象，并及时干预。
{"title":"Establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance with substance abuse patients: a cognitive therapy approach.","authors":"Cory F. Newman","doi":"10.1037/e495632006-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/e495632006-010","url":null,"abstract":"A positive, collaborative therapeutic relationship is an essential component of the cognitive therapy of substance abuse (Beck et al. 1993). To engage substance abuse patients in treatment, therapists will need not only to connect with the patients but also gain their trust. Otherwise, the patients will be less likely to benefit from treatment, and their rates of no-show and dropout are apt to increase. Therefore, therapists must work diligently to form a working alliance by demon-strating general good will and a respectful desire to help. Further, they must carefully attend to any signs that the patients are losing interest or having adverse emotional reactions, and intervene promptly.","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"165 1","pages":"181-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57804446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J S Cacciola, A I Alterman, C P O'Brien, A T McLellan
In sum, the ASI provides a standard and multidimensional initial evaluation of the subject. Furthermore, a profile of subjects is obtained that can be compared at different evaluation points, providing secondary outcomes. However, for the purposes of clinical trials evaluating pharmacotherapy for cocaine abusers, supplemental measures are needed at both baseline and followup to more specifically address cocaine use and problems.
{"title":"The Addiction Severity Index in clinical efficacy trials of medications for cocaine dependence.","authors":"J S Cacciola, A I Alterman, C P O'Brien, A T McLellan","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In sum, the ASI provides a standard and multidimensional initial evaluation of the subject. Furthermore, a profile of subjects is obtained that can be compared at different evaluation points, providing secondary outcomes. However, for the purposes of clinical trials evaluating pharmacotherapy for cocaine abusers, supplemental measures are needed at both baseline and followup to more specifically address cocaine use and problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"175 ","pages":"182-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20396158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W Ling, S Shoptaw, D Wesson, R A Rawson, M Compton, C J Klett
{"title":"Treatment effectiveness score as an outcome measure in clinical trials.","authors":"W Ling, S Shoptaw, D Wesson, R A Rawson, M Compton, C J Klett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"175 ","pages":"208-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20396160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Substance use and HIV risk among people with severe mental illness.","authors":"F Cournos, K McKinnon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"172 ","pages":"110-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20101603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiments versus quasi-experiments: do they yield the same answer?","authors":"W R Shadish, D T Heinsman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76229,"journal":{"name":"NIDA research monograph","volume":"170 ","pages":"147-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20102305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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