Pub Date : 2022-06-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.4.1
Eun Jae Kim, Hyunsik Chae, M. Koo, Jihyeon Yu, Hyunjoong Kim, Sung Cho, K. Hong, Joo-Young Lee, U. Youn, Sanghee Kim, Han-Gu Choi, S. Han
Polar microorganisms produce physiologically active substances to adapt to harsh environments, and these substances can be used as biomedical compounds. The green microalga Micractinium variabile KSF0031, which was isolated from Antarctica, produced phytol, a natural antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3, exhibit antioxidant properties. Here statistical methods (Plackett-Burman design and Box- Behnken design) were used to optimize the culture medium of KSF0031 to improve biomass production, and K2HPO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and ammonium ferric citrate green (AFCg) were selected as significant components of the culture medium. Changes in the concentration of K2HPO4 and MgSO4·7H2O as positive factors and AFCg as a negative factor affected cell growth to a remarkable degree. The biomass production in a 100 L culture using the optimized medium for 24 d at 18°C was improved by 37.5% compared to that obtained using the original BG-11 medium. The quantities of PUFAs and phytol obtained were 13 mg g-1 dry cell weight (DCW) and 10.98 mg g-1 DCW, which represent improved yields of 11.70% and 48.78%, respectively. The results of this study could contribute to an improved production of phytol and fatty acids from Antarctic microalgae in the biomedical industry.
{"title":"Statistical optimization of phytol and polyunsaturated fatty acid production in the Antarctic microalga Micractinium variabile KSF0031","authors":"Eun Jae Kim, Hyunsik Chae, M. Koo, Jihyeon Yu, Hyunjoong Kim, Sung Cho, K. Hong, Joo-Young Lee, U. Youn, Sanghee Kim, Han-Gu Choi, S. Han","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"Polar microorganisms produce physiologically active substances to adapt to harsh environments, and these substances can be used as biomedical compounds. The green microalga Micractinium variabile KSF0031, which was isolated from Antarctica, produced phytol, a natural antimicrobial agent. Furthermore, several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including omega-3, exhibit antioxidant properties. Here statistical methods (Plackett-Burman design and Box- Behnken design) were used to optimize the culture medium of KSF0031 to improve biomass production, and K2HPO4, MgSO4·7H2O, and ammonium ferric citrate green (AFCg) were selected as significant components of the culture medium. Changes in the concentration of K2HPO4 and MgSO4·7H2O as positive factors and AFCg as a negative factor affected cell growth to a remarkable degree. The biomass production in a 100 L culture using the optimized medium for 24 d at 18°C was improved by 37.5% compared to that obtained using the original BG-11 medium. The quantities of PUFAs and phytol obtained were 13 mg g-1 dry cell weight (DCW) and 10.98 mg g-1 DCW, which represent improved yields of 11.70% and 48.78%, respectively. The results of this study could contribute to an improved production of phytol and fatty acids from Antarctic microalgae in the biomedical industry.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46122507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.10
W. Tawong, Pongsanat Pongcharoen, P. Pongpadung, S. Ponza, W. Saijuntha
Cyanobacteria are distributed worldwide, and many new cyanobacterial species are discovered in tropical region. TheNostoc-like genus Amazonocrinis has been separated from the genus Nostoc based on polyphasic methods. However,species diversity within this genus remains poorly understood systematically because only one species (Amazonocrinisnigriterrae) has been described. In this study, two novel strains (NUACC02 and NUACC03) were isolated from moist ricefield soil in Thailand. These two strains were characterized using a polyphasic approach, based on morphology, 16S rRNAphylogenetic analysis, internal transcribed spacer secondary structure and ecology. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16SrRNA gene sequences confirmed that the two novel strains formed a monophyletic clade related to the genus Amazonocrinisand were distant from the type species A. nigriterrae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (<98.1%) betweennovel strains and all other closely related taxa including the Amazonocrinis members exceeded the cutoff for speciesdelimitation in bacteriology, reinforcing the presence of a new Amazonocrinis species. Furthermore, the novel strainspossessed unique phenotypic characteristics such as the presence of the sheath, necridia-like cells, larger cell dimensionand akinete cell arrangement in long-chains and the singularity of D1–D1′, Box-B, V2, and V3 secondary structures thatdistinguished them from other Amazonocrinis members. Considering all the results, we described our two strains as Amazonocrinisthailandica sp. nov. in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants.
{"title":"Amazonocrinis thailandica sp. nov. (Nostocales, Cyanobacteria), a novel species of the previously monotypic Amazonocrinis genus from Thailand","authors":"W. Tawong, Pongsanat Pongcharoen, P. Pongpadung, S. Ponza, W. Saijuntha","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"Cyanobacteria are distributed worldwide, and many new cyanobacterial species are discovered in tropical region. TheNostoc-like genus Amazonocrinis has been separated from the genus Nostoc based on polyphasic methods. However,species diversity within this genus remains poorly understood systematically because only one species (Amazonocrinisnigriterrae) has been described. In this study, two novel strains (NUACC02 and NUACC03) were isolated from moist ricefield soil in Thailand. These two strains were characterized using a polyphasic approach, based on morphology, 16S rRNAphylogenetic analysis, internal transcribed spacer secondary structure and ecology. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16SrRNA gene sequences confirmed that the two novel strains formed a monophyletic clade related to the genus Amazonocrinisand were distant from the type species A. nigriterrae. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (<98.1%) betweennovel strains and all other closely related taxa including the Amazonocrinis members exceeded the cutoff for speciesdelimitation in bacteriology, reinforcing the presence of a new Amazonocrinis species. Furthermore, the novel strainspossessed unique phenotypic characteristics such as the presence of the sheath, necridia-like cells, larger cell dimensionand akinete cell arrangement in long-chains and the singularity of D1–D1′, Box-B, V2, and V3 secondary structures thatdistinguished them from other Amazonocrinis members. Considering all the results, we described our two strains as Amazonocrinisthailandica sp. nov. in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44035217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.21
Yola Metti
Inspecting herbaria collections of Laurencia rigida highlighted frequent misidentifications between L. rigida and L.heteroclada f. decussata, two poorly studied taxa from Australia. Recent collections of DNA material, including from topotypematerial, allowed for re-examination of these two taxa using molecular techniques. Detailed morphological andmolecular analyses based on two markers (rbcL and COI-5P) strongly supported these two taxa as being distinct fromeach other and requiring nomenclatural changes. Comprehensive morphological analyses highlighted features useful foraccurate identifications. Interestingly, L. rigida was found to belong to the genus Palisada with evidence from both themorphology and molecular data. Therefore, this study proposed recognizing L. rigida as Palisada rigida comb. nov. Moleculardata for L. heteroclada f. decussata on the other hand supported its separation from L. heteroclada, with too greata molecular distance to be considered a variety. Morphological characters that best separated P. rigida from L. decussataincluded seven characters; number of pericentral cells per vegetative axial segment, the presence of secondary pit connections,the presence of lenticular thickenings, tetrasporangia alignment, the presence of corps en cerise, holdfast morphology,and overall plant shape. Morphologically, L. heteroclada f. decussata was also separated from L. heteroclada,particularly by the following characteristics; ultimate branchlets morphologies, lower order branch lengths, primary axisand holdfast morphologies. Therefore, it was proposed that L. heteroclada f. decussata is recognized at a species level asL. decussata comb. et stat. nov.
{"title":"Based on morphology and molecular data, Palisada rigida comb. nov. and Laurencia decussata comb. et stat. nov. (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) are proposed","authors":"Yola Metti","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.21","url":null,"abstract":"Inspecting herbaria collections of Laurencia rigida highlighted frequent misidentifications between L. rigida and L.heteroclada f. decussata, two poorly studied taxa from Australia. Recent collections of DNA material, including from topotypematerial, allowed for re-examination of these two taxa using molecular techniques. Detailed morphological andmolecular analyses based on two markers (rbcL and COI-5P) strongly supported these two taxa as being distinct fromeach other and requiring nomenclatural changes. Comprehensive morphological analyses highlighted features useful foraccurate identifications. Interestingly, L. rigida was found to belong to the genus Palisada with evidence from both themorphology and molecular data. Therefore, this study proposed recognizing L. rigida as Palisada rigida comb. nov. Moleculardata for L. heteroclada f. decussata on the other hand supported its separation from L. heteroclada, with too greata molecular distance to be considered a variety. Morphological characters that best separated P. rigida from L. decussataincluded seven characters; number of pericentral cells per vegetative axial segment, the presence of secondary pit connections,the presence of lenticular thickenings, tetrasporangia alignment, the presence of corps en cerise, holdfast morphology,and overall plant shape. Morphologically, L. heteroclada f. decussata was also separated from L. heteroclada,particularly by the following characteristics; ultimate branchlets morphologies, lower order branch lengths, primary axisand holdfast morphologies. Therefore, it was proposed that L. heteroclada f. decussata is recognized at a species level asL. decussata comb. et stat. nov.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42913872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.16
G. Kim, Chikako Nagasato, Minseok Kwak, Ji Woong Lee, C. Hong, T. Klochkova, T. Motomura
Intercellular nutrient and signal transduction are essential to sustaining multicellular organisms and maximizing thebenefits of multicellularity. It has long been believed that red algal intercellular transport of macromolecules is preventedby the protein-rich pit plug within pit-connections, the only physical connection between cells. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and recombinant green fluorescence protein (rGFP) of various molecular sizes were injected into vegetativecells of Griffithsia monilis using a micromanipulator, and intercellular transport of the fluorescent probes was examined.Pit-connections were found to provide intercellular transport of tracers at rates comparable to plasmodesmata in otherorganisms. The time necessary for the transport to an adjacent cell was dependent on the molecular size and the directionof the transport. Fluorescent dextran of 3 kDa was transported to adjacent cells in 1–2 h after injection and migratedto all cells of the filament within 24 h, but fluorescent dextran of 10–20 kDa took 24 h to transfer to neighboring cells. Themigration occurred faster towards adjacent reproductive cells and to apical cells than basally. Fluorescent tracers above40 kDa and rGFP was not transported to neighboring cells, but accumulated near the pit plug. Our results suggest thatpit-connections are conduit for macromolecules between neighboring cells and that these size-specific conduits allowintercellular communication between the vegetative cells of red algae.
{"title":"Intercellular transport across pit-connections in the filamentous red alga Griffithsia monilis","authors":"G. Kim, Chikako Nagasato, Minseok Kwak, Ji Woong Lee, C. Hong, T. Klochkova, T. Motomura","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"Intercellular nutrient and signal transduction are essential to sustaining multicellular organisms and maximizing thebenefits of multicellularity. It has long been believed that red algal intercellular transport of macromolecules is preventedby the protein-rich pit plug within pit-connections, the only physical connection between cells. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran and recombinant green fluorescence protein (rGFP) of various molecular sizes were injected into vegetativecells of Griffithsia monilis using a micromanipulator, and intercellular transport of the fluorescent probes was examined.Pit-connections were found to provide intercellular transport of tracers at rates comparable to plasmodesmata in otherorganisms. The time necessary for the transport to an adjacent cell was dependent on the molecular size and the directionof the transport. Fluorescent dextran of 3 kDa was transported to adjacent cells in 1–2 h after injection and migratedto all cells of the filament within 24 h, but fluorescent dextran of 10–20 kDa took 24 h to transfer to neighboring cells. Themigration occurred faster towards adjacent reproductive cells and to apical cells than basally. Fluorescent tracers above40 kDa and rGFP was not transported to neighboring cells, but accumulated near the pit plug. Our results suggest thatpit-connections are conduit for macromolecules between neighboring cells and that these size-specific conduits allowintercellular communication between the vegetative cells of red algae.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42904229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.11.15
Eduardo A. Morales
Two new species of Pseudostaurosiropsis are described based on material collected from rivers in southern UnitedStates of America, P. californicus sp. nov. and P. elaboratus sp. nov. Both species have specific characters that set themapart from taxa currently ascribed to the genus. Pseudostaurosiropsis californicus sp. nov. has lanceolate valves with subrostrate, broadlyrounded apices, an axial area at the same level as the virgae in internal and external views and both are at the same levelas striae in external view, the spine tips are dentate and their growth is produced by filamentous extensions, and it hasequal-sized apical pore fields on both valve extremes. On the other hand, P. elaboratus sp. nov. has heavily silicifiedvalves, the virgae are slender than the striae in outer view and wider in inner view, it only has a single, externally occludedapical pore field on one valve extreme, and the spines have a solid core. All species within Pseudostaurosiropsis are contrastedwith one another and unique features are described for each based on literature and newly collected image datafrom type material. The genus is reconsidered and two distinguishing features are recognized: rotae externally occludingthe areolae and areolae that are funnel-shaped. These features are contrasted with those in other genera and additionalpublished species that should be included in Pseudostaurosiropsis are discussed.
{"title":"Two new species of Pseudostaurosiropsis (Bacillariophyta, Fragilariophyceae) from the United States of America, with taxonomic comments on the genus","authors":"Eduardo A. Morales","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.11.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.11.15","url":null,"abstract":"Two new species of Pseudostaurosiropsis are described based on material collected from rivers in southern UnitedStates of America, P. californicus sp. nov. and P. elaboratus sp. nov. Both species have specific characters that set themapart from taxa currently ascribed to the genus. Pseudostaurosiropsis californicus sp. nov. has lanceolate valves with subrostrate, broadlyrounded apices, an axial area at the same level as the virgae in internal and external views and both are at the same levelas striae in external view, the spine tips are dentate and their growth is produced by filamentous extensions, and it hasequal-sized apical pore fields on both valve extremes. On the other hand, P. elaboratus sp. nov. has heavily silicifiedvalves, the virgae are slender than the striae in outer view and wider in inner view, it only has a single, externally occludedapical pore field on one valve extreme, and the spines have a solid core. All species within Pseudostaurosiropsis are contrastedwith one another and unique features are described for each based on literature and newly collected image datafrom type material. The genus is reconsidered and two distinguishing features are recognized: rotae externally occludingthe areolae and areolae that are funnel-shaped. These features are contrasted with those in other genera and additionalpublished species that should be included in Pseudostaurosiropsis are discussed.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48153422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.2
Jin Hee Ok, H. Jeong, Hee Chang Kang, Sang Ah Park, S. Eom, Ji Hyun You, Sung Yeon Lee
Water temperature affects plankton survival and growth. The dinoflagellate Shimiella gracilenta survives using theplastids of ingested prey, indicating kleptoplastidy. However, studies on the effects of water temperature on kleptoplastidicdinoflagellates are lacking. We explored the growth and ingestion rates of S. gracilenta as a function of water temperature.Furthermore, using data on its spatiotemporal distribution in Korean coastal waters during 2015–2018, we predictedits distribution under elevated temperature conditions of +2, +4, and +6°C. Growth rates of S. gracilenta with andwithout Teleaulax amphioxeia prey as well as ingestion rates were significantly affected by water temperature. Growthrates of S. gracilenta with and without prey were positive or zero at 5–25°C but were negative at ≥30°C. The maximumgrowth rate of S. gracilenta with T. amphioxeia was 0.85 d-1, achieved at 25°C, and 0.21 d-1 at 20°C without prey. The ingestionrate of S. gracilenta on T. amphioxeia at 25°C (0.05 ng C predator-1 d-1) was greater than that at 20°C (0.04 ng Cpredator-1 d-1). Thus, feeding may shift the optimal temperature for the maximum growth rate of S. gracilenta from 20 to25°C. In spring and winter, the distributions of S. gracilenta under elevated temperature conditions were predicted notto differ from those during 2015–2018. However, S. gracilenta was predicted not to survive at some additional stationsunder elevated temperature conditions of +2, +4, and +6°C in summer or under elevated temperature conditions of +6°Cin autumn. Therefore, global warming may affect the distribution of S. gracilenta.
水温影响浮游生物的生存和生长。细纹细甲藻（Shimella gracilenta）通过摄入猎物的塑料存活，表明其具有盗塑性。然而，关于水温对盗塑性双甲藻影响的研究却很少。我们研究了薄丝酵母的生长和摄取率与水温的关系。此外，利用2015-2018年韩国沿海水域的时空分布数据，我们预测了+2、+4和+6°C高温条件下的分布。有和没有Teleaulax两栖动物猎物的薄丝酵母的生长速率以及摄入速率都受到水温的显著影响。有猎物和没有猎物的薄梭菌的生长在5–25°C时呈阳性或为零，但在≥30°C时为阴性。在没有猎物的情况下，薄梭菌和两氧西氏锥虫在25°C时的最大繁殖率为0.85 d-1，在20°C时为0.21 d-1。在25°C（0.05 ng C捕食者-1 d-1）条件下，薄梭菌对两氧西氏锥虫的摄取率大于20°C（0.04 ng Cpredator-1 d-1。因此，喂食可能会使薄梭菌最大生长速度的最佳温度从20°C转变为25°C。预计在春季和冬季，S.gracilenta在高温条件下的分布与2015-2018年没有差异。然而，据预测，在夏季+2、+4和+6°C的高温条件下，或在秋季+6°C。因此，全球变暖可能会影响薄丝酵母的分布。
{"title":"Ecophysiology of the kleptoplastidic dinoflagellate Shimiella gracilenta: II. Effects of temperature and global warming","authors":"Jin Hee Ok, H. Jeong, Hee Chang Kang, Sang Ah Park, S. Eom, Ji Hyun You, Sung Yeon Lee","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Water temperature affects plankton survival and growth. The dinoflagellate Shimiella gracilenta survives using theplastids of ingested prey, indicating kleptoplastidy. However, studies on the effects of water temperature on kleptoplastidicdinoflagellates are lacking. We explored the growth and ingestion rates of S. gracilenta as a function of water temperature.Furthermore, using data on its spatiotemporal distribution in Korean coastal waters during 2015–2018, we predictedits distribution under elevated temperature conditions of +2, +4, and +6°C. Growth rates of S. gracilenta with andwithout Teleaulax amphioxeia prey as well as ingestion rates were significantly affected by water temperature. Growthrates of S. gracilenta with and without prey were positive or zero at 5–25°C but were negative at ≥30°C. The maximumgrowth rate of S. gracilenta with T. amphioxeia was 0.85 d-1, achieved at 25°C, and 0.21 d-1 at 20°C without prey. The ingestionrate of S. gracilenta on T. amphioxeia at 25°C (0.05 ng C predator-1 d-1) was greater than that at 20°C (0.04 ng Cpredator-1 d-1). Thus, feeding may shift the optimal temperature for the maximum growth rate of S. gracilenta from 20 to25°C. In spring and winter, the distributions of S. gracilenta under elevated temperature conditions were predicted notto differ from those during 2015–2018. However, S. gracilenta was predicted not to survive at some additional stationsunder elevated temperature conditions of +2, +4, and +6°C in summer or under elevated temperature conditions of +6°Cin autumn. Therefore, global warming may affect the distribution of S. gracilenta.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46381414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.19
Daniel J. Gossard, D. Steller
Perennial stipitate kelps are globally distributed and individual species can inhabit broad latitudinal ranges, expressingnotably longevous persistence. Despite the foundational role kelps provide to their communities, little is knownabout the variability in persistence of the stipitate kelps at local spatial scales. We studied the population persistence ofEisenia arborea, a heat- and wave force-tolerant perennial stipitate kelp with a distributional range extending from BritishColumbia to south of the range limit of all other northeast Pacific kelps, in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Persistencecharacteristics for E. arborea among sites were compared and used to test the hypothesis that stand persistence varied atlocal spatial scales around Isla Natividad, a Pacific island off the Baja California peninsula with documented spatiotemporalenvironmental heterogeneity. Collected individuals around the island were “aged” using the previously validatedage estimation technique of counting annual cortical dark rings. After detecting no significant differences among sitesin the covariation between estimated ages for collected individuals and stipe length, we utilized in-situ population-levelstipe length measurements to more rapidly predict age structures within six stands around the island. Predicted agestructures, and associated stand densities, revealed persistence characteristics and density varied at local scales and astrong positive relationship existed between stand density and stand mean and maximum ages. We speculate that standsresponded differently to deterministic influences (e.g., the 2014–2016 marine heatwave and / or competition with Macrocystis)resulting in heterogenous local persistence of this foundation species.
{"title":"Population persistence of the perennial kelp Eisenia arborea varies across local spatial scales","authors":"Daniel J. Gossard, D. Steller","doi":"10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Perennial stipitate kelps are globally distributed and individual species can inhabit broad latitudinal ranges, expressingnotably longevous persistence. Despite the foundational role kelps provide to their communities, little is knownabout the variability in persistence of the stipitate kelps at local spatial scales. We studied the population persistence ofEisenia arborea, a heat- and wave force-tolerant perennial stipitate kelp with a distributional range extending from BritishColumbia to south of the range limit of all other northeast Pacific kelps, in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Persistencecharacteristics for E. arborea among sites were compared and used to test the hypothesis that stand persistence varied atlocal spatial scales around Isla Natividad, a Pacific island off the Baja California peninsula with documented spatiotemporalenvironmental heterogeneity. Collected individuals around the island were “aged” using the previously validatedage estimation technique of counting annual cortical dark rings. After detecting no significant differences among sitesin the covariation between estimated ages for collected individuals and stipe length, we utilized in-situ population-levelstipe length measurements to more rapidly predict age structures within six stands around the island. Predicted agestructures, and associated stand densities, revealed persistence characteristics and density varied at local scales and astrong positive relationship existed between stand density and stand mean and maximum ages. We speculate that standsresponded differently to deterministic influences (e.g., the 2014–2016 marine heatwave and / or competition with Macrocystis)resulting in heterogenous local persistence of this foundation species.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46696218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.1
C. Lee, Juhee Min, Hyun-Gwan Lee, Kwang Young Kim
The amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans continues to rise, resulting in further acidification, altering some functional traits of phytoplankton. To understand the effect of elevated partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) on functional traits of dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and A. pacificum, the cardinal temperatures and chain formation extent were examined under two pCO2 (400 and 1,000 μatm) over the range of temperature expected to be associated with growth. The growth rate and chain formation extent of A. affine increased with higher pCO2, showing significant changes in cardinal temperatures and a substantial increase in middle chain-length (4‒8 cells) fractionation under elevated pCO2 condition. By contrast, there were no significant differences in specific growth rate and any chain-length fractionation of A. pacificum between ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions. The observed interspecies variation in the functional traits may reflect differences in ability of species to respond to environmental change with plasticity. Moreover, it allows us to understand the shifting biogeography of marine phytoplankton and predict their phenology in the Korea Strait.
{"title":"Thermal plasticity of growth and chain formation of the dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and Alexandrium pacificum with respect to ocean acidification","authors":"C. Lee, Juhee Min, Hyun-Gwan Lee, Kwang Young Kim","doi":"10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.1","url":null,"abstract":"The amount of CO2 absorbed by the oceans continues to rise, resulting in further acidification, altering some functional traits of phytoplankton. To understand the effect of elevated partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) on functional traits of dinoflagellates Alexandrium affine and A. pacificum, the cardinal temperatures and chain formation extent were examined under two pCO2 (400 and 1,000 μatm) over the range of temperature expected to be associated with growth. The growth rate and chain formation extent of A. affine increased with higher pCO2, showing significant changes in cardinal temperatures and a substantial increase in middle chain-length (4‒8 cells) fractionation under elevated pCO2 condition. By contrast, there were no significant differences in specific growth rate and any chain-length fractionation of A. pacificum between ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions. The observed interspecies variation in the functional traits may reflect differences in ability of species to respond to environmental change with plasticity. Moreover, it allows us to understand the shifting biogeography of marine phytoplankton and predict their phenology in the Korea Strait.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41626119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.6
Sang Ah Park, H. Jeong, Jin Hee Ok, Hee Chang Kang, Ji Hyun You, S. Eom, Y. Yoo, Moo Joon Lee
Some species in the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium are bioluminescent. Of the 33 formally described Alexandrium species, the bioluminescence capability of only nine species have been tested, and eight have been reported to be bioluminescent. The present study investigated the bioluminescence capability of seven Alexandrium species that had not been tested. Alexandrium mediterraneum, A. pohangense, and A. tamutum were bioluminescent, but A. andersonii, A. hiranoi, A. insuetum, and A. pseudogonyaulax were not. We also measured the bioluminescent intensity of A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. ostenfeldii, A. pacificum, A. pohangense, A. tamarense, and A. tamutum. The mean 200-second-integrated bioluminescence intensity per cell ranged from 0.02 to 32.2 × 104 relative luminescence unit per cell (RLU cell-1), and the mean maximum bioluminescence intensity per cell per second (BLMax) ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 × 104 RLU cell-1 s-1-1. BLMax was significantly correlated with the maximum growth rates of Alexandrium species, except for A. tamarense. A phylogenetic tree based on large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) showed that the bioluminescent species A. affine, A. catenella, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. pacificum, and A. tamarense formed a large clade. However, the toxicity or mixotrophic capability of these species was split. Thus, their bioluminescence capability in this clade was more consistent than their toxicity or mixotrophic capability. Phylogenetic trees based on LSU rDNA and the luciferase gene of Alexandrium were consistent except for A. pohangense. The results of the present study can provide a basis for understanding the interspecific diversity in bioluminescence of Alexandrium.
{"title":"Bioluminescence capability and intensity in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium species","authors":"Sang Ah Park, H. Jeong, Jin Hee Ok, Hee Chang Kang, Ji Hyun You, S. Eom, Y. Yoo, Moo Joon Lee","doi":"10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2021.36.12.6","url":null,"abstract":"Some species in the dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium are bioluminescent. Of the 33 formally described Alexandrium species, the bioluminescence capability of only nine species have been tested, and eight have been reported to be bioluminescent. The present study investigated the bioluminescence capability of seven Alexandrium species that had not been tested. Alexandrium mediterraneum, A. pohangense, and A. tamutum were bioluminescent, but A. andersonii, A. hiranoi, A. insuetum, and A. pseudogonyaulax were not. We also measured the bioluminescent intensity of A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. ostenfeldii, A. pacificum, A. pohangense, A. tamarense, and A. tamutum. The mean 200-second-integrated bioluminescence intensity per cell ranged from 0.02 to 32.2 × 104 relative luminescence unit per cell (RLU cell-1), and the mean maximum bioluminescence intensity per cell per second (BLMax) ranged from 0.01 to 10.3 × 104 RLU cell-1 s-1-1. BLMax was significantly correlated with the maximum growth rates of Alexandrium species, except for A. tamarense. A phylogenetic tree based on large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) showed that the bioluminescent species A. affine, A. catenella, A. fraterculus, A. mediterraneum, A. pacificum, and A. tamarense formed a large clade. However, the toxicity or mixotrophic capability of these species was split. Thus, their bioluminescence capability in this clade was more consistent than their toxicity or mixotrophic capability. Phylogenetic trees based on LSU rDNA and the luciferase gene of Alexandrium were consistent except for A. pohangense. The results of the present study can provide a basis for understanding the interspecific diversity in bioluminescence of Alexandrium.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47236670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-15DOI: 10.4490/algae.2021.36.11.21
S. Kim, Young Dae Kim, M. Hwang, E. Hwang, H. Yoo
Saccharina sculpera is highly valued for human consumption and value-added products. However, natural resources of this kelp have decreased sharply and it is in danger of extinction. Resources recovery through cultivation is being trialed to enable the sustainable use of this species. In this study, the temperature range for survival and optimal growth of juvenile S. sculpera was identified and applied to field cultivation. This study investigated the survival and growth of juvenile S. sculpera under six temperatures (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, and 20°C) and two light intensities (i.e., 20 and 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1) in an indoor culture experiment. In these experiments, the blade length decreased at 16°C under the both light intensities. The thalli died at 20°C and 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and at 18‒20°C and 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1. During the field cultivation, early growth of S. sculpera was highest at the 5 m depth and growth decreased as the water depth increased. When the initial rearing depth was maintained without adjustment throughout the cultivation period (from December to October), all the cultivated S. sculpera plants died during August and September. However, S. sculpera plants lowered from 5 to 15 m and grew to 90.8 ± 13.1 cm in July. The seawater temperature at 15 m depth was similar to the upper level of thermal tolerance demonstrated by juvenile S. sculpera in the indoor culture experiments (16°C or lower). The plants were subsequently lowered to 25 m depth in August, which eventually led to their maturation in October. The present study confirmed that improved growth rates and a delay in biomass loss can be achieved by adjusting the depth at which the seaweeds are grown during the cultivation period. These results will contribute to the establishment of sustainable cultivation systems for S. sculpera.
{"title":"Temperature ranges for survival and growth of juvenile Saccharina sculpera (Laminariales, Phaeophyta) and applications for field cultivation","authors":"S. Kim, Young Dae Kim, M. Hwang, E. Hwang, H. Yoo","doi":"10.4490/algae.2021.36.11.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4490/algae.2021.36.11.21","url":null,"abstract":"Saccharina sculpera is highly valued for human consumption and value-added products. However, natural resources of this kelp have decreased sharply and it is in danger of extinction. Resources recovery through cultivation is being trialed to enable the sustainable use of this species. In this study, the temperature range for survival and optimal growth of juvenile S. sculpera was identified and applied to field cultivation. This study investigated the survival and growth of juvenile S. sculpera under six temperatures (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 16, 18, and 20°C) and two light intensities (i.e., 20 and 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1) in an indoor culture experiment. In these experiments, the blade length decreased at 16°C under the both light intensities. The thalli died at 20°C and 20 μmol photons m-2 s-1, and at 18‒20°C and 40 μmol photons m-2 s-1. During the field cultivation, early growth of S. sculpera was highest at the 5 m depth and growth decreased as the water depth increased. When the initial rearing depth was maintained without adjustment throughout the cultivation period (from December to October), all the cultivated S. sculpera plants died during August and September. However, S. sculpera plants lowered from 5 to 15 m and grew to 90.8 ± 13.1 cm in July. The seawater temperature at 15 m depth was similar to the upper level of thermal tolerance demonstrated by juvenile S. sculpera in the indoor culture experiments (16°C or lower). The plants were subsequently lowered to 25 m depth in August, which eventually led to their maturation in October. The present study confirmed that improved growth rates and a delay in biomass loss can be achieved by adjusting the depth at which the seaweeds are grown during the cultivation period. These results will contribute to the establishment of sustainable cultivation systems for S. sculpera.","PeriodicalId":7628,"journal":{"name":"Algae","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43333544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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