{"title":"HLA antigens in multiple sclerosis.","authors":"J A Sachs","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 12","pages":"869-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543522/pdf/procrsmed00088-0061.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11553458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biochemical profiles in tumour monitoring and their analysis.","authors":"E H Cooper, T E Kenny","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 12","pages":"840-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543557/pdf/procrsmed00088-0022.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11804680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Surgery of congenital urinary tract disease.","authors":"D I Williams","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 12","pages":"832-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543517/pdf/procrsmed00088-0010.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11804678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Principles of emergency treatment for swallowed poisons. Chairman's introduction.","authors":"M S Christian","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 11","pages":"764-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543485/pdf/procrsmed00089-0022.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11553451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-11-01DOI: 10.1177/003591577707001102
I. Sneddon
the oncogenic virus from sick mother to fetus may also occur (Kalter et al. 1975, Lapin et al. 1975). Although multiple factors (Boyd 1970, Ors 1974) may underlie tumour formation, there may be an ever-present agent which is the central or key factor in this process. It seems likely that oncogenic viruses play a central role in tumour formation, a role which thus may be likened to that of bacteria in infections. Irrespective of the validity of mutational theory, genes seem to be the keystones of tumoral process. And whatever the ultimate results of research in tumour causation may reveal with regard to the role of viruses in the process, the possibility of an etiological role for viruses has stimulated much valuable work. It has been observed in viral carcinogenesis that the virus loses its independent existence and becomes invisible as it combines with the genetic material (Boyd 1970). There is indeed a possibility that viruses may be transmitted to the offspring and later generations through heredity by their incorporation into the structure of genes. If this were proven, the concept of disease and the theory of evolution would become inseparably united. Such proof, together with evidence in favour of the hypothesis that mutation and the appearance of a new species are due to a viral infection of the genetic structure in the former species makes the topic of nucleic acids in biological evolution particularly interesting (Ors 1974). A far higher proportion of the total incidence of cancer may be environmentally induced than had earlier been suspected (Haddow 1971). In the light of the evolutionary approach, the concept of environment assumes a more comprehensive and dynamic significance. Furthermore, what is called a 'genetic mechanism' in cancer may be, in certain cases at least, a viral (hence, in the last analysis, an environmental) factor. The concepts of cancer, environment and evolution have thus become united in a satisfyingly coherent way.
致病病毒也可能从患病母亲传染给胎儿(Kalter et al. 1975, Lapin et al. 1975)。虽然多种因素(Boyd 1970, Ors 1974)可能是肿瘤形成的基础，但在这一过程中，可能有一种始终存在的因素是中心或关键因素。似乎致癌病毒在肿瘤形成中起着核心作用，因此这种作用可以比作细菌在感染中的作用。不管突变理论的正确性如何，基因似乎是肿瘤发生过程的基石。无论肿瘤病因研究的最终结果可能揭示病毒在这一过程中的作用，病毒的病因学作用的可能性已经激发了许多有价值的工作。在病毒癌变过程中，已观察到病毒在与遗传物质结合时失去其独立存在并变得不可见(Boyd 1970)。病毒确实有可能通过基因结构的结合而遗传给后代和后代。如果这一点得到证实，那么疾病的概念和进化的理论就会不可分割地结合起来。这样的证据，再加上支持突变和新物种出现的假设的证据，是由于前物种的遗传结构受到病毒感染，使得生物进化中的核酸话题特别有趣(Ors 1974)。环境因素在癌症总发病率中所占的比例可能比先前所怀疑的要高得多(Haddow 1971)。根据进化的方法，环境的概念具有更全面和动态的意义。此外，至少在某些情况下，癌症中所谓的“遗传机制”可能是一种病毒因素(因此，归根结底，是一种环境因素)。癌症、环境和进化的概念因此以一种令人满意的连贯方式统一起来。
{"title":"Dermatitis Artefacta","authors":"I. Sneddon","doi":"10.1177/003591577707001102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/003591577707001102","url":null,"abstract":"the oncogenic virus from sick mother to fetus may also occur (Kalter et al. 1975, Lapin et al. 1975). Although multiple factors (Boyd 1970, Ors 1974) may underlie tumour formation, there may be an ever-present agent which is the central or key factor in this process. It seems likely that oncogenic viruses play a central role in tumour formation, a role which thus may be likened to that of bacteria in infections. Irrespective of the validity of mutational theory, genes seem to be the keystones of tumoral process. And whatever the ultimate results of research in tumour causation may reveal with regard to the role of viruses in the process, the possibility of an etiological role for viruses has stimulated much valuable work. It has been observed in viral carcinogenesis that the virus loses its independent existence and becomes invisible as it combines with the genetic material (Boyd 1970). There is indeed a possibility that viruses may be transmitted to the offspring and later generations through heredity by their incorporation into the structure of genes. If this were proven, the concept of disease and the theory of evolution would become inseparably united. Such proof, together with evidence in favour of the hypothesis that mutation and the appearance of a new species are due to a viral infection of the genetic structure in the former species makes the topic of nucleic acids in biological evolution particularly interesting (Ors 1974). A far higher proportion of the total incidence of cancer may be environmentally induced than had earlier been suspected (Haddow 1971). In the light of the evolutionary approach, the concept of environment assumes a more comprehensive and dynamic significance. Furthermore, what is called a 'genetic mechanism' in cancer may be, in certain cases at least, a viral (hence, in the last analysis, an environmental) factor. The concepts of cancer, environment and evolution have thus become united in a satisfyingly coherent way.","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 1","pages":"754 - 755"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/003591577707001102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64930791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-11-01DOI: 10.1177/003591577707001107
D J Gee
suggest that 20 g is sufficient. As an alternative charcoal tablets have been suggested, but since the adsorptive powers of charcoal depend entirely on its surface area, compression into tablet form destroys the whole object of its use. The other property required of an all-purpose antidote, which charcoal lacks, is the ability to neutralize acids or alkalis. There have in the past been attempts to prepare a universal antidote. Indeed, Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia lists a preparation under that very name containing charcoal, magnesium oxide and tannic acid, the last two constituents being intended to neutralize acids and alkalis respectively. However, Picchioni (1974) and Hayden & Comstock (1975) report that universal antidote is inferior to charcoal alone as an antidote, and advise that as a remedy it should be discouraged. The present situation is that there is no generally acceptable all-purpose oral antidote against ingested poisons that does not have serious theoretical or practical limitations on its use. The nearest approach is activated charcoal BP, which has the approval of many authorities. But practical considerations make it difficult to recommend as a regular pre-packaged component of first-aid kits. My conviction is that further work is needed to devise a remedy that would avoid the practical disadvantages of charcoal but retain its virtues. Perhaps activated aluminium oxide could form the basis for such an antidote. It combines both high adsorptive qualities with amphoteric properties that could be useful in neutralizing either acid or alkali. The addition of liquid paraffin to the preparation would also provide a medium which might dissolve some organic chemicals and in theory could reduce both gastric motility and gastric absorption. Such a brew would have more consumer appeal than charcoal, would combine adsorption and neutralization and, if prepackaged for addition to first-aid kits, would be less likely to end up in the afternoon cup of tea than evaporated milk. The need for developing such an antidote is reinforced by the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act, which requires the supplier to provide information on the potential health hazards of a market product with advice on appropriate first-aid treatment to protect against it. Although the induction of vomiting by first aiders is an unreliable and sometimes hazardous procedure, there are a few chemicals which are so toxic and rapidly acting that death will follow if they are not evacuated from the stomach immediately. Two examples are sodium cyanide, which is a common industrial processing reagent, and some of the more active organophosphorus compounds, such as Phosdrin. For sodium cyanide the oral antidote is a mixture of the familiar solutions A and B which act by rapid intragastric conversion of the cyanide ion to a harmless inactive form. It is a great pity that the Health and Safety Executive no longer advise its use in their revised cyanide poisoning
{"title":"Principles of Emergency Treatment for Swallowed Poisons","authors":"D J Gee","doi":"10.1177/003591577707001107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/003591577707001107","url":null,"abstract":"suggest that 20 g is sufficient. As an alternative charcoal tablets have been suggested, but since the adsorptive powers of charcoal depend entirely on its surface area, compression into tablet form destroys the whole object of its use. The other property required of an all-purpose antidote, which charcoal lacks, is the ability to neutralize acids or alkalis. There have in the past been attempts to prepare a universal antidote. Indeed, Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia lists a preparation under that very name containing charcoal, magnesium oxide and tannic acid, the last two constituents being intended to neutralize acids and alkalis respectively. However, Picchioni (1974) and Hayden & Comstock (1975) report that universal antidote is inferior to charcoal alone as an antidote, and advise that as a remedy it should be discouraged. The present situation is that there is no generally acceptable all-purpose oral antidote against ingested poisons that does not have serious theoretical or practical limitations on its use. The nearest approach is activated charcoal BP, which has the approval of many authorities. But practical considerations make it difficult to recommend as a regular pre-packaged component of first-aid kits. My conviction is that further work is needed to devise a remedy that would avoid the practical disadvantages of charcoal but retain its virtues. Perhaps activated aluminium oxide could form the basis for such an antidote. It combines both high adsorptive qualities with amphoteric properties that could be useful in neutralizing either acid or alkali. The addition of liquid paraffin to the preparation would also provide a medium which might dissolve some organic chemicals and in theory could reduce both gastric motility and gastric absorption. Such a brew would have more consumer appeal than charcoal, would combine adsorption and neutralization and, if prepackaged for addition to first-aid kits, would be less likely to end up in the afternoon cup of tea than evaporated milk. The need for developing such an antidote is reinforced by the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act, which requires the supplier to provide information on the potential health hazards of a market product with advice on appropriate first-aid treatment to protect against it. Although the induction of vomiting by first aiders is an unreliable and sometimes hazardous procedure, there are a few chemicals which are so toxic and rapidly acting that death will follow if they are not evacuated from the stomach immediately. Two examples are sodium cyanide, which is a common industrial processing reagent, and some of the more active organophosphorus compounds, such as Phosdrin. For sodium cyanide the oral antidote is a mixture of the familiar solutions A and B which act by rapid intragastric conversion of the cyanide ion to a harmless inactive form. It is a great pity that the Health and Safety Executive no longer advise its use in their revised cyanide poisoning ","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"129 1","pages":"772 - 778"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/003591577707001107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64930850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1977-11-01DOI: 10.1177/003591577707001110
Augusto Sousa, ›. A. Gomes, Adrián Borrego González, Afonso Gonçalves, ›. A. Gero, Il, ›. A. Cardoso, ›. A. Tepljakov, ›. A. Bernardino, ›. A. Chirico, ›. A. Loja, Ana Lúcia Faria, ›. A. Trigo, ›. A. Xavier, Andrés F. Fidalgo, ›. A. Gaggioli, Antonio Marín Hernandez, António Mendes Lopes, ›. A. Pascoal, ›. A. Marques, ›. A. Peixoto, ›. Santos, ›. B. Patrão, ›. C. González, C. P. Leão, ›. C. Teixeira, ›. C. Geiger, ›. D. Vrancic, ›. D. Barros, Doru Ursutiu, D. Šešlija, E. Petlenkov, F. Chouzal, Félix García Loro, F. Almeida, Filomena Soares, ›. F. J. Franco, F. Schauer, F. Sandnes, F. Constantin, G. G. Mandayo, G. R. Meza, G. Farias, Gustavo R. Alves, H. Saliah-Hassane, Héctor Vargas, Hélia Guerra, Horácio Fernandes, ›. J. Steinbrener, J. Garcia-Zubia, J. Chacón, J. Quintas, ›. J. Sousa, ›. J. Viegas, J. C. Gámez, J. Henriques, ›. J. Latorre, Jorge Lobo, J. Silva, José I. Suárez, J. L. H. Agustín, Es, ›. J. M. P. Ortega, ›. J. S. Moreno, De, ›. J. J. G. Dominguez, Br, ›. J. Franuszkiewicz, Karla Figueiredo
sensitivity reactions to them must still be regarded as inconclusive. On the other hand, it may be that the previous exposure to barbiturates had been too long ago to leave residual sensitivity. However, only 5 % of the surgical population were known to have been exposed to Althesin previously, whereas in those reacting to Althesin approximately 50% had been so exposed. This suggests that previous exposure to Althesin may be a causative factor in hypersensitivity reactions to this agent. In summary, these data suggest a positive association between a history of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions to anesthesia. There is slight evidence to suggest that previous exposure to barbiturates is relevant to reactions to thiopentone, but reactions to Althesin do occur more commonly in patients who have been exposed to Althesin than would be expected by chance.
{"title":"Paper","authors":"Augusto Sousa, ›. A. Gomes, Adrián Borrego González, Afonso Gonçalves, ›. A. Gero, Il, ›. A. Cardoso, ›. A. Tepljakov, ›. A. Bernardino, ›. A. Chirico, ›. A. Loja, Ana Lúcia Faria, ›. A. Trigo, ›. A. Xavier, Andrés F. Fidalgo, ›. A. Gaggioli, Antonio Marín Hernandez, António Mendes Lopes, ›. A. Pascoal, ›. A. Marques, ›. A. Peixoto, ›. Santos, ›. B. Patrão, ›. C. González, C. P. Leão, ›. C. Teixeira, ›. C. Geiger, ›. D. Vrancic, ›. D. Barros, Doru Ursutiu, D. Šešlija, E. Petlenkov, F. Chouzal, Félix García Loro, F. Almeida, Filomena Soares, ›. F. J. Franco, F. Schauer, F. Sandnes, F. Constantin, G. G. Mandayo, G. R. Meza, G. Farias, Gustavo R. Alves, H. Saliah-Hassane, Héctor Vargas, Hélia Guerra, Horácio Fernandes, ›. J. Steinbrener, J. Garcia-Zubia, J. Chacón, J. Quintas, ›. J. Sousa, ›. J. Viegas, J. C. Gámez, J. Henriques, ›. J. Latorre, Jorge Lobo, J. Silva, José I. Suárez, J. L. H. Agustín, Es, ›. J. M. P. Ortega, ›. J. S. Moreno, De, ›. J. J. G. Dominguez, Br, ›. J. Franuszkiewicz, Karla Figueiredo","doi":"10.1177/003591577707001110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/003591577707001110","url":null,"abstract":"sensitivity reactions to them must still be regarded as inconclusive. On the other hand, it may be that the previous exposure to barbiturates had been too long ago to leave residual sensitivity. However, only 5 % of the surgical population were known to have been exposed to Althesin previously, whereas in those reacting to Althesin approximately 50% had been so exposed. This suggests that previous exposure to Althesin may be a causative factor in hypersensitivity reactions to this agent. In summary, these data suggest a positive association between a history of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions to anesthesia. There is slight evidence to suggest that previous exposure to barbiturates is relevant to reactions to thiopentone, but reactions to Althesin do occur more commonly in patients who have been exposed to Althesin than would be expected by chance.","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"82 1","pages":"784 - 788"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/003591577707001110","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64930982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Academic General Practice: Is it Relevant?","authors":"B B Reiss","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"827"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543469/pdf/procrsmed00089-0103a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29326926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Section of medical and dental hypnosis.","authors":"G W Smith","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"829"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543477/pdf/procrsmed00089-0105a.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29326929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"First-aid treatment of accidentally ingested poisons in industry.","authors":"J M Gilks","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76359,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine","volume":"70 11","pages":"770-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1977-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1543463/pdf/procrsmed00089-0028.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11803649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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