Pub Date : 1979-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10671315.1979.10615608
M. Roberton, L. E. Halverson, S. Langendorfer, K. Williams
Abstract Longitudinal changes in horizontal ball velocities of 54 children performing the overarm throw for force were examined from kindergarten through second grade using a repeated measures ANOVA. The boys' ball velocity increased by 5 feet/second each year; the girls' increased by 3 feet/second; the change over years was significant (p < .05) as was the Sex × Year interaction (p < .05). These changes could be considered meaningful “longitudinal units of change,” which future intervention studies should have the statistical power to detect and thus could assess results in terms of the number of “developmental years” their subjects had improved. Since boys and girls differed in their yearly developmental progress, the authors concluded that treatment effects should be evaluated separately for the sexes. No long-term effects of a kindergarten teaching intervention program were detected in the ball velocities at first and second grade. Year-to-year correlations indicated a modest tendency for the children...
{"title":"Longitudinal changes in children's overarm throw ball velocities.","authors":"M. Roberton, L. E. Halverson, S. Langendorfer, K. Williams","doi":"10.1080/10671315.1979.10615608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1979.10615608","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Longitudinal changes in horizontal ball velocities of 54 children performing the overarm throw for force were examined from kindergarten through second grade using a repeated measures ANOVA. The boys' ball velocity increased by 5 feet/second each year; the girls' increased by 3 feet/second; the change over years was significant (p < .05) as was the Sex × Year interaction (p < .05). These changes could be considered meaningful “longitudinal units of change,” which future intervention studies should have the statistical power to detect and thus could assess results in terms of the number of “developmental years” their subjects had improved. Since boys and girls differed in their yearly developmental progress, the authors concluded that treatment effects should be evaluated separately for the sexes. No long-term effects of a kindergarten teaching intervention program were detected in the ball velocities at first and second grade. Year-to-year correlations indicated a modest tendency for the children...","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"72 1","pages":"256-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83943713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10671315.1979.10615609
Stephen A. Wallace, Richard W. Hagler
Abstract Gentile (1972) holds that knowledge of performance (KP) is the most effective form of information for the acquisition of a closed skill. To test this prediction, one group of subjects was given both KP and knowledge of results (KR) and the other group was given KR and verbal encouragement following each basketball shooting trial with the nondominant hand. The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of both groups in the skill acquisition phase, but a significantly higher level of performance by the KP + KR group following verbal feedback withdrawal. It was concluded that KP is a strong feedback source in the acquisition of a closed motor skill.
{"title":"Knowledge of performance and the learning of a closed motor skill.","authors":"Stephen A. Wallace, Richard W. Hagler","doi":"10.1080/10671315.1979.10615609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1979.10615609","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Gentile (1972) holds that knowledge of performance (KP) is the most effective form of information for the acquisition of a closed skill. To test this prediction, one group of subjects was given both KP and knowledge of results (KR) and the other group was given KR and verbal encouragement following each basketball shooting trial with the nondominant hand. The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of both groups in the skill acquisition phase, but a significantly higher level of performance by the KP + KR group following verbal feedback withdrawal. It was concluded that KP is a strong feedback source in the acquisition of a closed motor skill.","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"22 1","pages":"265-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78765345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Measuring grip pressure during the golf swing.","authors":"D R Budney","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"50 2","pages":"272-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11675743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10671315.1979.10615597
J. A. Baker, C. A. Putnam
Abstract Selected responses of a tennis racket and ball during the impact phase were investigated in an attempt to establish the influence of grip firmness on ball velocity after impact. Two extreme conditions of grip firmness were considered: (a) when the grip of the racket was firmly clamped to a rigid metal support frame and (b) when the racket was allowed to stand freely on its butt with no other means of support. The study was conducted in two parts: 1. Three multiple-exposure photographs were taken of ball impacts on a variety of rackets with different constructions, flexibilities, string types, and string tensions under the two conditions of grip firmness. Measurements were taken from enlargements of these photographs in order to calculate the horizontal component of post- to pre-impact ball velocity. 2. A high-speed cinematographic analysis was conducted of one ball-racket impact under both conditions of grip firmness. It was found that the magnitude of the impulse applied by the racket to the bal...
{"title":"Tennis racket and ball responses during impact under clamped and freestanding conditions.","authors":"J. A. Baker, C. A. Putnam","doi":"10.1080/10671315.1979.10615597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1979.10615597","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Selected responses of a tennis racket and ball during the impact phase were investigated in an attempt to establish the influence of grip firmness on ball velocity after impact. Two extreme conditions of grip firmness were considered: (a) when the grip of the racket was firmly clamped to a rigid metal support frame and (b) when the racket was allowed to stand freely on its butt with no other means of support. The study was conducted in two parts: 1. Three multiple-exposure photographs were taken of ball impacts on a variety of rackets with different constructions, flexibilities, string types, and string tensions under the two conditions of grip firmness. Measurements were taken from enlargements of these photographs in order to calculate the horizontal component of post- to pre-impact ball velocity. 2. A high-speed cinematographic analysis was conducted of one ball-racket impact under both conditions of grip firmness. It was found that the magnitude of the impulse applied by the racket to the bal...","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"166 1","pages":"164-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75249577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10671315.1979.10615598
D. Budney, D. G. Bellow
Abstract A dynamic model of the golf swing is used to analyze the effect changes of “swing weight” and club type have on the forces, power, and work exerted by a golfer. The dynamic model demonstrates the significance of various equipment types as well as some modifications to the equipment. The model is also used to show how club head speed and the forces exerted by the golfer are changed by a slight modification to the kinematics of a real golf swing. On the basis of mathematical analysis, it is shown that the effect of drag on a golf swing is negligible, and that adding weight to the handle of a club to maintain “swing weight” has little effect on the forces exerted by a golfer. It is also shown that for the same club head speed, a graphite driver requires less effort than an ordinary driver.
{"title":"Kinetic analysis of a golf swing.","authors":"D. Budney, D. G. Bellow","doi":"10.1080/10671315.1979.10615598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1979.10615598","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A dynamic model of the golf swing is used to analyze the effect changes of “swing weight” and club type have on the forces, power, and work exerted by a golfer. The dynamic model demonstrates the significance of various equipment types as well as some modifications to the equipment. The model is also used to show how club head speed and the forces exerted by the golfer are changed by a slight modification to the kinematics of a real golf swing. On the basis of mathematical analysis, it is shown that the effect of drag on a golf swing is negligible, and that adding weight to the handle of a club to maintain “swing weight” has little effect on the forces exerted by a golfer. It is also shown that for the same club head speed, a graphite driver requires less effort than an ordinary driver.","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"58 1","pages":"171-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89492818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1979-05-01DOI: 10.1080/10671315.1979.10615602
J. Gruber, D. Beauchamp
Abstract The relevance of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory was determined by having all 12 women varsity basketball players at the University of Kentucky complete the instrument 16 different times. The players completed the inventory before and after two baseline practice sessions and before and after three easy and three crucial games. The team won all three easy games and lost all three crucial games. Coefficients of internal consistency were rather high, ranging from .74 to .94 for 15 test sessions, and coefficients of stability were rather low. Scores on the instrument were indicative of changes in anxiety states before and after competition: State anxiety was significantly reduced after all games that were won but remained high after all three games that were lost. The girls were significantly more anxious before the crucial games when compared to the easy games. It is concluded that the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory is quite suitable for repeated assessment of athletes in a competitive ...
{"title":"Relevancy of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory in sport environment.","authors":"J. Gruber, D. Beauchamp","doi":"10.1080/10671315.1979.10615602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10671315.1979.10615602","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The relevance of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory was determined by having all 12 women varsity basketball players at the University of Kentucky complete the instrument 16 different times. The players completed the inventory before and after two baseline practice sessions and before and after three easy and three crucial games. The team won all three easy games and lost all three crucial games. Coefficients of internal consistency were rather high, ranging from .74 to .94 for 15 test sessions, and coefficients of stability were rather low. Scores on the instrument were indicative of changes in anxiety states before and after competition: State anxiety was significantly reduced after all games that were won but remained high after all three games that were lost. The girls were significantly more anxious before the crucial games when compared to the easy games. It is concluded that the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory is quite suitable for repeated assessment of athletes in a competitive ...","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"5 1","pages":"207-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87943388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Novel response production as a function of variability and amount of practice.","authors":"W S Husak, T G Reeve","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"50 2","pages":"215-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11675736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Testing homogeneity among judges of diving.","authors":"J H McCormick, P Subbaiah","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76424,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly","volume":"50 2","pages":"278-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11675744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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