Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.2.213.17262
D. Hall, B. Farber
The primary aim of the present study was to identify those issues that patients do and don’t discuss in therapy, as well as factors that affect disclosure. A total of 147 patients currently in therapy completed a battery of demographic and self-report measures, including the Disclosure to Therapist Inventory-Revised, an 80-item scale. Results indicated that patients most extensively discuss aspects of their personalities that they dislike or worry about, characteristics of their parents that they dislike, and feelings of depression or despair. Least discussed issues tend to be sexual in nature, including sexual feelings or fantasies about one’s therapist and interest in pornography. The two factors that emerged as most strongly predictive of overall disclosure were length of time in therapy and strength of the therapeutic alliance. Findings confirm the importance of long-term therapy in allowing clients to access deep-seated concerns and fears.
{"title":"Patterns of patient disclosure in psychotherapy.","authors":"D. Hall, B. Farber","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.2.213.17262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.2.213.17262","url":null,"abstract":"The primary aim of the present study was to identify those issues that patients do and don’t discuss in therapy, as well as factors that affect disclosure. A total of 147 patients currently in therapy completed a battery of demographic and self-report measures, including the Disclosure to Therapist Inventory-Revised, an 80-item scale. Results indicated that patients most extensively discuss aspects of their personalities that they dislike or worry about, characteristics of their parents that they dislike, and feelings of depression or despair. Least discussed issues tend to be sexual in nature, including sexual feelings or fantasies about one’s therapist and interest in pornography. The two factors that emerged as most strongly predictive of overall disclosure were length of time in therapy and strength of the therapeutic alliance. Findings confirm the importance of long-term therapy in allowing clients to access deep-seated concerns and fears.","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"213-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85431492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.3.403.17298
R. Chessick
In this article I have discussed what philosophers formally call subdoxastic about. Subdoxastic states are unconscious states about something that lead to conscious beliefs and conscious experiences. In the field of psychoanalysis Sullivan's (1953) "malevolent transformation" is a simple example of this. We all known how patients who have unconsciously undergone this kind of transformation of beliefs about people often appear more or less openly, depending on how well they are able to hide it, to be paranoid, suspicious, angry, and mistrustful of everybody, with the result that their conscious behavior and attitude alienate people and drive them away, resulting in experiences serving to verify the patients' beliefs. Psychoanalysts, we hope, are more subtle. Because they operate in a situation where there is little consensual validation and public scrutiny, the temptation to such syndromes as "compromise of integrity" or "partial private schemata" is very strong, leading to enactments that can be damaging to both patient and analyst and ultimately to burnout, as I have described it in this article. It is necessary, therefore, for analysts to keep a careful check on their conscious value systems and beliefs and to maintain continuing self-analysis for the subdoxastic factors that shape such beliefs. It is not possible to hide this from patients, and we must assume that sooner or later the patient gets to know the analyst pretty well. Analysts displaying the syndromes just mentioned, which are more subtle than ordinary character pathology such as that which forms the all-too-pervasive narcissistic analyst, may not even be aware they are doing so if they do not maintain a continual self-scrutiny, and if they do not pay close attention to their patients' material. This material--the patients' dreams, free associations, behavior, and enactments in the analytic process--often reflects not only transference but also constitutes a response to the analyst's unconscious and conscious value systems, which in turn are based on the subdoxastic factors that make the analyst the person that he or she is. Some patients may even precipitate crises or other situations that test the analyst's value system and force the analyst to display his or her secret self in immediate decisions that cannot be avoided. This is especially true if the patient is frightened or terribly threatened by factors in the secret self of the analyst; in this situation the patient may behave like a child who knows his or her father or mother is really very angry under a seemingly calm exterior, and as a result the child deliberately precipitates a display of that parental anger to get it out on the surface, get it over with, and reduce the child's anxiety. I have called for a genealogical study of analysts' choices of theoretical orientation in various cultures, and herein I am calling for a study of the subdoxastic factors in each individual analyst's theoretical orientation. Every theoreti
{"title":"The secret life of the psychoanalyst.","authors":"R. Chessick","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.3.403.17298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.3.403.17298","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I have discussed what philosophers formally call subdoxastic about. Subdoxastic states are unconscious states about something that lead to conscious beliefs and conscious experiences. In the field of psychoanalysis Sullivan's (1953) \"malevolent transformation\" is a simple example of this. We all known how patients who have unconsciously undergone this kind of transformation of beliefs about people often appear more or less openly, depending on how well they are able to hide it, to be paranoid, suspicious, angry, and mistrustful of everybody, with the result that their conscious behavior and attitude alienate people and drive them away, resulting in experiences serving to verify the patients' beliefs. Psychoanalysts, we hope, are more subtle. Because they operate in a situation where there is little consensual validation and public scrutiny, the temptation to such syndromes as \"compromise of integrity\" or \"partial private schemata\" is very strong, leading to enactments that can be damaging to both patient and analyst and ultimately to burnout, as I have described it in this article. It is necessary, therefore, for analysts to keep a careful check on their conscious value systems and beliefs and to maintain continuing self-analysis for the subdoxastic factors that shape such beliefs. It is not possible to hide this from patients, and we must assume that sooner or later the patient gets to know the analyst pretty well. Analysts displaying the syndromes just mentioned, which are more subtle than ordinary character pathology such as that which forms the all-too-pervasive narcissistic analyst, may not even be aware they are doing so if they do not maintain a continual self-scrutiny, and if they do not pay close attention to their patients' material. This material--the patients' dreams, free associations, behavior, and enactments in the analytic process--often reflects not only transference but also constitutes a response to the analyst's unconscious and conscious value systems, which in turn are based on the subdoxastic factors that make the analyst the person that he or she is. Some patients may even precipitate crises or other situations that test the analyst's value system and force the analyst to display his or her secret self in immediate decisions that cannot be avoided. This is especially true if the patient is frightened or terribly threatened by factors in the secret self of the analyst; in this situation the patient may behave like a child who knows his or her father or mother is really very angry under a seemingly calm exterior, and as a result the child deliberately precipitates a display of that parental anger to get it out on the surface, get it over with, and reduce the child's anxiety. I have called for a genealogical study of analysts' choices of theoretical orientation in various cultures, and herein I am calling for a study of the subdoxastic factors in each individual analyst's theoretical orientation. Every theoreti","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"125 1","pages":"403-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82132584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.4.617.21551
M. Bacciagaluppi
*President, OPIFER (Organizzazione di Psicoanalisti Italiani—Federazione e Registro), Florence, Italy. This article was presented at the XI International Forum of Psychoanalysis, which was sponsored by the IFPS (International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies), took place on May 4–7, 2000, at the New York Marriott/Brooklyn, and was dedicated to the memory of Erich Fromm, to mark the centennial of his birth (March 23, 1900). It is fitting that the meeting was hosted by the William Alanson White Society, since Fromm was one of the cofounders of the WAW Institute.
意大利心理分析联合会主席，佛罗伦萨，意大利。这篇文章是在第十一届国际精神分析论坛上发表的，该论坛由IFPS(国际精神分析学会联合会)赞助，于2000年5月4日至7日在纽约万豪酒店/布鲁克林举行，旨在纪念埃里希·弗洛姆，以纪念他的百年诞辰(1900年3月23日)。这次会议由威廉·阿伦森·怀特协会(William Alanson White Society)主办是合适的，因为弗洛姆是世界大战研究所的联合创始人之一。
{"title":"Fromm's concern with feminine values.","authors":"M. Bacciagaluppi","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.4.617.21551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.4.617.21551","url":null,"abstract":"*President, OPIFER (Organizzazione di Psicoanalisti Italiani—Federazione e Registro), Florence, Italy. This article was presented at the XI International Forum of Psychoanalysis, which was sponsored by the IFPS (International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies), took place on May 4–7, 2000, at the New York Marriott/Brooklyn, and was dedicated to the memory of Erich Fromm, to mark the centennial of his birth (March 23, 1900). It is fitting that the meeting was hosted by the William Alanson White Society, since Fromm was one of the cofounders of the WAW Institute.","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"133 1","pages":"617-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75981752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.4.565.21538
J. Rubin
{"title":"Countertransference factors in the psychology of psychopharmacology.","authors":"J. Rubin","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.4.565.21538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.4.565.21538","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"35 5 1","pages":"565-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77232353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.4.633.21542
S. Schwartz
This article was originally conceived as an examination of the psychological forces, both constructive and pathological, that take place in the world of collecting, evaluating, marketing, and restoring rare objects. Although this is made timely by the news being full of scandals surrounding auction houses, museum acquisitions, forgeries, and stolen property, I wondered about the value of a study of these issues for mental health professionals. To my delight (for the article anyway), these egomaniacal power struggles are easily transferable to everyday interactions with patients, colleagues, supervisors, and competitors. Our need to maintain a sense of uniqueness, and our vindictive struggle when it gets threatened invade every area of our lives. Having something desirable creates security and strength, while lacking or envying create gaping lacunae. This universal human attribute spans all societies and belief systems. Therefore, we all collect. We collect knowledge, we collect techniques, we collect honors and degrees, we collect clothes and shoes, we collect experiences, we even collect friends. There is nothing cheap or tawdry about feeling safe with what we can rely on as being ours, so while being more specifically directed toward art collecting, this paper can apply to multiple areas of human communication and how it can break down in the face of a threat to ego integrity. Collecting, as a sociopsychological phenomenon, is as old as the process of creativity. As soon as humans could conceptualize the idea of beauty, the acquisition of a beautiful object would guarantee present and future enjoyment, in the knowledge that it is always reachable, and that the experience of it is infinitely repeatable. On a primitive level, the fact that certain marsupials store food for the winter would perhaps demonstrate the instinctual need to provide for the future so as to afford the opportunity of eating even when food is not externally available. The main difference between this instinctual collecting and carnivorous attacks by predators lies in the concept of investment, future use. The lion
{"title":"Narcissism in collecting art and antiques.","authors":"S. Schwartz","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.4.633.21542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.4.633.21542","url":null,"abstract":"This article was originally conceived as an examination of the psychological forces, both constructive and pathological, that take place in the world of collecting, evaluating, marketing, and restoring rare objects. Although this is made timely by the news being full of scandals surrounding auction houses, museum acquisitions, forgeries, and stolen property, I wondered about the value of a study of these issues for mental health professionals. To my delight (for the article anyway), these egomaniacal power struggles are easily transferable to everyday interactions with patients, colleagues, supervisors, and competitors. Our need to maintain a sense of uniqueness, and our vindictive struggle when it gets threatened invade every area of our lives. Having something desirable creates security and strength, while lacking or envying create gaping lacunae. This universal human attribute spans all societies and belief systems. Therefore, we all collect. We collect knowledge, we collect techniques, we collect honors and degrees, we collect clothes and shoes, we collect experiences, we even collect friends. There is nothing cheap or tawdry about feeling safe with what we can rely on as being ours, so while being more specifically directed toward art collecting, this paper can apply to multiple areas of human communication and how it can break down in the face of a threat to ego integrity. Collecting, as a sociopsychological phenomenon, is as old as the process of creativity. As soon as humans could conceptualize the idea of beauty, the acquisition of a beautiful object would guarantee present and future enjoyment, in the knowledge that it is always reachable, and that the experience of it is infinitely repeatable. On a primitive level, the fact that certain marsupials store food for the winter would perhaps demonstrate the instinctual need to provide for the future so as to afford the opportunity of eating even when food is not externally available. The main difference between this instinctual collecting and carnivorous attacks by predators lies in the concept of investment, future use. The lion","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"48 1","pages":"633-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86085989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.3.457.17299
S. Guinjoan, D. R. Ross, L. Perinot, V. Maritato, M. Jordá-Fahrer, R. Fahrer
{"title":"The use of transitional objects in self-directed aggression by patients with borderline personality disorder, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia nervosa.","authors":"S. Guinjoan, D. R. Ross, L. Perinot, V. Maritato, M. Jordá-Fahrer, R. Fahrer","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.3.457.17299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.3.457.17299","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"4 1","pages":"457-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87569260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.1.33.17184
B. L. Cristy
{"title":"Wounded healer: the impact of a therapist's illness on the therapeutic situation.","authors":"B. L. Cristy","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.1.33.17184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.1.33.17184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75117558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.2.305.17267
A. Silver
Eugene O’Neill’s finest play, Long Day’s Journey Into Night, owes enormously to the direct and personal influence of two American psychoanalysts, Smith Ely Jelliffe and Gilbert VanTassel Hamilton. Each independently taught O’Neill as well as some of his co-workers psychoanalytic theory, and collaborated in projects leading to publications. Jelliffe and Hamilton steered O’Neill and his colleagues to the writings of Freud, Jung, Edward Kempf, and Adolf Meyer, and discussed the material with them. Thus, their orientation and therapeutic efforts infuse this American classic. Eugene O’Neill, a Nobel laureate often cited as the “father of American drama” (Gassner, 1967), spotlighted the troubled family, writing first of families in crises and later depicting them over many generations. Fascinated by family dynamics, he had embarked on a series of nine plays he called “the Cycle,” involving a single family line spanning 150 years, including their transition from Old to New World (Sheaffer, 1968; Weissman, 1957). Long Day’s Journey into Night is not in the Cycle, but it is O’Neill’s own autobiographic family drama. Dedicating the play to his wife, Carlotta, O’Neill wrote, “I mean it as a tribute to your love and tenderness which gave me the faith in love that enabled me to face my dead at last and write this play—write it with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness for all the four haunted Tyrones” (O’Neill, 1956, p. 7). O’Neill acknowledged that writing the play let him work through his conflictual feelings toward his family. Thus, the play illustrates the principles of reparation in a creative act as defined by Chasseguet-Smirgel (1984, p. 405).
尤金·奥尼尔最好的剧本《漫长的白昼之旅》，很大程度上受到了两位美国精神分析学家史密斯·伊利·杰里夫和吉尔伯特·万塔塞尔·汉密尔顿的直接和个人影响。他们各自独立地教授奥尼尔和他的一些同事精神分析理论，并在一些项目上进行合作，最终出版了作品。杰里夫和汉密尔顿引导奥尼尔及其同事阅读弗洛伊德、荣格、爱德华·肯普夫和阿道夫·迈耶的著作，并与他们讨论这些材料。因此，他们的取向和治疗努力注入了这个美国经典。尤金·奥尼尔是一位诺贝尔奖获得者，常被誉为“美国戏剧之父”(加斯纳，1967)，他关注的是这个陷入困境的家庭，他先是写危机中的家庭，后来又描绘了几代人的家庭。被家庭动态所吸引，他开始创作一系列九部戏剧，他称之为“循环”，涉及一个跨越150年的单一家庭，包括他们从旧世界到新世界的转变(Sheaffer, 1968;斯曼,1957)。《漫漫长夜之旅》不在《循环》之列，但它是奥尼尔自己的自传体家庭剧。奥尼尔把这部剧献给了他的妻子卡洛塔，他写道:“我的意思是，这是对你的爱和温柔的致敬，你给了我对爱的信念，使我最终能够面对我的死者，并写了这部剧——带着深深的同情、理解和宽恕所有四个被纠缠的蒂龙”(奥尼尔，1956年，第7页)。奥尼尔承认，写这部剧让他克服了对家庭的矛盾感情。因此，该剧阐明了Chasseguet-Smirgel (1984, p. 405)所定义的创造性行为中的补偿原则。
{"title":"American psychoanalysts who influenced Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night.","authors":"A. Silver","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.2.305.17267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.2.305.17267","url":null,"abstract":"Eugene O’Neill’s finest play, Long Day’s Journey Into Night, owes enormously to the direct and personal influence of two American psychoanalysts, Smith Ely Jelliffe and Gilbert VanTassel Hamilton. Each independently taught O’Neill as well as some of his co-workers psychoanalytic theory, and collaborated in projects leading to publications. Jelliffe and Hamilton steered O’Neill and his colleagues to the writings of Freud, Jung, Edward Kempf, and Adolf Meyer, and discussed the material with them. Thus, their orientation and therapeutic efforts infuse this American classic. Eugene O’Neill, a Nobel laureate often cited as the “father of American drama” (Gassner, 1967), spotlighted the troubled family, writing first of families in crises and later depicting them over many generations. Fascinated by family dynamics, he had embarked on a series of nine plays he called “the Cycle,” involving a single family line spanning 150 years, including their transition from Old to New World (Sheaffer, 1968; Weissman, 1957). Long Day’s Journey into Night is not in the Cycle, but it is O’Neill’s own autobiographic family drama. Dedicating the play to his wife, Carlotta, O’Neill wrote, “I mean it as a tribute to your love and tenderness which gave me the faith in love that enabled me to face my dead at last and write this play—write it with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness for all the four haunted Tyrones” (O’Neill, 1956, p. 7). O’Neill acknowledged that writing the play let him work through his conflictual feelings toward his family. Thus, the play illustrates the principles of reparation in a creative act as defined by Chasseguet-Smirgel (1984, p. 405).","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"1 1","pages":"305-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75246128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.2.245.17259
R. Abramson
Guidelines for the treatment of psychotic conditions currently emphasize psychopharmacology and supportive individual and family counseling as well as environmental approaches (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1997). In the past three decades psychoanalytic therapeutic approaches to the treatment of these conditions have bccn regarded as ineffective, except in rare cases (Davis and Andriukaitis, 1986; Hogarty et al., 1986; Kane, 1987). The thrust of these guidelines is reflected by criteria that managed care organizations (MCOs) use to approve or disallow treatment services (Merit Behavioral Care, 1997). These criteria prescribe the use of medication combined with a psychotherapeutic approach that emphasizes brief treatment directed toward behaviorally measurable goals (United Behavioral Health, 1999). The uncovering of emotional life and the reconstruction of past experiences having emotional consequences in the present, characteristic of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy, are regarded as irrelevant in some cases and, in other cases, as disorganizing and therefore counter-therapeutic. Differences of opinion as to the relevance of psychoanalysis in the treatment of schizophrenia and related conditions goes back over 100 years. Freud (1911) did not attempt to treat primitive psychoses with psychoanalysis, and current biopsychiatry sees itself in the tradition of Kraeplin (1907), whose methods were descriptive and biological. Bleuler (1911), however, did apply psychoanalytic principles and a more intrapsychic approach to the understanding and treatment of patients with schizophrenia and other major mental disorders. In the first 65 years of the twentieth century, until the advent of effectivc psychopharmacology and cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies, psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic treatment were the only systematic treatments of mental disorders that had some effectiveness; therefore, these approaches continued to be used in the treatment of major mental illnesses. Such approaches remained controversial, but those who engaged in them reported strongly beneficial outcomes (Fromm-Reichman, 1948; Giovac
目前精神疾病的治疗指南强调精神药理学、支持性个人和家庭咨询以及环境方法(美国精神病学协会[APA]， 1997)。在过去的三十年中，除了在极少数情况下，治疗这些疾病的精神分析治疗方法被认为是无效的(Davis和Andriukaitis, 1986;Hogarty et al.， 1986;凯恩,1987)。这些指导方针的主旨反映在管理式护理组织(MCOs)用来批准或禁止治疗服务的标准上(Merit Behavioral care, 1997)。这些标准规定使用药物和心理治疗相结合的方法，强调针对行为可测量目标的简短治疗(联合行为健康，1999年)。情感生活的揭示和对过去经历的重建会对现在产生情感影响，这是精神分析和精神分析治疗的特征，在某些情况下被认为是无关紧要的，在其他情况下，被认为是混乱的，因此是反治疗的。关于精神分析在治疗精神分裂症和相关疾病中的相关性的意见分歧可以追溯到100多年前。弗洛伊德(1911)并没有试图用精神分析来治疗原始精神病，而当前的生物精神病学认为自己是在Kraeplin(1907)的传统中，他的方法是描述性的和生物学的。然而，Bleuler(1911)确实运用了精神分析原理和一种更内在的方法来理解和治疗精神分裂症和其他主要精神障碍患者。在20世纪的前65年，直到有效的精神药理学以及认知和行为心理疗法出现之前，精神分析和精神分析治疗是唯一对精神障碍有一定效果的系统治疗;因此，这些方法继续用于治疗重大精神疾病。这些方法仍然存在争议，但那些参与其中的人报告了非常有益的结果(Fromm-Reichman, 1948;Giovac
{"title":"A cost-effective psychoanalytic treatment of a severely disturbed woman.","authors":"R. Abramson","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.2.245.17259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.2.245.17259","url":null,"abstract":"Guidelines for the treatment of psychotic conditions currently emphasize psychopharmacology and supportive individual and family counseling as well as environmental approaches (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1997). In the past three decades psychoanalytic therapeutic approaches to the treatment of these conditions have bccn regarded as ineffective, except in rare cases (Davis and Andriukaitis, 1986; Hogarty et al., 1986; Kane, 1987). The thrust of these guidelines is reflected by criteria that managed care organizations (MCOs) use to approve or disallow treatment services (Merit Behavioral Care, 1997). These criteria prescribe the use of medication combined with a psychotherapeutic approach that emphasizes brief treatment directed toward behaviorally measurable goals (United Behavioral Health, 1999). The uncovering of emotional life and the reconstruction of past experiences having emotional consequences in the present, characteristic of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy, are regarded as irrelevant in some cases and, in other cases, as disorganizing and therefore counter-therapeutic. Differences of opinion as to the relevance of psychoanalysis in the treatment of schizophrenia and related conditions goes back over 100 years. Freud (1911) did not attempt to treat primitive psychoses with psychoanalysis, and current biopsychiatry sees itself in the tradition of Kraeplin (1907), whose methods were descriptive and biological. Bleuler (1911), however, did apply psychoanalytic principles and a more intrapsychic approach to the understanding and treatment of patients with schizophrenia and other major mental disorders. In the first 65 years of the twentieth century, until the advent of effectivc psychopharmacology and cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies, psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic treatment were the only systematic treatments of mental disorders that had some effectiveness; therefore, these approaches continued to be used in the treatment of major mental illnesses. Such approaches remained controversial, but those who engaged in them reported strongly beneficial outcomes (Fromm-Reichman, 1948; Giovac","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"101 1","pages":"245-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75744440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1521/JAAP.29.1.113.17186
B. Schaffner
{"title":"Androgyny in Indian art and culture: psychoanalytic implications.","authors":"B. Schaffner","doi":"10.1521/JAAP.29.1.113.17186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1521/JAAP.29.1.113.17186","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76662,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis","volume":"36 1","pages":"113-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87596595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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