Molham A. Elbakary, Reham R. Shabana, Heba M. Shafik
Background: Ocular irritation remains the main disadvantage of the sutured conjunctival graft after pterygium excision. Evaluation of the severity of these manifestations can be helpful for better patient counselling about the expected postoperative course.Aim: To evaluate the manifestations of ocular irritation in patients treated by pterygium excision with sutured conjunctival autograft.Setting: A prospective interventional case series that evaluated the postoperative manifestations of ocular irritation in pterygium patients.Methods: Twenty-five pterygium patients were treated by pterygium excision with vicryl 8/0 sutured conjunctival autograft. The severity of postoperative foreign body sensation, pain, watering, and localised hyperemia involving the nasal conjunctival quadrant were evaluated, scored, and graded.Results: The main reported symptom was foreign body sensation, with a mean grade of 1.9 ± 0.54 recorded 3 to 4 days postoperatively, which declined one week postoperatively to a mean of 1 ± 0.45. Mild to moderate tolerable symptoms were reported in 92% at the first postoperative visit with an average score of 5 ± 1.05, which declined to an average of 1.4 ± 0.52 at one week, with all the patients reporting minimal symptoms. At the end of the follow-up, the mean index of localised nasal conjunctival hyperaemia was 2.5 ± 0.39. Recurrence was recorded in one patient (4%). No other complications were encountered.Conclusion: Sutured conjunctival autograft can be used safely with tolerable short-term minimal to moderate manifestations of ocular irritation with no significant complications.
{"title":"Manifestations of ocular irritation after pterygium surgery with sutured conjunctival autograft","authors":"Molham A. Elbakary, Reham R. Shabana, Heba M. Shafik","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.799","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ocular irritation remains the main disadvantage of the sutured conjunctival graft after pterygium excision. Evaluation of the severity of these manifestations can be helpful for better patient counselling about the expected postoperative course.Aim: To evaluate the manifestations of ocular irritation in patients treated by pterygium excision with sutured conjunctival autograft.Setting: A prospective interventional case series that evaluated the postoperative manifestations of ocular irritation in pterygium patients.Methods: Twenty-five pterygium patients were treated by pterygium excision with vicryl 8/0 sutured conjunctival autograft. The severity of postoperative foreign body sensation, pain, watering, and localised hyperemia involving the nasal conjunctival quadrant were evaluated, scored, and graded.Results: The main reported symptom was foreign body sensation, with a mean grade of 1.9 ± 0.54 recorded 3 to 4 days postoperatively, which declined one week postoperatively to a mean of 1 ± 0.45. Mild to moderate tolerable symptoms were reported in 92% at the first postoperative visit with an average score of 5 ± 1.05, which declined to an average of 1.4 ± 0.52 at one week, with all the patients reporting minimal symptoms. At the end of the follow-up, the mean index of localised nasal conjunctival hyperaemia was 2.5 ± 0.39. Recurrence was recorded in one patient (4%). No other complications were encountered.Conclusion: Sutured conjunctival autograft can be used safely with tolerable short-term minimal to moderate manifestations of ocular irritation with no significant complications.","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82304837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Atima O. Mayor, I. Ugbede, Komolafe Oyeronke, Emmanuel O. Otomi, Eisuke Shimizu, Shintaro Nakayama, E. Balogun, E. Dingwoke, Orugun A. Jacob
Background: According to the World Health Organization, cataracts are one of the leading causes of visual impairment. On a global scale, at least 2.2 billion people have near or distance vision impairment, with cataracts accounting for 94 million of these cases. This poses a significant health risk.Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the indications for temporal approach cataract surgery, as well as the effects of surgically induced astigmatism on the temporal approach in cataract surgeries performed at the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Eye Hospital in Kano, Nigeria.Setting: Temporal approach in cataract surgery at Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Kano: indications and surgically induced astigmatism.Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent cataract surgery at ECWA Eye Hospital, Kano, a tertiary specialist eye care centre, between January 2019 and December 2020. The patients underwent standard manual small incision cataract surgery on the temporal side of the eye. Biodata, previous ocular surgery, type and time of last ocular surgery, pre-operative and postoperative astigmatism, indications for temporal approach, immediate surgical complications and postoperative visual acuity were extracted from the patients’ clinical notes.Results: There were 63 eyes from 44 patients who had temporal approach manual small incision cataract surgery. Thirty (68.2%) of the 44 patients were male, while 14 (31.8%) were female. Cataracts were most common between the ages of 61 and 70 years, and most of the patients (n = 61, 96.8%) required temporal surgery. Astigmatism caused by surgery was minimal. The visual outcome was good, with a postoperative visual acuity of 6/18 – 6/60.Conclusion: Post-trabeculectomy cataract was the major indication for temporal approach cataract surgeries in the patients. The procedure was both safe and effective, resulting in improved visual outcomes.Contribution: Temporal approach manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) was indicated mainly after trabeculectomy. The technique is safe, and patients had better visual outcomes.
{"title":"Retrospective study of the temporal approach in cataract surgery at Evangelical Church Winning All Hospital","authors":"Atima O. Mayor, I. Ugbede, Komolafe Oyeronke, Emmanuel O. Otomi, Eisuke Shimizu, Shintaro Nakayama, E. Balogun, E. Dingwoke, Orugun A. Jacob","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.782","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to the World Health Organization, cataracts are one of the leading causes of visual impairment. On a global scale, at least 2.2 billion people have near or distance vision impairment, with cataracts accounting for 94 million of these cases. This poses a significant health risk.Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the indications for temporal approach cataract surgery, as well as the effects of surgically induced astigmatism on the temporal approach in cataract surgeries performed at the Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Eye Hospital in Kano, Nigeria.Setting: Temporal approach in cataract surgery at Evangelical Church Winning All (ECWA) Kano: indications and surgically induced astigmatism.Methods: A retrospective study of patients who underwent cataract surgery at ECWA Eye Hospital, Kano, a tertiary specialist eye care centre, between January 2019 and December 2020. The patients underwent standard manual small incision cataract surgery on the temporal side of the eye. Biodata, previous ocular surgery, type and time of last ocular surgery, pre-operative and postoperative astigmatism, indications for temporal approach, immediate surgical complications and postoperative visual acuity were extracted from the patients’ clinical notes.Results: There were 63 eyes from 44 patients who had temporal approach manual small incision cataract surgery. Thirty (68.2%) of the 44 patients were male, while 14 (31.8%) were female. Cataracts were most common between the ages of 61 and 70 years, and most of the patients (n = 61, 96.8%) required temporal surgery. Astigmatism caused by surgery was minimal. The visual outcome was good, with a postoperative visual acuity of 6/18 – 6/60.Conclusion: Post-trabeculectomy cataract was the major indication for temporal approach cataract surgeries in the patients. The procedure was both safe and effective, resulting in improved visual outcomes.Contribution: Temporal approach manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) was indicated mainly after trabeculectomy. The technique is safe, and patients had better visual outcomes. ","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82837004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review of multivariate methods of analysing refractive data with dioptric power matrices","authors":"Elizabeth Chetty, A. Rubin","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74757494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Anderson, Nicki Rees, K. Koetsie, A. Rose, A. Makgotloe
Background: Microbial keratitis is a sight-threatening disease. Empiric management is based on current regional microbial sensitivity patterns.Aim: This study aimed to describe the demographics and microbial patterns of keratitis at St John Eye Hospital and compare it with data from the same centre 10 years prior.Setting: A tertiary eye care centre in Soweto, South Africa.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of the microbiological reports of patients treated for microbial keratitis between 01 January 2018 and 31 December 2018.Results: The median age of patients was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3–77) with a male predominance of 57.0% (n = 65/113). Culture positivity rate was 63.0% (n = 84/133). There was a predominance of Gram-positive organisms of 63.0% (n = 84/133). The most common Gram-positive organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (32.0%, 42/133), and the most common Gram-negative organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.0%, 8/133). Other common organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (14.0%, 18/133), Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.0%, 12/133) and Streptococcus viridans (5.0%, 6/133). Commonly used fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin had resistance of 4.2% and 10.0%, respectively. Gentamicin had a resistance of 5.8%. Culture positivity rate increased compared to 2008 from 52% to 63%. There was an increase from 2008 to 2018 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 2% to 6%. There was little change in antibiotic resistance profiles between the two study periods (2008 and 2018).Conclusion: Culture positivity rate has increased at our institution and suggests improvements in detecting organisms and antibiotic susceptibilities. There does not seem to be any change in the susceptibilities of organisms between the study periods; therefore, it suggests current empiric management remains appropriate.
{"title":"Microbial keratitis: Causative organisms, susceptibilities and trends at a tertiary eye hospital in South Africa","authors":"C. Anderson, Nicki Rees, K. Koetsie, A. Rose, A. Makgotloe","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.778","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Microbial keratitis is a sight-threatening disease. Empiric management is based on current regional microbial sensitivity patterns.Aim: This study aimed to describe the demographics and microbial patterns of keratitis at St John Eye Hospital and compare it with data from the same centre 10 years prior.Setting: A tertiary eye care centre in Soweto, South Africa.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of the microbiological reports of patients treated for microbial keratitis between 01 January 2018 and 31 December 2018.Results: The median age of patients was 42 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 3–77) with a male predominance of 57.0% (n = 65/113). Culture positivity rate was 63.0% (n = 84/133). There was a predominance of Gram-positive organisms of 63.0% (n = 84/133). The most common Gram-positive organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS) (32.0%, 42/133), and the most common Gram-negative organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.0%, 8/133). Other common organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (14.0%, 18/133), Streptococcus pneumoniae (9.0%, 12/133) and Streptococcus viridans (5.0%, 6/133). Commonly used fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin had resistance of 4.2% and 10.0%, respectively. Gentamicin had a resistance of 5.8%. Culture positivity rate increased compared to 2008 from 52% to 63%. There was an increase from 2008 to 2018 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 2% to 6%. There was little change in antibiotic resistance profiles between the two study periods (2008 and 2018).Conclusion: Culture positivity rate has increased at our institution and suggests improvements in detecting organisms and antibiotic susceptibilities. There does not seem to be any change in the susceptibilities of organisms between the study periods; therefore, it suggests current empiric management remains appropriate.","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78786608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ocular Therapeutics for Optometry in Africa","authors":"A. Rubin","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.802","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available.","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"99 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76100254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Timothy, D. Van Staden, H. C. Chepkeitany, Levi U. Osuagwu, N. Shaviya
Background: Globally, contact lenses are an important part of the management process for refractive errors. Contact lenses are accepted widely in developed countries, but they are currently less used in developing countries like Kenya.Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) (both pre- and post-education) to contact lens uptake specifically for correction of refractive errors by patients attending a Kenyan University Eye Clinic.Setting: Academic Vision Centre, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.Methods: A quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was performed by reviewing all records from February 2014 to March 2020; 360 records were purposively selected. Thereafter, a structured questionnaire with educative content on contact lenses was administered by phone and online to determine KAP. Responses were collected over a period of one month. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions were categorised and scored, and descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used for data analysis.Results: More women (58.3%) and mostly students (59.2%) participated, with ages from 16 to 38 years (mean age and standard deviation of 22.85 ± 4.32). Overall, there was poor knowledge of contact lenses for refractive errors (96.7%). Attitudes to contact lenses were unfavourable, both pre- and post-education (94.7% and 92.8%). Perceptions of contact lens uptake were negative pre-education (92.5%) but positive post-education (95.3%).Conclusion: Education changed perceptions of contact lens usage for refractive errors correction, but even with some focused education, negative attitudes and poor knowledge regarding contact lenses persisted in the sample. Practitioners should inform patients about contact lenses as a possibility for refractive error management, and institutions training eye care providers should consolidate their clinical teaching regarding contact lenses.Contribution: This study showed that the more people with refractive errors are knowledgeable about contact lenses, the more uptake of contact lenses will happen, optometrists and ophthalmologists should educate people more on contact lenses.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, perception and education on contact lenses for refractive errors in Kenya","authors":"C. Timothy, D. Van Staden, H. C. Chepkeitany, Levi U. Osuagwu, N. Shaviya","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.738","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Globally, contact lenses are an important part of the management process for refractive errors. Contact lenses are accepted widely in developed countries, but they are currently less used in developing countries like Kenya.Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) (both pre- and post-education) to contact lens uptake specifically for correction of refractive errors by patients attending a Kenyan University Eye Clinic.Setting: Academic Vision Centre, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya.Methods: A quasi-experimental cross-sectional study was performed by reviewing all records from February 2014 to March 2020; 360 records were purposively selected. Thereafter, a structured questionnaire with educative content on contact lenses was administered by phone and online to determine KAP. Responses were collected over a period of one month. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions were categorised and scored, and descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used for data analysis.Results: More women (58.3%) and mostly students (59.2%) participated, with ages from 16 to 38 years (mean age and standard deviation of 22.85 ± 4.32). Overall, there was poor knowledge of contact lenses for refractive errors (96.7%). Attitudes to contact lenses were unfavourable, both pre- and post-education (94.7% and 92.8%). Perceptions of contact lens uptake were negative pre-education (92.5%) but positive post-education (95.3%).Conclusion: Education changed perceptions of contact lens usage for refractive errors correction, but even with some focused education, negative attitudes and poor knowledge regarding contact lenses persisted in the sample. Practitioners should inform patients about contact lenses as a possibility for refractive error management, and institutions training eye care providers should consolidate their clinical teaching regarding contact lenses.Contribution: This study showed that the more people with refractive errors are knowledgeable about contact lenses, the more uptake of contact lenses will happen, optometrists and ophthalmologists should educate people more on contact lenses. ","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90347807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The perceived role and relevance of South African optometric professional and regulatory bodies","authors":"Simon A. Maluleke, V. Moodley","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.730","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90831141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel pandemic viral illness which may lead to severe respiratory diseases. However, its ophthalmic manifestations are still not well understood. There could be serious complications involving various organs in patients with the disease and in those who are recovering, or have recovered, from COVID-19. Endogenous endophthalmitis, was a rare occurrence in the past but has increased in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. Endogenous endophthalmitis results from hematogenous spread from a remote primary source. A 55-year-old man with confirmed COVID-19 presented to a local hospital with unilateral gradual loss of vision and swelling of the left eye that occurred 10 days after discharge from the hospital. Based on detailed ophthalmic examination, this patient with a co-morbidity, namely diabetes mellitus was placed in the intensive care unit where he was given corticosteroids and ventilation for two weeks. Most patients requiring mechanical ventilation may experience disorders of the eye, and it may be difficult to treat these occurrences while the patient remains in ICU. COVID-19 can lead to ocular complications especially in the late stages of infection. Follow-up of post COVID-19 patients is crucial to monitor possible ocular complaints including endophthalmitis as early diagnosis and treatment is essential to salvage vision. Contribution There is a possible link between COVID-19 and endophthalmitis, which is a rare but devastating eye infection. The medical community should consider the eye when evaluating the role of anti-infectious treatment and immunomodulation.
{"title":"A case of severe endogenous endophthalmitis with orbital cellulitis post COVID-19","authors":"Herold L. Letsoalo, S. D. Mathebula","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.748","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel pandemic viral illness which may lead to severe respiratory diseases. However, its ophthalmic manifestations are still not well understood. There could be serious complications involving various organs in patients with the disease and in those who are recovering, or have recovered, from COVID-19. Endogenous endophthalmitis, was a rare occurrence in the past but has increased in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. Endogenous endophthalmitis results from hematogenous spread from a remote primary source. A 55-year-old man with confirmed COVID-19 presented to a local hospital with unilateral gradual loss of vision and swelling of the left eye that occurred 10 days after discharge from the hospital. Based on detailed ophthalmic examination, this patient with a co-morbidity, namely diabetes mellitus was placed in the intensive care unit where he was given corticosteroids and ventilation for two weeks. Most patients requiring mechanical ventilation may experience disorders of the eye, and it may be difficult to treat these occurrences while the patient remains in ICU. COVID-19 can lead to ocular complications especially in the late stages of infection. Follow-up of post COVID-19 patients is crucial to monitor possible ocular complaints including endophthalmitis as early diagnosis and treatment is essential to salvage vision. Contribution There is a possible link between COVID-19 and endophthalmitis, which is a rare but devastating eye infection. The medical community should consider the eye when evaluating the role of anti-infectious treatment and immunomodulation.","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"196 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73952871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An illustration of ocular toxoplasmosis with consequent lenticular opacities and asteroid hyalosis","authors":"Dimakatso G. Mashala","doi":"10.4102/aveh.v81i1.765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v81i1.765","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7694,"journal":{"name":"African Vision and Eye Health","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90929460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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