Bacteriologia, virusologia, parazitologia, epidemiologia (Bucharest, Romania : 1990)最新文献

After the diagnosis of the AIDS symptoms, in 1981, and after the discovery of the virus that causes AIDS, in 1983, the virologists have formulated different theories about its origin. Some of them involved natural causes, e.g., HIV origin from SIV strains. Other theories go further to the possibility of a deadly man-made virus escaped from laboratories or voluntary spread by some conspirative organisations. At this moment, the scientists limits themselves to search proofs to sustain the zoonotic origin of HIV from SIV and its accomodation to human body conditions.

Bacterial Quorum sensing and response or simply quorum sensing (QS) is an ubiquitous regulatory mechanism that allows a continuous monitoring of the cell density in bacterial communities and adequate responses/behaviour to the cellular density. Each cell in these communities produces and responds to a signalling molecule that belongs to some different compounds family: acyl-homoserine-lactones (Gram negative bacteria), oligopeptides (Gram positive bacteria), A12 family (present in both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria). For an efficient colonization and adaptation to different environmental conditions, lactic acid bacteria require complex sensor systems for the specific detection of the external signals. This function is mediated by the two component regulatory system composed of a histidine protein kinase (HK) with cell-membrane localisation that senses external signals, and a cytoplasmic response regulator (RR), that directly modulates the genome expression. Lactic acid bacteria synthesize bacteriocins depending on the cell density and thus implicating a QS regulatory mechanism. Bacteriocin production is an inducible mechanism that require an extracellular accumulation of some peptides, called peptide inductors, that function as an chemical messenger that activate the bacteriocin synthesis following the QS regulatory pathway.

Objectives: presenting the epidemiological aspects of Rickettsia conorii infection in Romania between 2000-2008.

Methods: A descriptive epidemiology study of Rickettsia conorii infection cases noticed in Romania between 2000-2008, which provide data regarding: time, place a4d person. The study also presents some risk factors.

Results: All cases were sporadic and were noticed in southern Romania. The highest incidence was registered in 2001 in Constanta district (44.2% per ten thousand inhabitants). The majority of cases were registred between April-November with a maximum of cases in August (38%) The patients were mainly from urban areas (80%); The more affected age group was 45-54 year (25%). The most predominant clinical expression was the medium one (58% of cases). In 99% of the cases, the release status from the hospital was cured and the evolution of the illness was favorable. In this period were just 2 deceased In 96% of the confirmed cases the tick exposure has appeared within the contact with parasited animals and took place in 60% of cases at home. 4% of the cases recognaised a professional contact with parasitated animals. In 93% of the cases the reservoir was represented by the parasitated dog.

Conclusion: The sporadic evolution of the cases demonstrated that the natural focality of the disease in Romania persists, the distribution of cases matches with that of Rickettsia conorii and its tick vectors and also with the period of greatest activity of the vector (Rhipicephalus sanguineous, specific for dogs). The disease clearly represents a public health problem whose magnitude is not known.

Urinary tract infections investigated in hospital show a series of clinical and etiological features, especially concerning antibiotic sensitivity, determined by the recurrent pattern of these disease, which often determines severe urinary or general complications. We considered 36,136 urine samples belonging to patients admitted in hospital with history or symtomatology of urinary infection. We noted the following: Urine bacteriological investigation is one of the most asked for laboratory examinations in hospital, having a diagnostic significance (more than 10(5) cfu/ml) in only 15,45% of cases. The etiological patterns, though similar to those registered in ambulatory investigations, present a series of characteristics like: decreased percent of isolation of Enterobacteriaceae - 76.14%, compared to 98.90%, increased proportion of some groups of Gram-negative bacilli highly-resistant to antibiotics, such as Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter and of some groups of Gram-positive cocci--especially group D streptococcus. Accordingly, the sensitivity patterns denote the decrease of the proportion of strains that are sensitive to "regular" antibiotics, this phenomenon implying the use of recent antibiotics, more costly. Once again we point out to the necessity of conducting antibiotherapy by means of evaluating sensitivity during therapy.

The presence of flu in humankind history was cited by numerous sources (the oldest known source was written by Hyppocrates, in 412 BC), but the epidemic impact could be measured only starting with the XVIII-th century, after the pandemics from 1729 - 1733 (with estimates of about two million deaths). Nowadays, health scientists dispenses vaccines, containing the antigenes of the viruses responsible with the flu in the last winter mixed with other two major flu-types. The effect of the current flu vaccines extends over about six months from the moment of innoculation. The reason of that short effectiveness of the vaccines is given by ability of viruses to change themselves very quickly. There are two ways through which the virus can astonish the victim antibodies (humans or animals): the mutation (named antigenic drift) and the genetic recombination of the genomic segments from different strains (named antigenic shift).

Objective: Analysis of risk factors for achieving clinically overt hepatitis B and hepatitis C in the population of Bucharest municipality.

Methods: retrospective and descriptive study on hospital patients cohort. Cases - in the study have been enrolled all acute viral hepatitis B and C confirmed by the two infectious diseases university clinics of Bucharest municipality, during the time interval 2001-2008, among the residents of the municipality. Infection risk factors - for every case of hepatitis B and hepatitis C with the simptoms onset placed during the time interval 2001-2008, it was associated "the most plausible" risk factor, detected by case investigation. For contemplation of control strategies the risk factors were stratified by mechanisms of virus transmission and by age groups. The analysis consists mainly in statistical comparing of cases prevalence in each etiology by risk factors and mechanisms of visus transmission.

Results: Patients cohort included 1440 hepatitis B cases and 227 hepatitis C cases, respectively. The most prevalent individual risk factor in hepatitis B was the sexual contact with multiple partners (51,0%) while in hepatitis C the use of ilegal injectable drugs (46,3%). The prevalences of hepatitis B and hepatitis C cases by the four mechanisms of virus transmmission were similar (p = 0,52). For both etiologies the high risk behaviours represented the principal mechanism of virus transmission (64,1% in hepatitis B and 63,4% in hepatitis C, respectively); additionaly, for both etiologies the most prevalent mechanisms of virus transmission by age groups were indentically, namely: (a) consumption of medical services in the age group 55+ years, (b) high risk behaviours in the age group 13-54 years and (c) contact with case or virus carrier in the age group 0-12 years, respectively.

Conclusions: in the time period 2001 - 2008 the structure by mechanisms of virus transmission in hepatitis B and hepatitis C cases reported in the population of Bucharest municipaly was statistically similar, for both etiologies the most prevalent mechanism (> 60%) was represented by high risk behaviours. This reality strongly suggests that additionaly to the current strategies for prevention of the infection with hepatitic visuses B and C, the decisive strategy to control of the two infection needs to be extended with an effective education satelite focused on high risk groups.

Introduction: European Centre for Diseases Control (ECDC), involved in the surveillance of nosocomial infections (NI) and resistance to antimicrobials (AMR) in Europe, estimates 4 million IN/year, among whom 37,000 deceased, out of which half are determined by multiresistant germs (MDR). A phenomenon encountered more and more often is that of pan-resistance of germs, without the option for an optimal antibiotherapy. The allarming increase of AMR is a phenomenon which our country also faces in the present.

Material, method, results: Resistance rate registered in Intensive Care Units in Timişoara during 2005-2007 (when we participated in the Helics European network) situates us among the last places among the European countries that participated--with 50-60% MRSA strains, 24% E. coli BLSE strains, 62,7% K. pneumoniae BLSE strains, 34% P. aeruginosa BLSE. Furthermore, data registered in ambulatory in the South-West part of Romania during 2006-2007 (processed by the greatest private laboratory in the region) are not more optimistic--26% MRSA strains, 4,25% E. coli BLSE, 12,49% K. pneumoniae BLSE, 8,69% P. aeruginosa BLSE.

Conclusions: As the management of MDR produced infections requires huge costs, a better antibiotic policy in the Romanian hospitals and ambulatory is compulsive, being more efficient to spend for control than for the treatment of these infections.