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Editorial: AutoPollen special issue 编辑:自动花粉特刊
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09821-1
Fiona Tummon, Bernard Clot
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引用次数: 0
Assessing uncertainty in airborne birch pollen modelling 评估空气传播桦树花粉模型的不确定性
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09818-w
Willem W. Verstraeten, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Nicolas Bruffaerts, Mikhail Sofiev, Andy W. Delcloo

In Europe, more than one quarter of the adult population and one third of the children suffer from pollinosis, but the geographical variability is large. In Belgium, at least ~ 10% of the people develop allergies due to birch pollen. These patients may benefit from a forecasting system that raises alerts when episodes with huge amount of airborne birch pollen grains are expected. Such a forecast system for birch pollen was established for the Belgian territory in 2023 based on the pollen emission and transport model System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition (SILAM). The question, however, is which uncertainty in modelling and forecasting airborne pollen levels can be expected? Here, we assess the uncertainty in modelling airborne birch pollen levels near the surface using SILAM in a Monte Carlo error approach summarized by the relative Coefficient of Variation (CV%) as descriptive statistic for the season of 2018 in Belgium. For the major inputs that drive the birch pollen model—the amount and location of birch trees (0.1° × 0.1° map), the start and end of the birch pollen season (1° × 1° map), and the ripening temperature of birch catkins—sets of 100 randomly sampled data layers were prepared for running SILAM 100 times. For each set of model input, 100 spatio-temporal maps of airborne birch pollen levels were produced and its spread was quantified by the CV%. We show that the spatial uncertainty of pollen emissions sources in SILAM is substantially high, but that the uncertainties of the parameters determining the start and end of the season are at least equally important. By accumulating the effects of all investigated model input uncertainties including the impact of the catkins-ripening temperature, CV% values of 50% and more are obtained when quantifying the variation of the modelled airborne birch pollen levels. These errors are in line with reported values from the current reference method for monitoring airborne birch pollen grains near the surface.

在欧洲,超过四分之一的成年人和三分之一的儿童患有花粉过敏症,但地域差异很大。在比利时,至少有 10% 的人因桦树花粉而过敏。预报系统可在空气中预计出现大量桦树花粉颗粒时发出警报,从而使这些患者受益。这种桦树花粉预报系统是基于花粉排放和传输模型 "大气沉降综合模式系统"(SILAM),为比利时领土建立的 2023 年桦树花粉预报系统。但问题是,在模拟和预测空气中的花粉水平时,会出现哪些不确定性?在此,我们采用蒙特卡洛误差方法,以相对变异系数(CV%)作为比利时 2018 年季节的描述性统计量,评估了使用 SILAM 对近地面空气传播的桦树花粉水平进行建模的不确定性。对于驱动桦树花粉模型的主要输入--桦树的数量和位置(0.1° × 0.1°地图)、桦树花粉季节的开始和结束(1° × 1°地图)以及桦树柔荑花序的成熟温度--准备了 100 套随机取样的数据层,用于运行 SILAM 100 次。针对每组模型输入,绘制了 100 幅空气传播的桦树花粉水平时空图,并通过 CV% 对其传播范围进行了量化。我们发现,SILAM 中花粉排放源的空间不确定性非常高,但决定季节开始和结束的参数的不确定性至少同样重要。通过累积所有已调查模型输入不确定性的影响(包括柔荑花序成熟温度的影响),在量化模拟空气中桦树花粉含量的变化时,CV% 值达到或超过 50%。这些误差与目前监测地表附近空气中桦树花粉颗粒的参考方法的报告值一致。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial variation of airborne bacterial heterogeneity and potential opportunistic human pathogens: a comparative study of sites in Korea and Japan 空气中细菌异质性和潜在机会性人类病原体的空间变化:对韩国和日本研究地点的比较研究
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09817-x
Makoto Seki, Hitoshi Tanaka, Shinichi Yonemochi, Ki-Ho Lee, Young-Ju Kim, Reika Iwamoto, Kei Sato, Daisuke Tanaka

Biological particles known as bioaerosols are present in the atmosphere and have recently been implicated as influencing agriculture, cloud development, biogeography, and human health. The present study was conducted to characterize airborne bacterial heterogeneity at Jeju Island in Korea and at Saitama and Toyama in Japan, focusing on potential human pathogens. Air samples were collected during the winter, when the monsoon blows from the northwest. Samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes to detect spatial differences in airborne bacteria and the possible spread of bacteria by transboundary transport. Compositions of the bacterial in samples collected on the same dates from the different sites were similar. Notably, bacteria from two genera that are potentially pathogenic for humans—Acinetobacter and Clostridium—were detected on the same day in both Korea and Japan. These results indicate the possibility of long-range transport of airborne bacteria and its potential impact on human health.

被称为生物气溶胶的生物微粒存在于大气中,最近被认为会影响农业、云的发展、生物地理学和人类健康。本研究旨在描述韩国济州岛、日本琦玉和富山的气载细菌异质性,重点关注潜在的人类病原体。空气样本是在冬季从西北方向吹来季风时采集的。通过对 PCR 扩增的 16S rRNA 基因进行高通量测序和变性梯度凝胶电泳对样本进行分析,以检测空气中细菌的空间差异以及细菌可能通过跨境运输传播的情况。在同一日期从不同地点采集的样本中,细菌的组成相似。值得注意的是,在韩国和日本,同一天检测到了两个可能对人类致病的菌属--金杆菌和梭状芽孢杆菌。这些结果表明了空气中细菌远距离传播的可能性及其对人类健康的潜在影响。
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引用次数: 0
Culturable bacteria in clouds at Réunion, tropical island 热带岛屿留尼汪云层中的可培养细菌
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09819-9
Thomas Charpentier, Muriel Joly, Céline Judon, Martine Sancelme, Magali Abrantes, Mickaël Vaïtilingom, Christelle Ghaffar, Maxence Brissy, Maud Leriche, Anne-Marie Delort, Laurent Deguillaume, Pierre Amato

The viable bacterial assemblages in clouds at Réunion Island (Indian Ocean) were examined through culture-based approach. A total of 176 isolates were recovered from 15 independent cloud events collected during 3 field campaigns, and identified to the species level through full length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As often in atmospheric samples, Alpha-, Beta- and Gamma-proteobacteria dominated, along with Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, depicting these as the backbone of the global aeromicrobiome. A comparative analysis with similar work from a cloud sampling site in Central France revealed site-specificities, and numerous common species. These latter included members of Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Rhodococcus and others, whose such widespread presence in clouds supports the existence of a pan-atmospheric microbiome. This also confirms that cultures remain powerful methods in the description of the viable microbial diversity by allowing deep taxonomic affiliation.

通过基于培养的方法研究了留尼汪岛(印度洋)云层中可存活的细菌群。通过全长 16S rRNA 基因测序,从 3 次实地考察中收集到的 15 个独立云事件中共分离出 176 个细菌。与大气样本中常见的一样,α-、β-和γ-蛋白细菌以及放线菌、固着菌和类杆菌占主导地位,它们是全球气生微生物组的骨干。通过与法国中部一个云采样点的类似研究进行比较分析,发现了该采样点的特异性和许多常见物种。后者包括假单胞菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌、芽孢杆菌、葡萄球菌、红球菌等,它们在云层中的广泛存在支持了泛大气微生物组的存在。这也证实了培养物仍然是描述可存活微生物多样性的有力方法,可以对其进行深入的分类归属。
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引用次数: 0
The role of automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring across major end-user domains 花粉和真菌孢子自动监测在主要终端用户领域的作用
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09820-2
Fiona Tummon, Beverley Adams-Groom, Célia M. Antunes, Nicolas Bruffaerts, Jeroen Buters, Paloma Cariñanos, Sevcan Celenk, Marie Choël, Bernard Clot, Antonella Cristofori, Benoît Crouzy, Athanasios Damialis, Alberto Rodríguez Fernández, Délia Fernández González, Carmen Galán, Björn Gedda, Regula Gehrig, Monica Gonzalez-Alonso, Elena Gottardini, Jules Gros-Daillon, Lenka Hajkova, David O’Connor, Pia Östensson, Jose Oteros, Andreas Pauling, Rosa Pérez-Badia, Victoria Rodinkova, F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo, Helena Ribeiro, Ingrida Sauliene, Branko Sikoparija, Carsten Ambelas Skjøth, Antonio Spanu, Mikhail Sofiev, Olga Sozinova, Lidija Srnec, Nicolas Visez, Letty A. de Weger

The advent of automatic pollen and fungal spore monitoring over the past few years has brought about a paradigm change. The provision of real-time information at high temporal resolution opens the door to a wide range of improvements in terms of the products and services made available to a widening range of end-users and stakeholders. As technology and methods mature, it is essential to properly quantify the impact automatic monitoring has on the different end-user domains to better understand the real long-term benefits to society. In this paper, we focus the main domains where such impacts are expected, using Europe as a basis to provide qualitative estimates and to describe research needs to better quantify impacts in future. This will, in part, also serve to justify further investment and help to expand monitoring networks.

摘要 过去几年中,花粉和真菌孢子自动监测技术的出现带来了模式上的改变。高时间分辨率实时信息的提供,为向越来越多的最终用户和利益相关者提供产品和服务方面的广泛改进打开了大门。随着技术和方法的成熟,必须适当量化自动监测对不同终端用户领域的影响,以更好地了解其对社会的真正长期效益。在本文中,我们将重点关注预计会产生此类影响的主要领域,以欧洲为基础,提供定性估算,并描述研究需求,以便在未来更好地量化影响。这也将在一定程度上证明进一步投资的合理性,并有助于扩大监测网络。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial analysis of COVID-19 risk factors: a case study in Bangladesh COVID-19 风险因素的空间分析:孟加拉国案例研究
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09815-z
Sefat-E- Barket, Md. Rezaul Karim

In 2019, the world grappled with an unexpected and severe global health crisis—the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, which significantly impacted various aspects of human life. This case study, focusing on Bangladesh, aimed to uncover the complex spatial patterns and potential risk factors influencing the virus’s uneven spread across 64 districts. To analyze spatial patterns, two techniques, namely Moran I and Geary C, were employed to study spatial autocorrelation. Hotspots and coldspots were identified using local Moran I, while spatial hotspots were pinpointed using local Getis Ord G. Exploring spatial heterogeneity involved implementing two non-spatial models (Poisson–Gamma and Poisson-Lognormal) and three spatial models (Conditional Autoregressive model, Convolution model, and Leroux model) through Gibbs sampling. The Leroux model emerged as the optimal choice, meeting criteria based on the lowest values of deviance information criterion and Watanabe–Akaike information criterion. Regression analysis revealed that factors such as humidity, population density, and urbanization were associated with an increase in COVID-19 cases, while the aging index appeared to hinder the virus’s spread. The research outcomes provide a comprehensive framework adaptable to the evolving nature of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. It categorizes influential factors into distinct clusters, enabling government agencies, policymakers, and healthcare professionals to make informed decisions for controlling the pandemic and addressing future infectious diseases.

摘要 2019 年,世界面临着一场意想不到的严重全球健康危机--冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的爆发,对人类生活的各个方面产生了重大影响。本案例研究以孟加拉国为重点,旨在揭示影响病毒在 64 个地区不均衡传播的复杂空间模式和潜在风险因素。为了分析空间模式,我们采用了 Moran I 和 Geary C 两种技术来研究空间自相关性。在探索空间异质性时,通过吉布斯抽样,采用了两个非空间模型(泊松-伽马模型和泊松-对数正态模型)和三个空间模型(条件自回归模型、卷积模型和勒鲁模型)。Leroux 模型符合偏差信息准则和 Watanabe-Akaike 信息准则的最低值标准,成为最佳选择。回归分析表明,湿度、人口密度和城市化等因素与 COVID-19 病例的增加有关,而老龄化指数似乎阻碍了病毒的传播。研究成果提供了一个综合框架,可适应 COVID-19 在孟加拉国不断演变的性质。它将有影响的因素分为不同的群组,使政府机构、政策制定者和医疗保健专业人员能够做出明智的决策,以控制流行病和应对未来的传染病。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and health risk assessment of size-segregated fungal bioaerosols in and around a sugar mill in India 印度一家制糖厂及其周围大小分隔的真菌生物气溶胶的特征和健康风险评估
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09812-2
Swati Tyagi, Arun Srivastava

Suspended particles of biological origin comprising of virus, fragments of plants and animals dander, pollen grains, fungal spores and bacteria known as bioaerosols have become a major concern in the past decades. In the present study reports, the concentration and size distribution of fungal bioaerosol in and around a sugar mill situated in the Muzaffarnagar region of Uttar Pradesh, India, are presented. The sampling was performed in the winter when the mill used to be in the operational mode. The highest mean fungal concentration was observed at the cutter site (4022 ± 321 cfu/m3) and lowest at storage site (832 ± 85 cfu/m3). The maximum and minimum concentration of fungal bioaerosol was observed during January (3090 ± 174 cfu/m3) and March (629 ± 69 cfu/m3) respectively. During the entire sampling period, the fine fraction of fungal bioaerosol was observed to be significantly higher at all the sites, whereas coarse fraction was lower. The association between fine and coarse fractions of bioaerosols showed a very strong positive relationship. The levels of fungal bioaerosol and their association with the meteorological parameters in sugar mill were also conducted. A positive association with the relative humidity and wind speed was observed at significance level of p < 0.05, whereas a negative relation was observed with temperature at p < 0.05. The lifetime average daily dose was calculated for both inhalation and dermal; among them LADDinhalation is ~ 5 times over LADDdermal. The health risk index was observed as < 1 for both inhalation and dermal routes, whereas HIinhalation value was 105 times higher than the HIdermal value. The dominant fungi genera found in the air of examined dwellings were Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp., and Alternaria spp., which occurred predominantly at all of the studied sites during the sampling period.

过去几十年来,由病毒、动植物皮屑碎片、花粉粒、真菌孢子和细菌组成的生物源悬浮微粒(称为生物气溶胶)已成为人们关注的主要问题。本研究报告介绍了位于印度北方邦 Muzaffarnagar 地区一家糖厂及其周围的真菌生物气溶胶的浓度和大小分布。采样工作在冬季进行,当时糖厂处于运行状态。在切纸机位置观察到的平均真菌浓度最高(4022 ± 321 cfu/m3),在储存位置观察到的平均真菌浓度最低(832 ± 85 cfu/m3)。真菌生物气溶胶的最高和最低浓度分别出现在一月(3090 ± 174 cfu/m3)和三月(629 ± 69 cfu/m3)。在整个采样期间,所有采样点的真菌生物气溶胶细粒度都明显较高,而粗粒度较低。生物气溶胶的细粒部分和粗粒部分之间呈现出很强的正相关关系。还研究了制糖厂的真菌生物气溶胶水平及其与气象参数的关系。在 p < 0.05 的显著性水平下,观察到与相对湿度和风速呈正相关,而在 p < 0.05 的显著性水平下,观察到与温度呈负相关。计算了吸入和皮肤的终生日均剂量,其中吸入的 LADD 是皮肤的 LADD 的 5 倍。吸入和皮肤途径的健康风险指数均为 1,而吸入的 HI 值是皮肤的 HI 值的 105 倍。在受检住宅的空气中发现的主要真菌属有青霉菌属、曲霉菌属、Cladosporium 菌属和 Alternaria 菌属,它们在采样期间主要出现在所有研究地点。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing the impact of climatic factors on dengue fever transmission in Bangladesh 评估气候因素对孟加拉国登革热传播的影响
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09814-0
Md. Mamun Miah, Mohammad Belal Hossain, Sumiya Nur Jannat, Md. Rezaul Karim, Md. Rashedur Rahman, Yasin Arafat, Farjana Haque Pingki

Dengue fever is a virus-borne disease spread by mosquitos, and its global prevalence has risen significantly in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact and association of climatic factors on the spread of dengue incidence in Bangladesh. From January 2011 to December 2021, the study used secondary data on monthly dengue cases and the monthly average of climatic factors. In addition to the descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses of Kendall’s tau-b and Spearman’s rho have been performed for measuring the association of climatic factors on dengue infection. The generalized linear negative binomial regression model with and without lag was applied to evaluate the impacts of climatic factors on dengue transmission. Results of goodness of fit statistics ((AIC, BIC, and deviance)) showed that NBR model with one month lag best fitted to our data. The model findings revealed that temperature ((IRR:1.223, 95% CI:1.089-1.374)), humidity ((IRR:1.131, 95% CI:1.103-1.159)), precipitation ((IRR:1.158, 95% CI:1.072-1.253)), and air pressure ((IRR:5.279, 95% CI:1.411-19.046)) were significantly positively influenced the spread of dengue incidence in Bangladesh. Additionally, dengue fever cases are anticipated to rise by 1.223, 1.131, 1.158, and 5.279 times, respectively, for the everyone-unit increase in the monthly average mean temperature, humidity, precipitation, and air pressure range. The findings on the epidemiological trends of the dengue epidemic and weather changes may interest policymakers and health officials.

登革热是一种通过蚊子传播的病毒性疾病,近年来全球发病率显著上升。本研究旨在分析气候因素对孟加拉国登革热发病率传播的影响和关联。研究使用了 2011 年 1 月至 2021 年 12 月期间每月登革热病例和气候因素月平均值的二手数据。除描述性统计外,还进行了 Kendall's tau-b 和 Spearman's rho 的双变量分析,以衡量气候因素与登革热感染的关联。应用有滞后和无滞后的广义线性负二项回归模型来评估气候因素对登革热传播的影响。拟合优度统计((AIC、BIC 和偏差))结果表明,滞后一个月的负二项回归模型最适合我们的数据。072-1.253)和气压((IRR:5.279, 95% CI:1.411-19.046))对孟加拉国登革热发病率的传播有显著的正向影响。此外,月平均温度、湿度、降水量和气压范围每增加一个单位,登革热病例预计将分别增加 1.223、1.131、1.158 和 5.279 倍。登革热流行趋势与天气变化的研究结果可能会引起决策者和卫生官员的兴趣。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization and decontamination of deposited dust: a management regime at a museum 沉积尘埃的特征描述和净化:博物馆的管理制度
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09813-1
A. A. Abdel Hameed, S. El-Gendy, Y. Saeed

Deposited dust represents a nutritional niche for microflora. Inhibiting microflora-associated deposited dust is a critical approach to manage cultural heritage buildings. Knowledge on the effectiveness of commercial disinfection on microflora in a real field environment is limited. The present study aims to: (1) characterize deposited dust composition, and (2) assess the effectiveness of several commercial biocides/and an air ionizer on microflora-associated floor surface and air before and after treatment. Deposited dust was collected using a dust collector and microbial air sampling was conducted via a volumetric impactor sampler. Susceptibility of microorganisms to biocide/ionizer was performed in a naturally ventilated unoccupied room with a floor area of 18 m2. One-treatment protocol, a daily disinfection mode, was applied to each biocide/ionizer. The surface floor was adjacently sprayed by a biocide, and the ionizer was turned on for 30 min. Indoor deposited dust rates varied between 0.75 and 8.7 mg/m2/day with indoor/outdoor ratio of ~ 1:100. Ion concentrations of NH4+, Cl, SO42− and NO3 were higher indoor than outdoor. The concentration of microorganisms-associated deposited dust averaged 106 CFU/g; 105 CFU/g and 104 CFU/g for bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, respectively. A total of 23 fungal taxa were identified, with Aspergillus flavus, Asp. fumigatus and Asp. niger were the predominant taxa. Biocides quickly reduced floor surface and airborne microbial loads. The biocidal effect was time limited, as microflora loads increased again after ~ 4 days of the treatment protocol. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) out-performed other biocides, showed a relatively permanent microbial inhibiting effect. The air ionizer reduced airborne microorganisms and increased surface floor ones. Characterizing of deposited dust (rate and composition) and choice an appropriate biocide may effectively reduce biodeterioration. Further real field treatment trials under various microenvironmental conditions are needed to determine the effectiveness of disinfection treatment.

沉积尘埃是微生物菌群的营养栖息地。抑制与微生物相关的沉积尘埃是管理文化遗产建筑的关键方法。在真实的实地环境中,有关商业消毒对微生物的有效性的知识十分有限。本研究的目的是:(1) 描述沉积灰尘的组成特征;(2) 评估几种商用杀菌剂/空气离子发生器在处理前后对与微生物相关的地板表面和空气的效果。使用集尘器收集沉积的灰尘,并通过容积式冲击采样器进行微生物空气采样。微生物对生物杀灭剂/离子灭菌剂的敏感性测试是在一个自然通风、无人居住、面积为 18 平方米的房间内进行的。每个生物杀灭剂/离子灭菌器采用一种处理方案,即每日消毒模式。在地板表面喷洒杀菌剂,然后开启离子发生器 30 分钟。室内灰尘沉积率介于 0.75 至 8.7 毫克/平方米/天之间,室内外比例约为 1:100。室内的 NH4+、Cl-、SO42- 和 NO3-离子浓度高于室外。沉积尘埃中与微生物有关的细菌、真菌和放线菌的平均浓度分别为 106 CFU/g、105 CFU/g 和 104 CFU/g。共鉴定出 23 个真菌类群,其中黄曲霉、烟曲霉和黑曲霉是主要类群。杀菌剂可迅速减少地板表面和空气中的微生物负荷。杀菌效果是有时间限制的,因为处理方案实施约 4 天后,微生物负荷又会增加。苯扎氯铵(BAC)的效果优于其他杀菌剂,显示出相对持久的微生物抑制效果。空气离子发生器减少了空气中的微生物,增加了地面上的微生物。确定沉积灰尘的特征(速率和成分)并选择适当的杀菌剂可有效减少生物劣化。要确定消毒处理的效果,还需要在各种微环境条件下进行进一步的实际现场处理试验。
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引用次数: 0
The real hues of Red Rain-Kerala, India 红雨的真实色调--印度喀拉拉邦
IF 2.2 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10453-024-09810-4
Merin Ann Ninan, Merin Grace Jiji, Thomas Ponnachen Valukattil, Harikumar Sadasivan Pillai Puthenveedu, Sabu Thomas, Binoy Thomas Thundiathu

This scientific article presents a comprehensive exploration of the intriguing ecological phenomenon known as "red rain", observed in the coastal town located at latitude N 11°.61108 and longitude E 75°.57383 in Kerala, India. The study aims to elucidate the origins, characteristics, and potential environmental implications associated with this phenomenon. Through a meticulous descriptive analysis, incorporating microscopic evaluation, DNA-sequencing, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, and phylogenetic analysis, we deciphered the underlying factors responsible for the distinct red coloration observed in the rain. Our research findings highlight the presence of specific organic compounds, namely psi-psi Carotene 3,4 didehydro-1,2,7′8'-tetrahydro-1-methoxy-2-oxo and psi-psi and- Carotene 3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro1′2' dihydro 1-hydroxy-1'-methoxy in the algae, Trentepohlia abietina, as the primary contributors to the red color observed in the red rain. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of this distinctive occurrence and its implications for the local ecosystem in Kerala.

这篇科学文章全面探讨了在印度喀拉拉邦北纬 11°.61108、东经 75°.57383的沿海城镇观察到的 "红雨 "这一引人入胜的生态现象。本研究旨在阐明这一现象的起源、特征和对环境的潜在影响。通过细致的描述性分析,结合显微镜评估、DNA 测序、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析和系统发育分析,我们破译了雨中观察到的独特红色的根本原因。我们的研究结果表明,藻类 Trentepohlia abietina 中存在的特定有机化合物,即 psi-psi 胡萝卜素 3,4 双脱氢-1,2,7′8'-四氢-1-甲氧基-2-氧和 psi-psi and- 胡萝卜素 3,3',4,4'-tetradehydro1′2' dihydro 1-hydroxy-1'-methoxy 是造成红雨中所观察到的红色的主要原因。研究结果有助于深入了解这种独特的现象及其对喀拉拉邦当地生态系统的影响。
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Aerobiologia
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