Human nutrition. Applied nutrition最新文献

One hundred and seventy six weighed duplicate diets were collected over 16 consecutive days from 11 subjects. Analyses of their fatty acid composition were used to asses the validity of food composition tables. Four different calculating techniques were employed. Using the published data produced correlation coefficients of 0.29 between analysed and calculated polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios, whilst the addition of new analytical data and recoding fried foods produced a correlation coefficient of 0.56. The latter method also decreased the mean difference between analysed and calculated polyunsaturated/saturated consumption, when compared with the standard procedure.

In a 16 day dietary survey of 11 subjects, twenty foods were consumed which contributed significantly to the fat intake of the group, but on which fatty acid data were not available. These twenty foods were sampled using the procedure described in the published food composition tables and analysed for their fatty acid composition. The sampling procedure and results of fatty acid analysis are presented.

Sensory, particularly chemosensory, experiences play an important role in food intake as well as digestive and metabolic processes which influence nutrient utilization in humans. This review first presents evidence that the sensory properties of foods and the sensory capacities of individuals with marked, marginal or no apparent nutrient deficiencies influence dietary practices. This is followed by a consideration of data demonstrating an impact of oral sensory stimulation on salivary, gastric and both exocrine and endocrine pancreatic secretion. Next, because of the absence of human studies, animal models are described which demonstrate that chemosensory stimulation can alter nutrient absorption. Finally, studies on preterm infants are presented as evidence that oral stimulation alone can influence growth efficiency. While an understanding of these issues remains incomplete, applications of existing knowledge could hold important nutritional and clinical implications.

A cross-sectional survey was made of the 25 men and 127 women attending a hospital obesity clinic over a period of 6 weeks. Among the men the mean (+/- s.d.) age was 37 (+/- 14) years, weight 115.2 (+/- 25.4) kg, height 1.70 (+/- 0.09) m, and Quetelet's index 39.6 (+/- 6.4) kg/m2. Among the women the corresponding values were 41 (+/- 15) years, 102.2 (+/- 22.3) kg, 1.60 (+/- 0.07) m, and 40.3 (+/- 9.2) kg/m2. The most common reasons for wishing to lose weight among both men and women was to improve appearance, shortness of breath and pain in weight-bearing joints. About one-third of the patients tested had raised fasting plasma triglyceride levels. Only one had tests indicating hypothyroidism, and two were hyperthyroid. None of these characteristics predicted how long the patient would continue to attend the clinic. Weight loss was calculated according to the duration of attendance at the clinic, and the method of treatment. Two men and 15 women were treated by jaw-wiring, and the remainder by dietary advice alone. No anorectic or thermogenic drugs were used. Among men treated by diet alone the mean weight loss after 1-3 months, 4-6 months, 7-12 months and greater than or equal to 13 months attendance was 5.0 +/- 6.2 kg, 12.4 +/- 11.0 kg, 12.4 +/- 10.2 kg and 13.0 +/- 5.2 kg respectively. Two men treated by jaw-wiring had lost 23.9 and 57.9 kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Infant feeding practices of 6149 mothers in Kenya, Mexico and Malaysia are reported. A high proportion of mothers initiated breast-feeding in each country regardless of social class. Most Kenyan mothers continued to breast-feed for at least 12 months. In Mexico and Malaysia, however, breast-feeding was discontinued relatively early, especially among urban mothers. Early supplementation of breast-fed infants with milk and/or other food was a common practice in each of the three countries. Among breast-fed infants below 4 months of age, the percentages who were exclusively breast-fed in the urban elite, urban poor and rural groups respectively were 6, 14 and 21 per cent in Kenya, 8, 19 and 31 per cent in Mexico, and 11, 9 and 11 per cent in Malaysia. Supplementation of breast-fed infants in the first two months of life was more likely to be with infant formula than with any other milk or food. At three months of age, however, nonmilk foods were the most common supplements in all population groups with the exception of those in urban Kenya. The policy implications are discussed.

A study was carried out to compare the nutritional intake and meal pattern during and after Ramadan. It was found that in a sample group of 15 young Saudis there was a significant increase in caloric, fat, carbohydrate and protein intake. Although there was a significant reduction in meal frequency and the number of meals taken outside the family, a significant increase in body weight was noted during Ramadan.

The dietary intake of 105 adult Dutch Caucasian patients (28 women with endometrial or cervical cancer, 50 men with bladder or prostate cancer and 14 men and 13 women with malignant lymphoma) was studied for 19 weeks. Energy and nutrient intakes of all patients were assessed by a dietary history with cross-check over 2 months prior to treatment and by seven 48-h dietary records filled in just before, during and after cancer therapy. No differences were observed between the results obtained with the dietary history and the first 48-h diary. In females treated with abdominal irradiation the mean daily intake of fat, dietary fibre, iron and thiamin decreased during therapy. In men treated with radiotherapy the intake of vegetable protein, polysaccharides, dietary fibre and thiamin also decreased during treatment. This may be partly explained by the observation that many of these patients had spontaneously chosen a 'constipating diet' because of diarrhoea. As compared with the Dutch Recommended Dietary Allowance only the iron intake of the women gave rise to some concern. In our study we did not observe marked changes in dietary intake and nutritional status. In females who underwent irradiation therapy especially, the dietary intake increased after a period of intensive treatment. This demonstrates that food intake of these groups of cancer patients is not consistently reduced by chemotherapy or even abdominal radiotherapy.

Members of the British Dietetic Association (BDA) have become increasingly concerned about the eating patterns of people on low incomes. Certain groups of the population are particularly vulnerable to the effects of restricted income on diet. These include children, the elderly, pregnant women, ethnic minorities, physically handicapped, mentally handicapped and the mentally ill. Individuals who require therapeutic diets may also be unable to afford the appropriate dietary modifications. Recommendations are listed which we consider would significantly improve the situation for people who are at greatest risk of ill health from nutritional causes.

Data on dietetic services to the diabetic in the United Kingdom was sought from dietitians and doctors, from Regional Health Authorities, from patients through local branches of the British Diabetic Association, and by detailed examination of dietitian's work loads in some districts. Considerable deficiencies are demonstrated in the provision of dietetic care and education to the diabetic in the country. A minimum provision for direct diabetic care and education of 15 hours of dietetic time per 100,000 of population per week is required. The data collected indicates that diabetes occupies some 25 per cent of total dietetic time in any one district. Individual district and unit managers should ensure that adequate numbers of WTE are available to offer this continuing commitment. Difficulties may arise in allocating exclusive responsibility for diabetic dietary education to any one individual. However, in any one district, one senior dietitian could be allocated the task of co-ordinating diabetes education and ensuring that all members of the dietetic staff and the diabetic team are kept up to date with all dietary developments. It is of considerable concern that some districts have no diabetic dietetic service or a very rudimentary one. It is of concern that even in districts provided with dietetic cover, the provision may vary by two- to three-fold.