Human nutrition. Applied nutrition最新文献

The study was initiated to investigate the role of food intolerance in the aetiology of oro-facial granulomatosis. Firstly, retrospective data were examined in 85 patients and in 16 of them it was evident that a food or flavouring was provoking the disorder. In a second series, eight patients completed a very-low-allergen diet: seven individuals were found to be intolerant of certain foods, ingestion of which resulted in facial swelling. It is concluded that food intolerance is an aetiological factor in some patients with oro-facial granulomatosis.

An investigation has been made of the relationship between price paid by 13- to 18-year-olds for cash-cafeteria school meals and the amounts of energy and protein obtained. The nutritional value of these meals is compared with traditional school meals and Department of Education and Science nutrient targets. The findings demonstrate a strong positive relationship between price and protein content, and price and energy content. In conclusion the nutritional quality of cash-cafeteria school meals and methods of improving them by influencing food choice are discussed.

Neutron activation analysis signifies a new era in the methodology of studies on nutrient utilization in humans. Yet the classical metabolic balance technique incorporating inert, non-absorbable markers will continue to be an invaluable tool for such studies. This review describes the use and abuse of a number of 'classical' inert markers, and describes the potential use of radioactive and naturally-occurring isotopes, and of heavy metals. The paucity of data critically appraising markers in infant balance trials is apparent. The comparative merits of conventional markers--carmine, polyethylene glycol 4000, chromium oxide--should be assessed. Indeed, it might be argued that the advancing knowledge on the use of naturally occurring isotopes in adults should make similar studies on infants a priority.

The metabolizable energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese contents of a typical day's menu offered to patients in a teaching hospital were analysed. Results obtained were compared with the appropriate UK Recommended Daily Amounts (RDA), or where no British standards were available, American Recommended Daily Dietary Allowances (RDDA) for magnesium, phosphorus and zinc and American Estimated Safe and Adequate Dietary Intakes (ESADI) for copper and manganese. Patients on an acute geriatric ward selected meals, which, even if consumed entirely, provided approximately half the daily recommended dietary allowances for zinc and copper, less than the recommended daily amounts for iron and magnesium, but more than adequate content of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus and manganese.

The day-to-day variations of energy and nutrient intake were studied in infants aged 4, 9, 15 and 24 months. There were 40, 40, 38 and 40 infants in the four groups, respectively. In the 4-month-old infants 3-day weighed food records were used, and in the infants of the other three ages, 7-day weighed food records. The smallest number of daily records required to classify the individual infants into the correct category with low or high intake with a specified degree of accuracy was calculated. Fewer daily records for energy and nutrient intake were needed for the 4-month-old infants than for the older ones.

During a 4-year longitudinal nutritional survey at the age of retirement from work, 94 subjects participated, both before and after retirement. Investigations included 7-day weighed dietary records, questionnaire interviews and health screening. A further 89 subjects added to the data by questionnaire interviews. Dietary fibre intakes calculated from the 7-day weighed dietary records were: pre-retirement 17.6 +/- 6.5 g/day, range 7-35 g; post-retirement 18.4 +/- 6.1 g/day, range 7-34 g. Before their retirement 88 per cent of the sample were not reaching the NACNE short-term recommendation of 25 g/day and 95 per cent had not reached the long-term recommendation of 30 g/day. There was little change in these percentages after retirement from work. Those individuals whose intakes were greater than 30 g/day had sometimes adopted a somewhat unusual style of eating. The percentage contributions to dietary fibre intake from the main food groups remained consistent, with vegetables and breads as the major sources, followed in importance by breakfast cereals and fruits. In spite of the ready availability of higher fibre foods, and publicity from the mass media and nutritional counselling, the increased awareness of the role of dietary fibre in the prevention of constipation had not, for the majority, altered food choice. There was a significantly higher intake of dietary fibre when breakfast was eaten daily but no significant effect on intake with alterations in food choice caused by dentures, chewing difficulties, indigestion or weight control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Isolated communities, such as those in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland have a dietary pattern and lifestyle which may differ from the rest of the country. We have studied the diets of 118 Orkney Islanders (78 women, 40 men) over 2 non-consecutive weeks, using a semi-weighed methodology. 'High tea', soups, fish, potatoes and bakery goods were features of the traditional dietary pattern. Fresh fruit and vegetable tended to be low, and intakes of vitamin C and, to a lesser extent, dietary fibre, were low in relation to energy. Energy intakes of men were consistent with an active lifestyle, while fat provided 42 per cent of the energy from food. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the COMA recommendations and the prevalence of heart disease in this region of Britain.

In Leiden, The Netherlands, a longitudinal dietary survey was carried out among 124 children at the age of 4, 16 and 28 months. Food intake was measured using the 24-hour recall method. In general, the average intake of nutrients was in accordance with the recommendations, although the energy intake was 6 per cent below the recommended daily energy allowance at the age of 4 and 28 months, and 19 per cent at 16 months. The infants derived 82.5 per cent of their energy from breastmilk and/or formula at the age of 4 months. At 28 months the food intake resembled the average intake of Dutch adults more than at 16 months. The contribution of sweets and snacks to total energy increased from 2 per cent at 4 months to 9 and 19 per cent at the ages of 16 and 28 months respectively. The sweet and snack consumption showed a statistically significant tracking-correlation at 4, 16 and 28 months. Mothers with a high eduction appeared to breastfeed their infants longer and to give them less sweets and snacks at 16 months. At 28 months the influence of educational level disappeared. It is concluded that the recommendations for preschool children need adjustment and the nutritional habits, which are developing during early childhood, should be corrected with respect to the consumption of sweets.

The trace element and macronutrient contents of 35 different meals-on-wheels received by seven housebound elderly people have been analysed. The contribution these meals made to the existing Recommended Daily Allowance or the Safe and Adequate Dietary Intake as well as the overall daily nutrient intake was assessed. In general the meals provided adequate amounts of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. Levels of magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium and zinc were low in comparison with some recommended intakes. In addition the meals appeared to contain a relatively high level of sodium. Recommendations for the nutrient content of meals-on-wheels have been made.