Anatomy & Cell Biology最新文献

The terms of relationship and comparison, which consist of 44 elements grouped as general terms in Terminologia Anatomica, describe the location of anatomical structures and facilitate communication between health professionals and students. During a review in Terminologia Anatomica, the term 'supreme' was found in various structures. However, it is not part of the general terms, which could create confusion when describing and comparing anatomical structures. For this reason, this study aimed to analyze the relevance of supreme and its possible relationship with the superior term. A review of Terminologia Anatomica was conducted to identify structures designated by the adjective "supreme" or its Latin equivalent, suprema. The term was then categorized based on anatomical context. An etymological analysis of supreme and superior revealed that both terms stem from the Latin root super, meaning above or over. However, over time, each term evolved with distinct meanings. In Terminologia Anatomica, 'superior' is used as a comparative adjective for a higher position relative to another structure. 'Supreme' is a superlative adjective that indicates the highest level and the designation of structures in a principal position relative to others. Due to inconsistent usage, we suggest including 'supreme' in Terminologia Anatomica and unifying its application. Specifically, it should be limited to structures where terms such as superior, middle, and inferior are applied and when describing structures that occupy a principal position relative to others. In this sense, we suggest changing the supreme, superior and inferior nuchal lines to superior, middle and inferior nuchal lines, respectively.

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (Hep I/R) is a great health burden during hepatic transplantation surgery. The present work aimed to examine the mitigative effect of Chlorella vulgaris against Hep I/R and its underlying protective mechanisms. The animals in the present research were classified into four equal experimental groups (n=6): the sham group, sham+Chlorella vulgaris group, Hep I/R group, and Hep I/R+Chlorella vulgaris group. Hepatic ischemia results in liver impairment, as evidenced by elevated liver enzyme levels and altered liver histology. It also reduced antioxidant enzyme levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the Hep I/R group displayed significant suppression of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/haem oxygenase-1 pathway. There was a marked elevation in the expression of inflammatory markers, including nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and myloperoxidase, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and caspase-1. Furthermore, the levels of apoptotic markers such as caspase-3 and Bax were greater than those in the sham groups. Pretreatment with Chlorella vulgaris significantly protected against Hep I/R by reversing these effects. Rats pretreated with Chlorella vulgaris exhibited a hepatoprotective effect against Hep I/R through its inhibition of the NF-κB and NLRP3 cascades and Nrf2 stimulation.

The four infrahyoid muscles of the anterior neck are primarily innervated by the ansa cervicalis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the range of the anatomical variations in these muscles and their relationship to innervation patterns. A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Articles reporting variations in infrahyoid muscles and/or ansa cervicalis were independently evaluated following the PICOTS framework. The anatomical quality assessment tool was used to assess the quality of publications reporting anatomical variants. Seventy-seven studies, encompassing eighty-four cases, were included in the analysis. Of the 56-publication reporting infrahyoid muscle variations, 44 pertained to the omohyoid muscle (main or accessory), 3 to the sternohyoid, 4 to the sternothyroid, and 1 to the thyrohyoid, with no accessory variation observed in the latter. Atypical infrahyoid muscles were identified in 11 cases, 9 of which presented as levator glandulae thyroideae, and 2 as single cases. Variations in the ansa cervicalis were documented in 29 cases, only 1 case involved both ansa cervicalis and infrahyoid muscle variations. The extensive variability of the omohyoid muscle led to the development of a new classification system that integrates 4 types of consistency and 4 types of morphometric variations, providing valuable insights for clinical practice. The specialized use of the infrahyoid muscles in cancer staging, reconstruction after neck cancer surgery, and thyroid surgery underscores the need for a new framework to document their variations, particularly in the omohyoid muscle.

Left superior vena cava (LSVC) opening into the left atrium without an atrial septal defect or right superior vena cava is extremely rare. During routine dissection for undergraduate medical teaching we came across a similar variation coexisting with variation of the azygos system of veins. Azygos vein (AV) was noted on the left and drained into LSVC before the latter opened into the left auricle. Accessory and hemiazygos veins were present on the right, but crossed over to the left across the vertebral column to drain into AV at the level of T5 and T8, respectively. LSVC may remain silent clinically and usually discovered incidentally. Its presence may complicate central venous access, implantation of pacemaker etc. Variation in azygos system of veins can become problematic during surgical procedures by causing unexpected haemorrhage. The present case highlights the importance of recognising this infrequent systemic venous anomaly by clinicians.

Inflammation of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) was evaluated in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The VNO was sampled in mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE, and processed for paraffin embedding. The sections were immunohistochemically evaluated for various markers, including ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and olfactory marker protein (OMP). Inflammatory cell infiltration was detected in the connective tissues. Both Iba1-positive macrophages and MPO-positive neutrophils infiltrated the VNO of EAE, with increased secretion of mucus into the lumen. The intensity of the OMP-positive immunoreaction was decreased in the vomeronasal sensory epithelium of EAE-induced mice. We postulate that the inflammatory response of the VNO in EAE is associated with dysfunction of the accessory olfactory system.

Modern hepatic resections need to consider hepatic vein variations to reduce surgical complications. In this study we determined the variation in the branching pattern of hepatic veins by modified luminal casting technique and evaluated the association of the hepatic vein variations with morphological variations of the liver. The morphological features of thirty formalin-fixed livers were noted. The branching pattern of the hepatic veins was studied by retrograde injection of silicone into the hepatic veins through the inferior vena cava. According to the descriptions given by previous studies, the right, middle, left hepatic veins, and combined middle and left hepatic venous branching patterns were categorized. The data was analyzed statistically. The predominant hepatic vein patterns were De Cecchis type I right hepatic vein (30%), Neumann type I middle hepatic vein (67%), and Reichert type I left hepatic vein (70%). A common trunk for the middle and left hepatic vein was present in 60% and Wind's type II was more common (30%) followed by type I (20%) and type III (10%). While there was no association between the De Cecchis and Wind types, 90% of the conical-shaped livers exhibited type II middle/left hepatic vein pattern of Wind's classification. The present study also observed a rare variation of an accessory inferior left hepatic vein.

Foot drop can have debilitating effects on quality of life and is usually idiopathic. A better understanding of the nerve relationships of the anterior compartment of the leg could be important in treating some patients. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the deep fibular nerve and its relationship to various connective tissue bands along its course. Fifty-two cadaveric legs were dissected to reveal and identify the branching patterns of the common, superficial, and deep fibular nerves and their passage through the leg's posterior intermuscular septum (PIMS) and anterior intermuscular septum (AIMS). The oval passageway of the common fibular nerve was classified as the superior fibular band, and the crescentic passageways of the deep and superficial fibular nerves were classified as the middle and inferior fibular bands. The inferior boundary of the oval-shaped superior fibular band of the PIMS was positioned at the lateral aspect of the superior most region of the fibular neck. The crescentic middle fibular band of the AIMS was present in 96.15% of legs, its inferior boundary being consistently positioned in 98% of them. The other 2% presented with a thin band of connective tissue in the absence of a distinguishable AIMS. The crescentic inferior fibular band of the AIMS was present in 17.31% of legs. There were no significant differences between right and left sides in the presence or classifications of the fibular bands. Connective tissue bands along the course of the fibular nerves are common and should be considered in idiopathic palsies of these nerves.

Pudendal nerve entrapment clinically has a wide spectrum of presentation ranging from urinary to anorectal and sexual dysfunction. The caliber of the pudendal nerve should be matched with calibre of donor nerve for a successful nerve transfer. Hence, we aimed at evaluating the morphology, dimensions of pudendal nerve at various sites of entrapment and certain trajectory distances to approach the pudendal nerve surgically. The study was conducted at Department of Anatomy at a tertiary care hospital and medical college. A detailed dissection of pudendal nerve was done and the morphology and morphometry of the pudendal nerve were studied in 10 cadavers with equal sex distribution (5 male and 5 female). Cross-sectional area (CSA) of the pudendal nerve at various sites of entrapment (piriformis, sacrospinous ligament, sacrotuberous ligament, and at Alcock's canal) and trajectory distance of pudendal nerve from various anatomical landmarks (ischial spine, sacral tuberosity, pubic symphysis, and inferior pubic ramus) were measured using digital vernier caliper. The CSA of pudendal nerve was more at piriformis (4.04 mm²) it decreased as the nerve travelled further to Alcock's canal (0.35 mm²). On comparison of the CSA and trajectory distances of the pudendal nerve with sex and sides there was no statistically significant difference. Morphologically, formation variation of pudendal nerve from S3 and S4 roots and trunk variations were also observed. These findings of the present study would help in various surgeries of perineum like nerve transfer, in placement of Richters stitch, transobturator tapes, pudendal nerve block etc.

Pneumonia is often triggered by a bacterial infection, in many cases Staphylococcus aureus. Although this bacterium is found in the microbiota of healthy individuals, it can proliferate and release toxins in the respiratory tract, causing tissue damage by activating the inflammatory process and cell death pathways and resulting in serious complications. In this study, pneumonia was induced in Balb/c mice using different concentrations of S. aureus to evaluate histopathological changes and progression with increasing concentrations of colony forming units (CFUs) as well as their interactions with inflammatory and cell death markers. Hematoxylin and eosin histological techniques and peroxidase immunohistochemistry were utilized to investigate outcomes that included edema and disruption of the bronchiole and blood vessel walls. Alveolar collapse and bronchiolar hyperplasia were also analyzed and were statistically significant, but only hyperplasia varied between the two groups that received intermediate concentrations of CFU (10⁷ and 10⁸, respectively) to induce pneumonia. In the immunohistochemical analysis, progression of apoptosis was observed in groups that received up to 10⁸ CFU, along with a probable predominance of autophagy and reduction in IL-6 in the group that received the highest concentration (10⁹ CFU). These characteristics appear to indicate an attempt to preserve and reuse cells when high CFU concentrations are present and eliminate infected cells at lower concentrations. The data from this present study contribute to understanding crosstalk between cell death pathways and the inflammatory response in S. aureus-induced pneumonia, and may assist in future intervention strategies.