Anatomy & Cell Biology最新文献

The umbilical cord lacks vasavasorum and is prone for hypoxic injuries. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) causes structural changes with in umbilical cord blood vessels. Knowledge of which would be helpful for the gynecologist and obstetricians to assess the prognosis and prevent the complications. The present study was concentrated from December 2016 to December 2019 on 50 normal and 56 GDM umbilical cords. GDM group included 23 GDM mothers managed by diet (GDM-Diet) and 33 GDM mothers managed by drugs (GDM-Drug). Placentas along with the attached umbilical cords were collected and stored in 10% formaline. Tissue processing, slide preparation and stainings were done using standard protocols. A significant reduction was observed in the number of Hoboken nodules of umbilical arteries of GDM-Diet. Reduction of myofibroblasts with an increase in the empty spaces was observed in the Wharton's jelly of both GDM cases. Similarly, smooth muscle disintegration and migration of smooth muscles to intima was significantly higher in GDM umbilical arteries and veins than normal umbilical vessels. The total wall thickness and tunica media was significantly thicker in the umbilical arteries of GDM-Drug group only. The umbilical venous lumen was found significantly wider in GDM groups compared to normal. The elastin fibers were significantly found reduced in the tunics of umbilical arteries and veins in GDM. However, a significant difference in these parameters was not observed between the GDM-Diet and GDM-Drug groups except for total wall and tunica media thickness of umbilical arteries.

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis has developed rapidly since it first emerged in the 1980s, becoming an almost indispensable tool in anthropological and archaeological sciences. Earlier aDNA study was based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, with which, unfortunately, modern DNA contamination and other authenticity issues were often incurred. These technical hurdles were soon overcome by application of advancements in the forms of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technique and others. However, since NGS requires money, time, and, in the case of large projects, manpower as well, genetic analysis of some ancient samples considered to be insignificant is commonly delayed or, in the worst cases, neglected entirely. We acknowledge that as a diagnostic tool in aDNA analysis, PCR is less accurate than NGS and more easily affected by modern DNA contamination; but it also has advantages, such as simplicity, time-saving, and greater ease of interpretation, among others. The role of PCR in aDNA analysis, then, should be reconsidered.

This study examined the case of 27-year-old female who underwent orthognathic surgery to correct class 3 malocclusion, resulting in an unnatural smile. The research aimed to assess the efficacy of non-invasive treatment in enhancing facial muscle movement during smiling to achieve a natural smile. The patient received eight sessions of treatment using non-invasive devices, and facial assessment were conducted using three-dimensional scanner (Morpheus 3D Scanner) to evaluate facial features in both relaxed and maximum smile states pre- and post-treatment. The results demonstrated improvements in the symmetry of the lower lip height during smiling, along with increases in mouth width and volume in the upper central area. Subjectively, the patient also reported enhanced comfort while smiling. These findings suggest that non-invasive procedures can effectively improve unnatural smiles following orthognathic surgery, contributing to a more aesthetically pleasing smile presentation.

The suprascapular nerve corresponds to one of the supraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus, and its route exposes it to being injured during some surgical procedures. Morphometric analysis of the scapula has been proposed as a tool for preventing injuries to the suprascapular nerve. The present investigation aimed to determine the safe distances for approaching the suprascapular nerve at the level of the scapular notch (SPN) and spinoglenoid notch, in addition to establishing its relationship with the type of SPN and with two scapular dimensions: major longitudinal axis (MLA) and major transverse axis (MTA). For this purpose, a descriptive-correlative, quantitative, non-experimental and transversal study was carried out, in which 82 dry scapulae from adult individuals of Chilean origin were investigated. The main results of this study found that prevalences were highest for SPNs types II (36.2%), I (29.3%), and III (26.0%), with average distances that were considered safe in all types of SPNs. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation, with P<0.05, between the MTA (r=0.526; r=0.634), MLA (r=0.284) and the safe distances for the suprascapular nerve at the level of the SPN and incisura spinoglenoid of the scapulae studied. Scapular dimensions such as the MTA and the MLA could, therefore, be used to predict a safe zone for the suprascapular nerve, potentially contributing to a reduction in the current rate of injury of the suprascapular nerve in surgical procedures involving the deltoid and scapular regions.

The complex of neurovascular structures surrounding the coracoid process, particularly the axillary artery, the thoracoacromial artery and theirs branches, plays a critical role in shoulder function. Detailed dissection was performed in 36 shoulders from 18 embalmed cadavers. The focus was on axillary artery branches in relation to the coracoid process and the documentation of anatomical variations in this area. Significant findings include the categorization of thoracoacromial artery variations and the identification of acromial and clavicular branches as variable. A key measurement was mean distance between the thoracoacromial artery and tip of the coracoid process (31.89 mm). These findings offer valuable insight into the spatial relationships of these structures. The study provides important information on the vascular anatomy surrounding the coracoid process. Recognizing these anatomical variations is essential for planning safer and more effective shoulder surgeries, such as coracoclavicular stabilization and subcoracoid decompression. Detailed anatomical data are key for surgeons to prevent unintended injuries and enhance surgical success.

This study aims to determine the level of origin, branching pattern and exits of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves in relation to the psoas major muscle. Additionally, this study confirms the presence and retroperitoneal courses of the double nerves. We dissected a total of 24 iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (6 male and 6 female cadavers). The origin, branching, and exits in relation to the psoas major muscle, the absence of these nerves or the presence of double nerves, and their retroperitoneal course were carefully examined. All the images were recorded by photographing. In this study, we mainly observed variations in exits, branching patterns, and their retroperitoneal course. The iliohypogastric nerve was absent in 2 cases (8.3%). In the type I pattern, in 1 case (4.2%), the common trunk descends anteriorly to the iliac vessels from the iliolumbar vessels. In 4 cases (16.7%), the double ilioinguinal nerve with different branch patterns and retroperitoneal courses was observed. In 1 single nerve case (4.2%), the ilioinguinal nerve descends anterior to the iliac vessels from the iliolumbar vessels. To our knowledge, the branching pattern of the double ilioinguinal nerves and their retroperitoneal course have not been reported in any available data. Sound knowledge of the variations in the origin, branches, and retroperitoneal course of the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves is very helpful for the improvement of peripheral nerve blocks and other various surgical procedures to avoid complications and nerve injuries.

Statins are long known to be beneficial for neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also, nanoparticle (NP) drugs can better affect the target tissue in various diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was surveying the effect of rosuvastatin (RZV) coated by nano-chitosan in an Alzheimer's (Alz) induced model of rats. We examined learning, memory, and hippocampal amyloid plaques and evaluate expression levels of calbindin, doublecortin (DCX), NeuroD1, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), and neurofilament. Forty rats were randomly divided into five various groups. AD was induced by injecting bilaterally with 1 μl of amyloid beta (Aβ) into the hippocampus. After confirmation of AD, RZV, or NP, or RZV+NP were administered gavage orally daily in rats for 30 days. Induction of AD significantly raised Aβ plaques and dead cells compared to the control group. Results of Morris water maze in the test day indicated that Alz+NP+RZV group significantly reduced escape latency and travelled distance, also significantly increased spending time compared to the Alz group (P<0.05). RZV significantly decreased Aβ plaque percentage and the number of apoptotic cells compared to the Alz group (P<0.05). In addition, NeuN and neurofilament protein expression and calbindin, DCX, and NeuroD1 genes expression increased in Alz+RZV and Alz+RZV+NP compared to the Alz group. RZV coated by nano-chitosan has good potential for reducing Aβ plaques and dead cells, increasing brain NeuN and neurofilament proteins and calbindin, DCX, and NeuroD1 genes, and improving learning and memory in Alz rats.

During routine dissection, we observed a unique case of unilateral polydactyly in the left foot of a 61-year-old male cadaver. We observed the medial head of the quadratus plantae (QP) muscle, which gave off an additional tendinous slip before joining the lateral head of QP. The 4th tendon of the flexor digitorum longus (FDL) was bifurcated into two tendinous parts after receiving a thin fibrous slip from the tendinous slip of the medial head of QP. The medial division of the 4th tendon of FDL passed forward and attached to the base of the distal phalanx of the 5th toe. The extra tendinous slip from the medial head of QP was attached distally to the lateral division of the 4th tendon of FDL and formed a common anomalous tendon to the 6th toe. The knowledge of this variation would be helpful in reconstructive foot surgeries and correction of congenital deformities.

The linguofacial trunk (LFT) is the conjoined origin of the lingual (LA) and facial (FA) arteries. We present an uncommon case of LFT due to its origin, length, and diameter. The computed tomography angiogram of an adult male case was evaluated. On the right side, the external carotid artery (ECA) gave off a large LFT before reaching the greater hyoid horn, with an outer diameter of 3.7 mm. The outer diameter of the ECA of 3.4 mm. The ECA and the LFT were on the outer side of the greater hyoid horn. After an ascending course of 20.9 mm anteriorly to the ECA, the LFT branched into the LA and FA. Bilateral elongated styloid processes reaching laterally to the oropharyngeal isthmus were also assessed. In conclusion, care should be taken not to confuse a large LFT with the ECA on the outer side of the greater hyoid horn.

We demonstrate an aberrant ramification pattern of the renal and testicular vessels. On both sides, the anterior and posterior renal veins emerged from the renal. On the right side, the anterior renal vein collected the right testicular vein and drained into the inferior vena cava, while the posterior one directly drained into the inferior vena cava. Two retrocaval testicular arteries originated from the aorta. On the left side, the perinephric vein drained from the abdominal wall and adrenal gland and joined the anterior renal vein. The anterior renal vein also collected the testicular, suprarenal, and inferior phrenic veins. The posterior one received the other testicular vein and the first three lumbar veins. These renal veins converged, passed anteriorly to the aorta, and drained into the inferior vena cava. Knowledge of the varied anatomy of these vessels will contribute to safe surgical approach to the kidneys.