Anatomy & Cell Biology最新文献

The use of cadavers remains essential for medical students studying anatomy, as it provides irreplaceable hands-on experience. Given that the available cadavers must be reused over time, an effective preservation method is necessary to maintain tissue integrity. Formaldehyde-based solutions are commonly used in cadaver preservation due to their cost-effectiveness, practicality, and long-term tissue stability. However, given formaldehyde is carcinogenic and an irritant, it poses risks to both users and preserved cadavers. As a result, numerous studies have investigated cadaver embalming techniques as an effort to safeguard users and preserve cadavers. This review examines research on low-formaldehyde embalming solutions. Literature was retrieved from databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, with a focus on preservation efficacy, safety, and practical application. The reviewed literature identifies several low-formaldehyde formulations that effectively preserve cadavers while minimizing health risks. These solutions offer a variety of chemical compositions and application methods for institutes seeking safer cadaver preservation. The findings emphasize the need for anatomy instruction to switch to low-formaldehyde embalming. These approaches can preserve cadavers and reduce health hazards, but cost and resource availability remain important consideration. Further study is needed to enhance low-formaldehyde embalming solutions for anatomical institutes' different needs. This review concludes that low-formaldehyde embalming solutions are essential for cadaver preservation safety. This study helps anatomy professionals modify embalming practices in their institutions to improve cadaver preservation and user safety by revealing the benefits and downsides of several options.

The purpose of the current case is to describe a very rare coexistence of a replaced common hepatic artery (rCHA) and dorsal pancreatic agenesis with notable surgical implications. Preoperative computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography were performed in a 53-year-old female with cholangiocarcinoma. Imaging revealed an rCHA arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and coursing anterior to the pancreatic head, supplying the right and left hepatic arteries, right gastroepiploic artery, and both the superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries. The gastroduodenal artery was absent. Dorsal pancreatic agenesis was confirmed, with the absence of the pancreatic body and tail. This configuration places the rCHA at high intraoperative risk and eliminates a major coeliac-SMA collateral route. Detailed preoperative vascular mapping and tailored surgical strategies are essential to prevent catastrophic ischemia during pancreatic or hepatic surgery and to guide appropriative operative approach.

Neck epaxial muscles, which are differentiated for suspending the head, occupy a large space posterior to the cervical lordosis. Limited information exists regarding developmental process that determines the muscle fiber direction and bony attachment of neck epaxial muscles. We examined histological sections of 28 human fetuses aged approximately 7-18 weeks (crown-rump length, 20-150 mm). In place of the underdeveloped lordosis, the transverse process of cervical vertebrae was shifted anteriorly at the cervicothoracic junction. The semispinalis and longissimus were distinguished by the direction of muscle fibers connecting between the surface aponeurosis and transverse process. The semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis had a bulky anterior margin without bony attachments. The obliquus capitis inferior continued to both the rectus capitis posterior major and the semispinalis cervicis, but the obliquus capitis superior was consistently independent. Muscle attachments to the scapula were quite different from the final morphology: 1) the levator and rhomboidei usually extended inferiorly along the developing scapula beyond the inferior angle and 2) the splenius capitis or semispinalis cervicis rarely issued an aberrant bundle attaching to the scapula. The scaleni, rhomboidei, levator scapulae, iliocostalis and longissimus were arranged in parallel from the anteromedial to the posterolateral planes and together formed a thick oblique muscle bundle originating from the cervical transverse process and running toward the upper thoracic vertebra and ribcage. The transient oblique muscle bundle seen in early fetuses seemed to provide the so-called intermediate axial muscle between the epaxial-hypaxial muscles: a concept postulated in recent molecular neurology and embryology.

The nasal mucosa and submucosa likely contain both vascular beds against cold and dry air and resident immunoreactive cells against various antigens. Therefore, a specific fibrous structure seems to be necessary. Using histological specimens from 20 elderly cadavers, we examined the nasal mucosal and submucosal architecture. The ciliated columnar epithelium of the nasal mucosa was characterized by 1) a thick basal lamina, 2) few elastin-positive fibers beneath the epithelium, that was quite different from the nearby mucocutaneous junction area with a thick layer (0.3-0.8 mm) of elastic and oxytalan fibers corresponding to the skin dermis, 3) CD34-positive cells distributing diffusely in the submucosal tissue, and 4) few smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive fibers beneath the epithelium. Some of submucosal fibrous structure appeared to express both elastin and CD34. CD34-positive arterioles were abundant beneath the ciliated epithelium, but they appeared negative for SMA antibody that cross-reacts with endothelium. Notably, the ciliated columnar epithelium was thin in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, while the inferior concha carried the thick pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Strangely, the inferior or palatal wall of the nasal cavity was covered by the thick stratified epithelium. We found SMApositive mucosal venous plexus in the lateral wall of nasal cavity, but the submucosa was filled with glands in the inferior concha. Vascular beds might be replaced by glands in the nasal submucosa. The site-dependent difference in the mucosal morphology as well as the absence of vascular beds might be a result of secondary change with aging.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a condition with hyperglycaemia first seen in pregnancy. GDM is still diagnosed in the late second or early third trimester, because accurate diagnostic approaches in first trimester are still lacking and increasing burden of non-communicable diseases in the country. New diagnostic approaches allow early assessment. To assess the efficacy of glycosylated fibronectin in detecting GDM. In this case control study the pregnant women coming to outpatient department were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was carried out at RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital between January 2024 to February 2025. The participant's oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at 24 to 28 weeks. Diagnostic cut off value based on Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group India is considered. Based on OGTT value participants were divided into GDM group and control group. Glycosylated fibronectin was estimated by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The concentration of glycosylated fibronectin level between the control and GDM group was analysed using unpaired t-test. The P-value was 0.0001 suggesting significant difference between GDM and control group. The area under the ROC curve equals 0.8096 suggesting that the power of the model to distinguish between two outcomes is excellent. R² value by the regression analysis in GDM group is 0.9813 whereas in control group it is 0.9991 suggesting that glycosylated fibronectin can be used to make accurate predictions. Glycosylated fibronectin is a very potent biomarker in early diagnosis of GDM.

Tartrazine (TZ) is a synthetic azo dye extensively used as a food colorant, posing potential harm to human health. This study examined whether maternal exposure to TZ at an acceptable daily intake (ADI) dosage during lactation could induce neurotoxicity in male rat pups and to investigate the potential underlying mechanism. Twelve rat dams at postnatal day 2 (PND2) were split equally into control (received vehicle), and TZ-treated (received TZ 7.5 mg/kg) groups. Administration was through oral gavage, once daily for 20 days (from PND2 to PND21). The pups' exposure to TZ was via breastfeeding. On PND22, male pups' brain tissues were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and gene expression analyses. Maternal TZ exposure during lactation led to brain tissue damage in rat pups, with resultant neuronal atrophy, nuclear condensation, perineuronal halos, capillary congestion, wide pericapillary spacing, hemorrhage, and neuropil vacuolation in the prefrontal cortex, cerebellar cortex, and hippocampus. Also, lactational TZ exposure was associated with oxidative stress (raised malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species with total antioxidant capacity decline); oxidative DNA damage (overexpression of 8-OHdG protein); endoplasmic reticulum stress (upregulated XBP-1, BIP, CHOP, and JNK genes); autophagy suppression (upregulated p62 gene, downregulated Beclin-1 gene, decreased LC3-II at both protein and gene levels); synaptogenesis impairment (decreased synaptophysin protein expression and increased acetylcholinesterase activity level); inflammation (raised TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 with IL-10 decline). In conclusion, this study highlights neurotoxic alterations in pups associated with low-dose TZ exposure through breastfeeding, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms. This is crucial for developing strategies to safeguard public health.

Knowledge regarding arterial variations of the abdominal organs is of great importance in visceral surgery and interventional radiology. Here, we describe the combination of an aberrant common hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery, an aberrant right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery, and an aberrant left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery in a female body donor. The aberrant common hepatic artery provided a middle hepatic artery only. Additionally, we reported a circumaortic variation of the left renal vein. To the best of our knowledge, this specific combination of hepatic artery variations has not been described yet. It is important that clinicians are aware not only of isolated variations but also of their various combinations.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition marked by disrupted insulin regulation. Mesenchymal stem cellderived exosomes and conditioned medium (CM) have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for DM. This research explored the medical benefits of exosomes and CM in treating streptozotocin-induced type 1 DM (T1DM) in rats, comparing their efficacy to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Fifty albino rats were grouped into five groups (n=10 each): healthy controls, untreated T1DM rats, T1DM rats treated with intravenous BM-MSCs, T1DM rats treated with intravenous exosomes, and T1DM rats treated with intravenous CM. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were monitored weekly. Pancreatic β-cell regeneration was analyzed via qRT-PCR, focusing on the expression levels of TGF-β, Smad3, Ngn3, Pdx1, MafA, and insulin genes. Histological evaluation of pancreatic tissue regeneration was performed at weeks 2 and 4 using hematoxylin & eosin and Masson's trichrome stains. The exosomes- and CM-treated groups demonstrated significantly higher expression of β-cell regeneration markers (TGF-β, Smad3, Ngn3, Pdx1, MafA, and insulin) than the BM-MSCs group. Additionally, these groups demonstrated a marked rise in the area percentage of pancreatic islets and a significant reduction in pancreatic fibrosis, with more pronounced effects at week 4. Exosomes and CM exhibit superior therapeutic efficiency and regenerative potential over BM-MSCs in T1DM, suggesting their promise as cell-free alternatives for diabetes treatment.

Initial gastrointestinal endocrine cells (GIECs) likely appear at the proximal and distal sites of abdominal intestines and may take a close topographical relation with neural elements in the gut. We examined immunohistochemically-stained sections from 10 fetuses at approximately 8-18 weeks of gestational age (36-155 mm of crown-rump length). Irrespective of whether physiological herniation was present (early 5 specimens) or absent (the other 5), the duodenum and jejunum had well-developed mucosa with villi containing abundant flask-like chromogranin-positive cells. In the earlier 5 specimens, the rectum, standing up to a level of the umbilicus, had a lumen and villi with a few positive cells, but the colon carried neither the lumen or chromogranin-positive cells. The initial GIECs seemed to appear in the basal payer of the epithelium at the distal and proximal foci depending on double pathways of neural crest cell migration. Less number of the colic chromogranin-positive cells, more than 5-times difference in density relative to small intestine, was seen in the larger 5 specimens. The appearance of GIECs was delayed at the anal transitional zone (a border area between the columnar and squamous epithelia). The reactivity of neuronal nitric oxide synthase was restricted in the myenteric plexus, whereas clusters of slender calretinin-positive cells existed in the lamina propria or core of villi in the duodenum and colon. Relatively small, round or oval positive cells were also seen in the basal layer of the columnar epithelium. Therefore, calretinin-positive cells might exist closely to GIECs in the developing villi.

A significant number of individuals on combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) are also chronic alcohol consumers. Alcohol and cART independently induce perturbed intestinal function, but their combined effects on Paneth cells (PCs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remain unclear. Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups and treated with normal saline, alcohol treated (AC), cART, and a combination of alcohol and cART (AC+cART) for 90 days. Sections of the small intestine were studied for histomorphology, PC granules, crypts, and ISCs in the jejunum and ileum using hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian Blue Periodic Acid-Schiff, Masson trichrome stains, and immunohistochemistry. This study reveals alcohol-induced collagen increase and cART-induced impairment in the crypts, PC granules, and diminished Musashi-1 expression of ISCs, in the jejunum and ileum. Additionally, depleted goblet cells, crypt depth, and number, but increased intestinal wall thickness and collagen in the ileum of the AC+cART group. Minimal PC granules in the stem cell and transit amplifying zone, with reduced Musashi-1 expression in the jejunum and ileum of the AC+cART group. Moreover, all the independent effects of alcohol and cART are exacerbated in the AC+cART group, resulting in perturbations of the small intestine epithelium, ISC, and PC granules, which may adversely affect the regulation of gut innate immunity, intestinal absorptive function, with adverse health outcomes when exposed to infections. These findings are clinically invaluable in managing patients who receive cART prophylaxis, considering the critical significance of PCs and ISCs in the absorption of medications and necessary nutrients for better treatment outcomes.