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Bioclimatic Drivers of Terrestrial Isopod Diversity Across A North–South Gradient in Algeria 阿尔及利亚南北梯度陆生等足类生物多样性的生物气候驱动因素
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70085
Rayane Ahlem, Kherbouche-Abrous Ourida

This study examines the diversity of terrestrial isopods across Algeria's bioclimatic gradient, from the humid north to the arid south, over 2 years (2015–2017). Monthly sampling using pitfall traps, hand searching and microhabitat exploration yielded 712 individuals (217 males, 343 females, 152 juveniles) from four families, five genera and 12 species. Porcellionidae was the most abundant family (76.25%), with Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833), Porcellio laevis Latreille, 1804 and Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) as dominant species. The highest abundance was recorded in Hamda (Laghouat) (342 individuals), followed by the olive grove (62) and degraded oasis (46) stations in El Menea. A latitudinal gradient was observed, with increasing species richness toward the south. Canonical correspondence analysis showed a negative correlation with temperature and a positive correlation with precipitation. Humid bioclimatic stations supported P. laevis Latreille, 1804, Porcellio sp.1, Porcellio sp.2 and Ligidium hypnorum (Cuvier, 1792), whereas Saharan stations, characterised by low precipitation, were associated with Porcellio variabilis Lucas, 1849, Porcellio sp.3 and Porcellio sp.4.

本研究在2年(2015-2017年)的时间里,研究了阿尔及利亚从湿润的北部到干旱的南部的生物气候梯度上陆生等足类动物的多样性。采用诱捕法、人工搜索法和微生境勘探法,每月采集到雄虫217只,雌虫343只,幼虫152只,隶属4科5属12种。瓷蝇科数量最多,占76.25%,优势种有pruinosus (Brandt, 1833)、laevis Latreille, 1804和Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804)。Hamda (Laghouat)的丰度最高(342只),其次是El Menea的橄榄林(62只)和退化绿洲(46只)。物种丰富度呈现向南增加的纬向梯度。典型对应分析表明,与温度负相关,与降水正相关。湿润生物气候站支持P. laevis Latreille, 1804, Porcellio sp.1, Porcellio sp.2和Ligidium hypnorum (Cuvier, 1792),而以降水少为特征的撒哈拉站与Porcellio variabilis (Lucas, 1849, Porcellio sp.3和Porcellio sp.4)相关。
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引用次数: 0
Foraging Behaviours in Excavated Microhabitats: A Study of Agama aculeata 挖掘微生境中的觅食行为:针叶草的研究
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-08-04 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70082
Drew E. Dittmer, Douglas A. Eifler, Karabo Baipidi, Ntshotlang Sebati, Maria A. Eifler

We investigated the microhabitat use and foraging behaviour of Agama aculeata in a semi-arid region of Botswana. We observed 33 individuals (17 females, 5 males and 11 juveniles) over a 10-day period, recording their foraging events, movements and microhabitat preferences. Our findings reveal significant differences in foraging and movement behaviours among age and sex classes. Females primarily relied on a sit-and-wait strategy near excavations, while males exhibited more frequent movements and a wider range of foraging tactics. Juveniles were more active foragers, often capturing prey through approaches rather than snaps. Microhabitat use also varied, with females preferring excavations and juveniles opting for arboreal positions. Our results indicate that A. aculeata exhibit distinct behavioural adaptations related to their age, sex and reproductive status. Further research is needed to explore the underlying factors driving differences, such as predation pressure, competition for resources and thermoregulation.

研究了博茨瓦纳半干旱区阿卡玛(Agama aculeata)的微生境利用和觅食行为。在10天的时间里,我们观察了33只个体(雌性17只,雄性5只,幼年11只),记录了它们的觅食事件、活动和微生境偏好。我们的发现揭示了不同年龄和性别阶层在觅食和运动行为上的显著差异。雌性主要依靠在挖掘附近静坐等待的策略,而雄性则表现出更频繁的活动和更广泛的觅食策略。幼鱼是更活跃的觅食者,经常通过接近而不是撕咬来捕捉猎物。小生境的使用也各不相同,雌性更喜欢挖掘,而幼崽则选择树上的位置。研究结果表明,不同年龄、性别和生殖状态的刺毛刺槐表现出不同的行为适应。需要进一步的研究来探索导致差异的潜在因素,如捕食压力、资源竞争和体温调节。
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引用次数: 0
Interannual Synchrony in the Post-Breeding Migration Departure of Yellow-Billed Kites (Milvus aegyptius) From a Roost Site in South Africa 南非黄喙鸢(Milvus aegyptius)繁殖后迁徙离场的年际同步性
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70081
Roger N. Porter, Jonah Gula, William W. Howells, Ingrid B. Weiersbye, Ben Hoffman, Preshnee Singh, Colleen T. Downs

Yellow-billed kites (Milvus aegyptius) were counted yearly from 2016 to 2024 at a roost site near Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, in the austral autumn. Kite numbers peaked during a short window between the last days of February and the first few days of March, with a maximum count of 3369 in 2017. There was high interannual synchrony in the departure of kites from the roost, with kites departing just prior to 20–26 March in all nine study years. The consistency of departure timing suggests endogenous cues for migration, not environmental cues, given that abundant food was available at a nearby crocodile farm.

从2016年到2024年,每年都会在南部秋季南非彼得马里茨堡附近的一个栖息地对黄嘴鸢(Milvus aegyptius)进行计数。风筝数量在2月最后几天到3月前几天的短暂窗口期达到峰值,2017年最多达到3369只。在所有9个研究年度中,风筝离巢的年际同步性较高,在3月20日至26日之前离开。考虑到附近的鳄鱼养殖场有丰富的食物,这种一致性的出发时间表明了迁徙的内生因素,而不是环境因素。
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引用次数: 0
Dominance at the Dinner Table: Interspecific Competition Between Hyaenas and Jackals at Scavenging Sites 餐桌上的优势:鬣狗和豺狼在食腐地的种间竞争
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70080
Adélie Destercke, Amauréé Jansen van Vuuren, Jan A. Venter

Carnivore assemblages in ecosystems worldwide are shaped by intense interspecific competition for critical resources such as food and habitat. Despite extensive research on coexistence strategies, detailed investigations into interspecific interactions at carcass sites remain limited. This study fills the gap by investigating the interspecific interactions and competition among three carnivore species—spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta), brown hyaenas (Hyaena brunnea) and black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas)—at carcass sites in the Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa. Using motion-triggered camera traps, we documented the behaviour and interactions of these carnivores around eight carcass sites. Our findings reveal that hyaenas consistently dominate jackals, significantly reducing jackal feeding times and contributing to altered vigilance patterns. Jackals exhibited higher rates of submissive behaviours, whereas hyaenas responded little to their presence. This study highlights the asymmetry in interspecific interactions at carcass sites and underscores the importance of understanding these dynamics for managing scavenger species and their ecological roles. Future research should expand on these findings by incorporating broader spatial scales and environmental variables to better understand the factors shaping competition and coexistence.

全球生态系统中的食肉动物组合是由对食物和栖息地等关键资源的激烈种间竞争形成的。尽管对共存策略进行了广泛的研究,但对尸体地点种间相互作用的详细调查仍然有限。本研究通过调查三种食肉动物物种——斑点鬣狗(Crocuta Crocuta)、棕色鬣狗(Hyaena brunnea)和黑背豺(Canis mesomelas)——在南非马迪克威野生动物保护区的尸体遗址之间的相互作用和竞争,填补了这一空白。使用动作触发相机陷阱,我们记录了这些食肉动物在八个尸体地点附近的行为和相互作用。我们的研究结果表明,鬣狗一直统治着豺狼,显著减少了豺狼的进食时间,并改变了警惕模式。豺狼表现出更高的顺从行为率,而鬣狗对它们的存在几乎没有反应。本研究强调了屠体地点种间相互作用的不对称性,并强调了了解这些动态对于管理食腐动物物种及其生态作用的重要性。未来的研究应在这些发现的基础上进行扩展,纳入更广泛的空间尺度和环境变量,以更好地理解形成竞争和共存的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Determinants of Animal Roadkill Occurrence and Hotspots, With Implications for Wildlife Conservation Along Nairobi-Mombasa Highway 内罗毕-蒙巴萨公路沿线动物道路死亡发生和热点的空间决定因素及其对野生动物保护的启示
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70077
Peter Kibobi, Johnstone Kimanzi, Joseph Koskey, Mary Wykstra

The continuous expansion of global road networks, driven by increasing human populations, poses an emerging threat to animal populations through vehicle collisions. This study identifies the causal factors and hotspots of animal roadkill along a 72 km stretch of the Nairobi–Mombasa Highway (from Kyumvi to Sultan-Hamud) and recommends appropriate mitigation measures to enhance wildlife conservation. Data on roadkill incidents were collected from 2013 to 2018 through road patrols conducted by field scouts. Environmental variables, including water points, corners, vegetation, culverts, migratory routes, settlements, slopes, land use, and fences, were gathered using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. A presence-absence binary logistic regression model within a GIS environment was employed to identify significant environmental drivers of roadkill and to map hotspots. A total of 408 roadkill incidents (0.944 roadkill km−1 y−1) were recorded, comprising 51 species from six animal groups. Wild herbivores (13 species) and carnivores (14 species) constituted the majority of the documented wildlife, with a density of 0.204 and 0.157 fatalities per kilometre of road per year, respectively. Roadkill incidents for all species combined were significantly higher in areas near migratory routes, settlements, culverts, and corners, while they were lower in grassland, dwarf shrub grassland, open shrub areas, and near fences. However, the roadkill of different animal groups was influenced by distinct sets of factors. Most roadkill hotspots were located between Konza Center and Salama Town, with birds having the shortest stretch and herbivores and carnivores having the longest stretches. Roadkill can be mitigated by establishing road signs, fences, speed bumps, overpasses, and underpasses, and maintaining a cleared vegetation zone along the road. These findings can assist wildlife managers and infrastructure engineers in incorporating wildlife welfare and the concerns and attitudes of local communities when planning and developing linear infrastructure projects.

在人口增长的推动下,全球道路网络不断扩大,车辆碰撞对动物种群构成了新的威胁。这项研究确定了内罗毕-蒙巴萨公路沿线72公里路段(从基姆维到苏丹-哈穆德)动物被公路杀害的原因和热点,并建议采取适当的缓解措施,以加强野生动物保护。2013年至2018年,通过野外侦察兵进行的道路巡逻收集了道路死亡事件的数据。利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术收集了环境变量,包括取水点、角落、植被、涵洞、迁徙路线、定居点、斜坡、土地利用和围栏。采用GIS环境下的存在-缺失二元逻辑回归模型来识别道路死亡的重要环境驱动因素并绘制热点地图。共记录道路死亡事件408起(道路死亡km−1 y−1 0.944),涉及6个动物类群51个物种。野生食草动物(13种)和食肉动物(14种)是记录在案的野生动物的主要种类,每年每公里道路死亡人数分别为0.204人和0.157人。所有物种在迁徙路线、聚落、涵洞和角落附近的道路死亡事件发生率显著高于草地、矮灌木草地、开放灌木区和围栏附近的道路死亡事件发生率。然而,不同动物类群的道路杀伤受不同因素的影响。大多数道路死亡热点位于康扎中心和萨拉马镇之间,鸟类的死亡时间最短,食草动物和食肉动物的死亡时间最长。可以通过设置道路标志、围栏、减速带、立交桥和地下通道,以及在道路沿线保持清洁的植被区来减少道路上的动物死亡。这些发现可以帮助野生动物管理者和基础设施工程师在规划和开发线性基础设施项目时考虑野生动物福利和当地社区的关注和态度。
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引用次数: 0
The Ecology of an Elephant Kill: Lion Defleshing of an African Elephant in the Okavango Delta (Botswana), and Limited Kleptoparasitic Opportunities for Meat-Eating Scavengers 大象被杀的生态:奥卡万戈三角洲(博茨瓦纳)一头非洲象被狮子吃掉,食肉食腐动物有限的偷窃寄生机会
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70079
Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo, Enrique Baquedano

Here, we document the immediate aftermath of a lion predation event on a juvenile elephant in a private concession near the southeastern border of the Moremi Game Reserve (Okavango delta, Botswana). The carcass was monitored over a four-week period to assess patterns of defleshing and scavenger activity. Lions were the primary consumers, rapidly defleshing most anatomical regions within the first week, with minimal evidence of early hyena involvement. Hyenas appeared later but had little impact on the bone assemblage, likely due to food abundance in the ecosystem. Remarkably, soft tissue structures like podal pads remained intact after a month. These observations have implications for paleoanthropology, suggesting that bulk meat from megafaunal carcasses would only have been accessible to early hominins under confrontational scavenging scenarios. Additionally, the data provide ecological insight into carnivore competition and resource use in high-biomass landscapes.

在这里,我们记录了在莫雷米野生动物保护区(博茨瓦纳奥卡万戈三角洲)东南边界附近的一个私人特许权中,狮子捕食幼象事件的直接后果。对胴体进行为期四周的监测,以评估脱缰和清道夫活动的模式。狮子是主要的消费者,在第一周内迅速消耗了大部分解剖区域,几乎没有证据表明早期鬣狗参与其中。鬣狗出现较晚,但对骨骼组合的影响不大,可能是由于生态系统中食物丰富。值得注意的是,足垫等软组织结构在一个月后仍然完好无损。这些观察结果对古人类学有影响,表明巨型动物尸体上的大块肉只有在对抗的食腐情景下才能被早期人类获取。此外,这些数据还提供了高生物量景观中食肉动物竞争和资源利用的生态学见解。
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引用次数: 0
Mapping the Ecological Niche of a Key West African Species: Terminalia leiocarpa 西非一种重要物种的生态位定位:平叶蕨
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-15 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70078
Fabrice Jean Eudes Crédo Gahounga, Esaïe Tchetan, Sedami Igor Armand Yevide, Dagbédji Florent Eudes Sobakin, Francisca Deguenon Aïzoun, Pierre Koufo N'po, Thierry Dehouegnon Houehanou, Pascal Abiodoun Olounlade, Adandé Belarmain Fandohan

Terminalia leiocarpa (DC.) Baill is a tree species widely used in ethnoveterinary practices, human medicine, furniture and charcoal making. Our study aimed to (i) map the favourable areas for the species in Benin, both currently and in the future, and (ii) analyse the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the structure and availability of T. leiocarpa. To achieve this goal, a dendrometric inventory of 141 plots across the three climate zones of Benin was carried out. This included the collection of soil type and insect attack data at the plot level, as well as climate data downloaded from the WorldClim 2 platform. Dendrometry parameters, such as basal area, tree height and diameter, Lorey height and importance value index (IVI) were calculated, and generalised linear mixed models, were established to determine the effects of biotic (diameter of heterospecific trees, density and diameter of conspecific trees) and abiotic (mean of daily temperature variation (bio2) and annual precipitation (bio12)) factors on these parameters. The future distribution areas of T. leiocarpa in Benin were projected under SSP 2–4.5 and SSP 5–8.5 scenarios using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The results predicted a decrease in the suitable areas of 22% and 33% under the SSP 2–4.5 and SSP 5–8.5 scenarios, respectively. Our results also showed that conspecific tree diameter (β = 0.34; p = 0.000) and conspecific tree density (β = 0.02; p = 0.036) were positively associated with the tree height, while bio2 (β = −0.32; p = 0.039) and bio12 (β = −0.01; p = 0.004) had a negative effect on T. leiocarpa diameter. These results should help us to understand the ecological niche and to take the necessary steps upstream to contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of T. leiocarpa. Future studies could focus on analysing the impact of environmental factors on juvenile growth and survival.

扁桃终茎白杨是一种广泛用于民族兽医实践、人类医学、家具和木炭制作的树种。我们的研究旨在(i)绘制贝宁目前和未来物种的有利区域,以及(ii)分析影响柽柳结构和可用性的生物和非生物因素。为了实现这一目标,对贝宁三个气候带的141个地块进行了树木学调查。这包括收集样地水平的土壤类型和昆虫攻击数据,以及从WorldClim 2平台下载的气候数据。计算树木测量参数,如基面积、树高和直径、Lorey高度和重要值指数(IVI),并建立广义线性混合模型,以确定生物因子(异种树直径、同种树密度和直径)和非生物因子(日平均温度变化(bio2)和年降水量(bio12))对这些参数的影响。利用最大熵(MaxEnt)方法,在SSP 2 ~ 4.5和SSP 5 ~ 8.5情景下,预测了未来贝宁地区柽桐的分布面积。结果表明,在SSP 2-4.5和SSP 5-8.5情景下,适宜面积分别减少22%和33%。结果还表明,同株树径(β = 0.34;P = 0.000)和同树密度(β = 0.02;P = 0.036)与树高呈正相关,而bio2 (β = - 0.32;P = 0.039)和bio12 (β = - 0.01;p = 0.004)对扁桃直径有负向影响。这些结果将有助于我们进一步了解柽柳的生态位,并采取必要的措施促进柽柳的保护和可持续利用。今后的研究应着重分析环境因素对幼鱼生长和存活的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Habitat Heterogeneity and Rainfall on Small Mammal Diversity and Reproduction in an Ethiopian Landscape 埃塞俄比亚景观中生境异质性和降雨对小型哺乳动物多样性和繁殖的影响
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70073
Mengistu Wale, Afework Bekele, Mesele Yihune, Aleksey A. Martynov, Leonid A. Lavrenchenko

The influence of habitat heterogeneity and rainfall on small mammal diversity and reproduction was studied in Chimit Kola. Data were collected using a grid and line trapping design in six representative habitats. Species identification and data analysis were performed using molecular techniques and R programming software. A total of 11 species were captured with an overall trap success of 25.6%. Mastomys awashensis was the most abundant, followed by Acomys louisae, and the least was Crocidura parvipes. Species richness and diversity were the highest in the riverine forest and the least in the fallowland habitats. The riverine forest had the highest abundance, followed by grassland and the least was in the forest. The abundance and reproductive activities of most small mammals were significantly higher during the wet season than during the dry season. Pregnancy was biased towards the right uterine horn compared to the left. The diversity and reproduction of small mammals are influenced by habitat productivity, which in turn is associated with seasonal rainfall, reflecting the significance of habitat heterogeneity and seasonal resource availability for the conservation of species.

研究了奇米特考拉生境异质性和降雨对小型哺乳动物多样性和繁殖的影响。在6个有代表性的生境中采用网格和线捕获设计收集数据。利用分子技术和R编程软件进行物种鉴定和数据分析。共捕获11种,总捕集成功率为25.6%。最丰富的是水乳螺(Mastomys awashensis),其次是松果(Acomys louisae),最小的是小鳄(Crocidura parvipes)。物种丰富度和多样性以河滨林生境最高,以休耕地生境最低。河流森林丰度最高,草地次之,森林最少。大多数小型兽类的丰度和繁殖活动在雨季明显高于旱季。妊娠偏向于右子宫角而不是左子宫角。小型哺乳动物的多样性和繁殖受到生境生产力的影响,而生境生产力又与季节性降雨有关,反映了生境异质性和季节性资源可得性对物种保护的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
How Much Does Light Pollution Alter Vector Disease Transmission at Scale? 光污染在多大程度上改变了病媒的大规模传播?
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70067
Bernard W. T. Coetzee, Layla van Zyl

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is increasingly recognised as a global change driver due to its widespread use and ecological impacts. ALAN influences mosquitoes under laboratory conditions, altering the biting propensity of diurnal Aedes mosquitoes while suppressing that of nocturnal Anopheles species complexes, the primary malaria vectors in Africa. This study models ALAN's effects on mosquito vectorial capacity using the R package AnophelesModel, incorporating lab and field data on mosquito biting behaviour and light sources. Findings suggest ALAN may influence malaria transmission dynamics, underscoring the need for further investigation at household and larger ecological scales. However, small reductions in biting propensity alone mean ALAN has a smaller impact compared to other interventions.

夜间人造光(ALAN)由于其广泛的使用和生态影响,越来越被认为是全球变化的驱动力。ALAN在实验室条件下影响蚊子,改变昼行性伊蚊的叮咬倾向,同时抑制非洲主要疟疾媒介——夜间按蚊的叮咬倾向。本研究利用R软件包AnophelesModel,结合蚊虫叮咬行为和光源的实验室和现场数据,模拟ALAN对蚊子媒介容量的影响。研究结果表明,ALAN可能影响疟疾传播动力学,强调需要在家庭和更大的生态尺度上进一步调查。然而,与其他干预措施相比,ALAN单独减少咬人倾向的影响较小。
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引用次数: 0
Microcosms and Mesocosms: Small-Scale Experiments, Big Impacts for Tropical Ecology 微观与中微观:小规模实验,对热带生态的重大影响
IF 1.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1111/aje.70076
Luca Luiselli, Nic Pacini

Microcosms and mesocosms—controlled experimental ecosystems—have revolutionised ecological research by providing a bridge between theoretical models and real-world complexity. These systems allow researchers to isolate and manipulate environmental variables, enhancing our understanding of ecological processes such as nutrient cycling, species interactions, and climate change effects. In Africa, where biodiversity is rich but ecological data are often limited, microcosm and mesocosm studies present a powerful yet underutilised tool. They offer cost-effective solutions for assessing ecosystem resilience, testing conservation strategies, predicting responses to direct anthropogenic pressures and to climate change, revealing the competitive advantage of invasive taxa. This review explores the theoretical foundations and practical applications of microcosms and mesocosms in experimental ecology, emphasising their potential for African ecosystems and providing numerous example case studies including suggestions for mesocosm design. We discuss their role in aquatic and terrestrial studies, challenges in their implementation, and how they can be adapted to local contexts; finally, we provide suggestions for further studies. Given Africa's diverse landscapes—from savannahs to rainforests and wetlands—these experimental systems hold promise for addressing pressing environmental challenges. By integrating microcosm and mesocosm research with field studies, African ecologists can generate robust, scalable insights that inform policy and conservation efforts across the continent.

微观世界和中观世界——受控的实验生态系统——通过在理论模型和现实世界的复杂性之间架起一座桥梁,彻底改变了生态研究。这些系统使研究人员能够分离和操纵环境变量,增强我们对营养循环、物种相互作用和气候变化影响等生态过程的理解。在生物多样性丰富但生态数据往往有限的非洲,微观和中观研究提供了一个强大但未得到充分利用的工具。它们为评估生态系统恢复力、测试保护策略、预测对直接人为压力和气候变化的反应、揭示入侵分类群的竞争优势提供了具有成本效益的解决方案。本文探讨了微观生态系统和中生态系统在实验生态学中的理论基础和实际应用,强调了它们在非洲生态系统中的潜力,并提供了许多案例研究,包括对中生态系统设计的建议。我们讨论了它们在水生和陆地研究中的作用,实施中的挑战,以及如何使它们适应当地情况;最后,提出了进一步研究的建议。考虑到非洲多样的景观——从稀树大草原到雨林和湿地——这些实验系统有望解决紧迫的环境挑战。通过将微观世界和中观世界的研究与实地研究相结合,非洲生态学家可以产生强有力的、可扩展的见解,为整个非洲大陆的政策和保护工作提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
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African Journal of Ecology
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