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[Antimalarial measures in expatriates in the Congo. Trends 1989-1992]. [刚果侨民的抗疟疾措施。趋势,1989 - 1992年)。
B Carme

The modalities of prevention and treatment of malaria in expatriates residing in Brazzaville, capital of the Congo, have been studied in March 1989, April 1990 and April 1992. These surveys of the type Behavior, Attitude, Practice have been carried out in the Ecole Française where the same questionnaire has been distributed among the primary school children to complete by their parents. Only the data pertaining to Europeans, Lebanese, and North-Americans are presented. The proportion of French expatriates is 80%. A progressive decrease is noticed in the regular taking of chemoprophylaxis: the percentage varies between 86 and 43% according ot the duration of residence in 1989, to between 57 and 16% in 1992. Chloroquine alone remains the most widely used product, especially in long term expatriates. The association chloroquine-proguanil is mentioned only by a quarter or respondents. Apparently efficient, it is especially taken by people exposed for less than 4 years. Amodiaquine, although contra-indicated for prevention purposes, is cited in 1992 by 9% of subjects taking regular chemoprophylaxis; other products are only exceptionally used. In curative treatment, which generally is presumptive, halofantrine is since 1990 the most widely used drug, especially in children. In contrast, a relative disclaimer is noted for the amino-4-quinolines, due to resistance, but also and with no justification, for the association sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and, to a lesser degree, for quinine. The occurrence of attacks considered to be malarial and their frequency, remained stable during the period of study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

1989年3月、1990年4月和1992年4月对居住在刚果首都布拉柴维尔的外籍人士预防和治疗疟疾的方式进行了研究。这些关于行为、态度和实践类型的调查是在法国高等教育学院进行的,其中向小学生分发了同样的问卷,由他们的父母完成。仅提供与欧洲人、黎巴嫩人和北美人有关的数据。法国侨民的比例为80%。定期服用化学预防药物的比例逐渐下降:1989年根据居住时间的不同,这一比例在86%至43%之间,1992年为57%至16%。氯喹仍然是最广泛使用的产品,特别是在长期外籍人士中。只有四分之一的受访者提到了氯喹-氯胍的关联。它显然有效,特别是那些接触不到4年的人。阿莫地喹虽然不适合用于预防目的,但在1992年,9%的接受常规化学预防的受试者引用它;其他产品只在特殊情况下使用。自1990年以来,在治疗性治疗(通常是推测性的)中,氟化茴香碱是最广泛使用的药物,特别是在儿童中。相比之下,氨基-4-喹啉类由于耐药而相对免责,但也没有理由与磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶和奎宁(程度较轻)有关联。在研究期间,被认为是疟疾的发作及其频率保持稳定。(摘要删节250字)
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引用次数: 0
Karyotype polymorphism and conserved characters in the Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis complex explored with chromosome-derived probes. 利用染色体衍生探针研究巴西利什曼原虫复合体的核型多态性和保守性。
J C Dujardin, N Gajendran, J Arevalo, A Llanos-Cuentas, H Guerra, J Gomez, J Arroyo, S De Doncker, D Jacquet, R Hamers

Molecular karyotype of 45 reference populations of Neotropical leishmanias was analyzed with ethidium bromide staining and with 6 chromosome-derived probes selected from a genomic library of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Size-conserved patterns were identified and found to be specific to subgenus Viannia and to its constitutive species. An important issue for epidemiology and clinical investigations was the discrimination between L. (V.) peruviana and L. (V.) braziliensis, 2 species found very similar by other genetic techniques, but responsible for totally different clinical patterns. The suggested existence of genetically distinct demes, or karyodemes, within the group-species might also show to be of importance, as these populations might differ in virulence, host-specificity and clinical manifestations.

采用溴化乙锭染色和从巴西利什曼原虫基因组文库中选择的6个染色体探针,对45个新热带利什曼原虫参考群体的分子核型进行了分析。鉴定并发现尺寸保守的模式是Viannia亚属及其组成种所特有的。秘鲁L. (V.)秘鲁L. (V.)巴西L. (V.)巴西ensis是流行病学和临床调查的一个重要问题,这两个物种通过其他遗传技术发现非常相似,但导致完全不同的临床模式。在类群物种中存在遗传上不同的核组可能也很重要,因为这些种群可能在毒力、宿主特异性和临床表现上有所不同。
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引用次数: 0
Further African cases of rhinosporidiosis. 非洲鼻孢子虫病的进一步病例。
P Gigase, P Kestelyn

Thirteen African cases of rhinosporidiosis are reported from Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Chad and Zaire. They include the first reported cases from Burundi and from Rwanda and the first African case, outside nose and eye, localized on the urethral orifice in a Zairian male.

布隆迪、卢旺达、坦桑尼亚、乍得和扎伊尔报告了13例非洲鼻孢子虫病病例。它们包括来自布隆迪和卢旺达的第一例报告病例,以及一名扎伊尔男性的第一例鼻和眼外病例,局限于尿道口。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction of HIV-1 in a rural city of Zaire. 在扎伊尔的一个农村城市引入HIV-1。
B Garin, D Jeannel, K Kazadi, P Combe, L Singa, G De The

In the rural city of Inongo (Bandundu region, Zaire), the prevalence of HIV-1 infection has been investigated during a survey on HTLV-I infection and associated neurological diseases, using a cluster sampling technique. Thirteen individuals were infected by HIV-1, 11 adults and 2 children, giving a crude prevalence rate in the cluster sample of 1.1%. More women were infected than men. After direct standardization on the age and sex structure given by the 1984 census, the prevalence of HIV-1 in the city may be estimated at 1.0% for the whole population and 1.6% for the population above 15 years of age. The importance is stressed of protecting rural populations, particularly women of childbearing age from the HIV epidemic, by information campaigns focused on the male migrant population, including both seasonal and travelling workers.

在农村城市伊农戈(扎伊尔班顿杜地区),在对htlv -1感染和相关神经系统疾病进行调查期间,采用整群抽样技术调查了艾滋病毒-1感染的流行情况。13人感染了HIV-1, 11名成人和2名儿童,在整群样本中的粗患病率为1.1%。受感染的妇女多于男子。根据1984年人口普查提供的年龄和性别结构直接标准化后,估计全市HIV-1感染率为1.0%,15岁以上人口为1.6%。强调必须保护农村人口,特别是育龄妇女不受艾滋病毒的感染,为此开展宣传运动,重点是男性移徙人口,包括季节性工人和流动工人。
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引用次数: 0
[Geographic distribution of HIV-1 infection in Central Africa: remarkable discontinuities]. [中部非洲HIV-1感染的地理分布:显著的不连续性]。
G Remy

The (confirmed) serological data, collected since 1985 and spread in space and in time, allow to draw a geographical image--distribution, dissemination--of HIV 1 infection. These data raise some questions and hypotheses on the nature and the dynamics of the epidemiological factors involved. The geographical distribution of the infection in the global population is heterogeneous. Ever since the first surveys, the virus is widely spread at low level, in the rural as well as in the urban areas, covering a large territory, from Chad to Gabon; later it tends to focus on the large metropolitan and secondary towns. The endemicity is more pronounced in a double urban conglomerate (Kinshasa, Brazzaville) and in two regional foci, the southwest of the Congo and the south of Shaba; in the two towns the prevalence rate does not progress between 1985-86 and 1991-92. The Central African Republic has suffered an active epidemic outbreak, affecting the capital and the whole network of secondary towns. The epidemiological discontinuities noticeable across Central Africa, may represent different stages of the same process or be connected to the stake of different eco-epidemiological systems.

自1985年以来收集的(已确认的)血清学数据在空间和时间上广泛分布,可以绘制艾滋病毒1型感染的地理分布和传播图像。这些数据对所涉及的流行病学因素的性质和动态提出了一些问题和假设。感染在全球人口中的地理分布是异质的。自第一次调查以来,该病毒在农村和城市地区低水平广泛传播,覆盖了从乍得到加蓬的大片领土;后来,它倾向于集中在大城市和二级城镇。在一个双重城市集团(金沙萨、布拉柴维尔)和两个区域焦点(刚果西南部和沙巴南部)的流行更为明显;在这两个城镇,患病率在1985-86年和1991-92年之间没有进展。中非共和国爆发了一场活跃的流行病,影响到首都和整个二级城镇网络。中非各地明显的流行病学不连续性可能代表同一进程的不同阶段,也可能与不同生态流行病学系统的利害关系有关。
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引用次数: 0
[Risk approach in the diagnosis of malaria in high altitude regions]. [高海拔地区疟疾诊断中的风险方法]。
P Van der Stuyft, L Manirankunda, C Delacollette

Sixteen cases of malaria are reported per thousand inhabitants per year in Kayanza, a province in the High Plateaux of Burundi. A case control study was conducted between October 1990 and March 1991 to better document this phenomenon. The majority of confirmed cases presented in persons who had recently sojourned in an endemic area (relative risk = 18). All except one of the other patients were carriers of plasmodium species that can cause late recurrences, which is compatible with the absence of local transmission. The presumptive diagnosis of malaria, as it is routinely made in the health centres, is not very specific (60%) and it has a positive predictive value of only 10%. This implies that an anti-malaria treatment is useless for 90% of the patients who receive it. It also means that the true malaria incidence rate in Kayanza can be estimated at less than 1 per thousand per year. We propose an alternative diagnostic strategy based on the risk differences between population sub-groups. It should permit an adequate patient management and a satisfactory surveillance of malaria in non-endemic epidemiological strata.

据报告,在布隆迪高原的卡扬扎省,每年每千名居民中有16例疟疾病例。1990年10月至1991年3月期间进行了一项病例对照研究,以更好地记录这一现象。大多数确诊病例出现在最近在流行地区逗留的人群中(相对风险= 18)。除1名患者外,其余患者均为可引起晚期复发的疟原虫携带者,这与没有本地传播是一致的。在保健中心例行进行的疟疾推定诊断并不十分具体(60%),阳性预测值仅为10%。这意味着抗疟疾治疗对90%接受治疗的患者无效。这也意味着,Kayanza的真实疟疾发病率可以估计为每年不到千分之一。我们提出了一种基于人群亚组之间风险差异的替代诊断策略。它应允许在非地方性流行病学阶层对疟疾进行适当的病人管理和令人满意的监测。
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引用次数: 0
[Morbidity and mortality related to obstetrical referral patients to the hospital of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso]. [布基纳法索Bobo-Dioulasso医院产科转诊病人的发病率和死亡率]。
K Lompo, Y J Hutin, G Traore, F Tall, J B Guiard-Schmid, G Yameogo, B Fabre-Teste

The obstetrical referral patients admitted to the Sanon Souro hospital in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso) during 1991 were retrospectively reviewed. During the study period 741 women were admitted. The median distance between the referring centre and Bobo-Dioulasso was 33 km. Median age was 22 years and median parity was 3. Indications for referral were dominated by obstructed labour, haemorrhages and infections. The proportion of maternal mortality in the study was 5.4% and was not related to maternal age or parity. However, there was a linear trend of increasing mortality according to the distance between the referring centre and Bobo-Dioulasso (X2 for trend: 7.56; p = 0.006). The perinatal mortality rate of 420 p. thousand was not related to maternal age, but a parity exceeding 4 was a risk factor for the occurrence of perinatal death (relative risk: 1.4; 95% C.I.: 1.2-1.7). As for maternal mortality, there was a linear increase of perinatal mortality with the distance from the referring centre (X2: 20.8; p = 0.00001). There was no marked seasonal variation in the number of referrals nor in the mortality rates per month.

对1991年在博博-迪乌拉索(布基纳法索)的Sanon Souro医院住院的产科转诊病人进行了回顾性审查。在研究期间,有741名女性被录取。参考中心到Bobo-Dioulasso的中位距离为33公里。中位年龄为22岁,中位胎次为3岁。转诊指征以难产、出血和感染为主。研究中产妇死亡率的比例为5.4%,与产妇年龄或胎次无关。然而,根据参考中心与Bobo-Dioulasso的距离,死亡率呈线性上升趋势(趋势X2: 7.56;P = 0.006)。40.2万的围产期死亡率与产妇年龄无关,但胎次超过4胎是围产期死亡发生的危险因素(相对危险度:1.4;95% c.i.: 1.2-1.7)。在孕产妇死亡率方面,围产期死亡率随距离转诊中心的远近呈线性增加(X2: 20.8;P = 0.00001)。转诊人数和每月死亡率没有明显的季节变化。
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引用次数: 0
[Factors affecting the efficacy of 2 growth regulator compounds, OMS 3010 (phenoxycarb) and OMS 3019 (ethoxypyridine), on larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex]. [影响2种生长调节剂化合物OMS 3010(苯氧威)和OMS 3019(乙氧基吡啶)对水草合虫幼虫效果的因素]。
J M Doannio, J Dossou-Yovo, J Duval, J M Hougard, P Guillet

Two insect growth regulators (IGR'S) acting as juvenile hormone analogs (JHA'S), OMS 3010 (phenoxycarb) and OMS 3019 (ethoxypyridine) were selected after a screening of several compounds proposed by industry on black fly larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) the vector of onchocerciasis in West Africa. Bioassays were designed to study two parameters: larval age and exposure time. The results showed that these compounds are more efficient on old larvae (6th and 7th instars) than young larvae (3rd, 4th and 5th instars). However, exposure time seems essential. The black fly larvae live in fast running water courses. Thus, it is difficult to insure a prolonged exposure time in natural conditions. Though being active on black fly larvae, three factors are limiting the prospects for operational use of these two compounds: high dosages, limited effectiveness on young instar larvae and exposure time.

对西非盘尾丝虫病病媒黑蝇复合体(Simulium damnosum complex,双翅目:拟蝇科)幼虫进行筛选,筛选出两种昆虫生长调节剂(IGR’s)作为幼体激素类似物(JHA’s),即OMS 3010 (phenoxycarb)和OMS 3019(乙氧基吡啶)。设计生物测定法研究两个参数:幼虫龄和暴露时间。结果表明,这些化合物对6、7龄幼虫的抑菌效果优于3、4、5龄幼虫。然而,曝光时间似乎是必不可少的。黑蝇幼虫生活在快速流动的河道中。因此,很难保证在自然条件下延长曝光时间。虽然这两种化合物对黑蝇幼虫有效,但三个因素限制了这两种化合物的实际应用前景:剂量高、对幼虫的效果有限和暴露时间长。
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引用次数: 0
[Mobile teams or health agents: which strategy against sleeping sickness?]. [流动医疗队还是卫生机构:哪种策略可以预防昏睡病?]。
C Laveissière, H Méda
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引用次数: 0
[Causal agents of tinea of the scalp in the region of Butare (Rwanda)]. [布塔雷(卢旺达)地区头皮癣的致病因子]。
G Bugingo

One hundred children with clinical symptoms of tinea capitis have been examined. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud medium and incubated at 25 degrees C. In 65 of 100 cultured samples at least one dermatophyte was isolated. In 42 cases Trichophyton violaceum and in 26 cases Microsporon langeroni was grown. The cultures of three patients resulted in the mixed growth of Trichophyton violaceum and Microsporon langeroni. Determination of the type of tinea capitis on clinical symptoms alone is difficult, especially when early lesions are concerned.

对一百名有头癣临床症状的儿童进行了检查。将样品接种在Sabouraud培养基上,在25℃下培养,100个培养样品中有65个至少分离出一种皮癣菌。42例培养出紫毛霉,26例培养出朗格罗尼小孢子。3例患者的培养结果为紫毛癣菌和朗氏小孢子菌混合生长。仅凭临床症状确定头癣的类型是困难的,特别是当涉及早期病变时。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Annales de la Societe belge de medecine tropicale
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